Canada Terms 2

Faux Pas (Pearson)

Pearson An appropriate name for Pearson's foreign policy. Meaning an embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation. 1963-1965 Canada, US, Vietnam Pearson immediately accepted nuclear warheads for its new weapons and assured the people it was for peacekeeping, meanwhile Hellyer slips by the unification of the armed forces. Pearson was accepting a "World Peace Award" from Temple University in Philadelphia, and he used this as a chance to criticize the USA's role in Vietnam. LBJ was angry and let L.P. know in a very hands on way. Canada's role in Vietnam was virtually non-existent under Pearson.

Suez Crisis (Canada)

Pearson An invasion caused by France, Britain and Isreal on Egypt for nationalizing Suez Canal. Canada made it clear as a middle power that they go by the UN charter. Minister of foreign affairs Lester Pearson made a remarkable decision by creating the UN peacekeeping force, the UNEF. Of which he would win the Nobel Peace Prize and solidify his fame. 1956 Egypt Canada opposed the UK for the first time, marking what some historians call the true "de facto" end of the British Empire in Canada. General Nasser of Egypt rejected assistance of Canadian troops as they wore the union jack. Pearson would later create a new flag for Canada.

Medical Care Act

Pearson Ensured basic standards for healthcare programs in all provinces; Fed gov provided funding for poorer provinces; very popular, but not with doctors, at first, and many of them moved to the USA. It followed a CCF policy and expanded coverage to Doctor Services- provincially administered but jointly funded with the federal government. By 1971 all provinces had plans- Canadian Medicare. Many doctors relaxed after a "fee-for-service" payment was included that made their incomes soar. 1966 Canada No need to be debt due to hospital inssurance or be left without treatment. You're covered. It took three prime minister, St. Laurent with Hospital Act, Diefenbaker with Comm on Health, and Pearson with Medcal Care to implement universal healthcare.

Canada Student Loans Program

Pearson For students at university or tech schools; government set up a risk-sharing agreement with banks, the government guaranteed payment up to 60% of what was needed (roughly $165/week) 1964 Canada Kids can actually atttend college without being hit with massive debt like here in the US.

60 days of desicions

Pearson His slogan to get elected. Unfortunately it was 60 days of indesicion. Minister of finance Walter Gordon fumbled on creating a buget. Economic recovery only happened due to wheat slaes with China and the USSR, something Dief set up. 1963 Ottawa Pearson is the opposite of Dief. Dief starts off well and blows it and ends up being an adequate prime minister. Pearson will blow it in the beginning but launch his famous social programs and be among the top prime ministers.

Canada Pension Plan

Pearson This was an improved version of the old-age pension plan because many people did not have one from their job; It allowed provinces to create their own plans with federal support; plans already in place were expanded and extended; included survivor benefits. It was a mandatory investment fund (like Social Security) that was pooled and deducted from wages. Quebec had its own plan, so it did not participate. Each province would get CPP funds to invest as they chose until they had to pay out. 1965 Canada Provided a minimum standard of living for the elderly.

Open immigration policy (1967)

Pearson immigration quotas had changed, more open and welcoming, especially for India and Hong Kong. 1967 Canada It is a step up from King's racist quotas but these nations were Commonwealth. So not sure if "open" is the right term for it. It would be Trudeau who truly deserves that name for his quotas.

Flag debate

Pearson vs Diefenbaker Young Canadians wanted something uniquely Canadian- get rid of colonial ties on the flag. This was a tough sell- though it was eventually accepted by a 15 member committee. The committee chose a maple leaf with 11 points, representing the provinces. Diefenbaker was very unhappy with the new flag, he demanded that Britain be remembered on the flag in some way. 1965 Ottawa This express of Canadian nationalism and identity was very popular among baby boomers. "O, Canada!"- Not "God Save the Queen" became the national anthem, with an English and a French version. This also is another tie with the UK cut.

Auto Pact with US 1965

Pearson, Johnson A free trade agreement that permitted the free trade of automobiles, tires and auto parts across the US-Canadian border. Reduced payment inequality between the two countries. Reduced production costs by reducing duplication. Reduced cost to consumers to increase consumption. Signed December 11 1964 Canada, United States Canada benefitted the most from this deal. Boosted Canada's auto industry, which was dominated by American companies in the past. 70,000 workers in car industry in 1965, and 125,000 in 1978. Southern Ontario becomes Canada's center for the auto industry due to its easy access to US transportation routes. Crucial in increasing domestic support for Liberal Party.

Cooperative federalism

Pearson, Lesage A concept of federalism in which national, state, and local governments interact cooperatively and collectively to solve common problems, rather than making policies separately but more or less equally or clashing over a policy in a system dominated by the national government. 1963-1968 Canada Important when refering to Quebec-Ottawa relations. Lesage and Pearson were both Liberals and the Quiet Revolution was allowed to happen. However critics say that the other provinces were ignored and Lesage and Pearson kind of just winged it. Remember that Ottawa-Quebec relations were extremely strained during this time.

Florence Bird

Chairman of Royal Committe on Status of Women in Canada An experienced journalist who worked for the CBC. She produced documentaries on women's rights and international affairs. She was later appointed as chairman of the RCSW by Pearson where she produced the Bird Report with 160 recommendations on how to make women equal. Ottawa tries to ignore but the 300 feminist groups are sure to drive the point home. Later Bird is appointed Sentor by Trudeau as Liberal party memeber. 1967-1978 Ottawa She indirectly founded NAC (National Action Committe for Equality of Women) whosw purpose was to put the Bird Report into action. Bird can proudly say that she had more balls than Quebec, although she in the right. Im proud to be a women.

Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ)

Communist Quebecian seperatists A group that resorted to terrorist tactics, such as bombing mailboxes and kidnapping, in an attempt to fight for Quebec's freedom. 1963-1970 Quebec They actually halted the seperatist movement by being violent. These were the ones behind the October Crisis.

Vive le Quebec Libre Speech

Daniel Johnson, De Gaulle During Expo '67 premier Johnson welcomed French president Charles De Gaulle with open arms. De Gaulle was emotional over how the French Canadians recieved him, bringing him back memeories of Paris being liberated from Nazi control. In an infamous speech, De Gaulle called for a free Quebec. This causes an outrage from Pearson, who ironically did a similar did in the US. De Gaulle leaves thinking he did a good thing and Quebec was left festering in revolutionary thoughts. The Quiet Revolution was about to go loud. 1967 Montreal, Quebec This may have had a direct impact on almost 1/4 of Quebecois supporting independence. It also may have ignited the October Crisis, given that France has technically gave recognition to Quebec as a free nation. Damn it, De Gaullle!

Broadcast Board

Diefenbaker A group of governors who replace Bennett's CBC in the duty of regulating all of Canada's broadcasting. This group approves television networks. 1958 Canada These people approved CTV-Canada's first private television network. Becuase of this, Diefenbaker is called the unofficial founder of CTV. Just like the last Conservative PM Bennett was called the unofficial founder of CBC.

Northern Dream

Diefenbaker An appropriate name for Diefenbaker's domestic policy. He promised to develop the north with more railroads and dams. He really wanted to attend to the provinces that the Liberals had long ignored. This rhetoric helped him dominate the 1958 election. 1958-1963 Canada, northern provinces As it turns out, this plan was too impractical and expensive. It allowed for too many random policies that proved that Dief was good at speeches, bad at leading. The only things that worked going towards this dream was the opening of huge projects that the Liberals started like the Highway.

Canadian Bill of Rights

Diefenbaker Diefenbaker accomplishes his dream of having a formal declaration of Canadian rights. Canadas first. . Freedom of speech in Canada and freedom of religion in Canada, equality rights, the right to life, liberty and security of the person, and in another section, rights to fundamental justice, the right to enjoyment of property, which is not enshrined in the Charter, and the right to counsel. However the the bill was not enshrined in the Constitution and lacked any authority outside of provincial courts. It confused the issue of individual rights and muddied federal--provincial relations. 1960 Canada Diefenbaker's heart was in the right place but it was poorly executed. Though more a symbolic declaration than a piece of practical legislation, the Canadian Bill of Rights succeeded in influencing developments in the Canadian courts, resulting in a greater public awareness of human rights issues. It would become, as Diefenbaker often reminded Canadians, his proudest achievement. The Bill at least had influence in Trudeau's Charter, which did politically work.

Diefenbuck

Diefenbaker Diefenbaker devalues the Canadian dollar following the Coyne affair. 92 and a half cents. His goals were to slow inflation, and promote tourism. Instead he succeeded in angering Canadians and causing Liberal satire against him. 1961-62 Canada Directly leads to Dief's downfall in the 1962 federal election.

Simultaneous Interpretation

Diefenbaker Every word spoken in the House of Commons is interpreted simultaneously, Whatever the political adherence of the person speaking. Unilingual members can speak freely in their own language, safe in the knowledge that they will be understood by everyone, including visitors and journalists in the galleries. 1959 Ottawa Even though it is just tape recorders. It is a huge step towards bilingualism.

Avro Arrow Project

Diefenbaker; Aerospace engineers A Canadian designed jet intended to intercept Soviet bombers. Diefenbaker canned the project because it was expensive and questioned its usefulness due to missiles. Diefenbaker's reasoning was that the Avro Arrow was too expensive and that they were ineffective against USSR inter-continental ballistic missiles (Military historian Morton agees with Dief on this). Feb.20.1959 Canada Diefenbaker's cancellation was his first major goof-up. Canadian scientists left to work in the US, a "brain drain". Canada's now vulnerable position but heads with NORAD, and Diefenbaker was forced to accept US Bomarc missiles for defense. But his strong anti-nuclear position would come to bite him hard during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

NORAD

Diefenbaker; Eisenhower North American Air Defence Agreement. Diefenbaker hastily joined this defense alliance with the United States. It integrates the air-defence forces of the US and Canada under a joint command at Colorado Springs, Colorado. However this ironically went against Diefenbaker's anti-American sentiment as the US more or less took over and built radar lines across Canada. 1957-now Canada, USA Hemispheric defense was extremely important in the Cold War. However when Diefenbaker ignored NORAD obligations to deploy nuclear Bomarc missiles during the Cuban Crisis, this lead to his expulsion from office.

Bilingual and Bicultural commission

"Peason; Laurendeau, Trudeau and Dunton AKA the Bi-Bi commission. A royal commission to examine Québec's dissatisfaction with its place in Canada had first been suggested by the editor in chief of the newspaper Le Devoir, André Laurendeau, and it was later established under Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson. Laurendeau and A. Davidson Dunton, a prominent educator and journalist, were appointed cochairmen of the commission. Ten commissioners representing Canada's cultural-linguistic composition were chosen. All spoke English and French and commission business was conducted in both languages. Since education is a provincial responsibility, the cochairmen called on all provincial premiers for their co-operation. The commission was charged with three main areas of inquiry: the extent of bilingualism in the federal government, the role of public and private organizations in promoting better cultural relations, and the opportunities for Canadians to become bilingual in English and French. The commissioners used the concept of "equal partnership" as their guiding principle, i.e., equal opportunity for francophones and anglophones to participate in the institutions affecting their lives. 1963-1969 Canada Adressed French Canadian's concerns in order nto preserve multicultrialism. Eduction expanded to teach french to English speakers. This was the driving force that caused the passing of the Official Language Act in 1969, which made Canada officially bilingual.

Jean Lesage

19th Premier of Quebec Member of the Liberal Party. Quebecois voted for him due to a distaste of corruption under Union Nationale. Lesage took upon himself to revolve his politics aroung the grass-root movement of intellectual youth that sought modernization. He socially, poltically, and economically reformed Quebec in the Quiet Revolution. In office: 1960-1966 Quebec This man is called the father of the "Quiet Revolution. He modernized Quebec but caused an obsession with perserving French culture and ditching English entirely. I guess this is also an indicator of the importance the baby boom generation.

Laura Sabia

1st President of the National Action Commitee for Equality of Women A Canadian social activist and feminist from Ontario. 1971-1974 Canada She pressured Pearson into making the Royal Committee on the Status of Women in Canada.

Daniel Johnson

20th Premier of Quebec A Union Nationale member. His 1965 book Égalité ou indépendance ("Equality or independence") made him the first leader of a Quebec political party to recognize the possibility of independence for Canada from the British Crown—and if the English-speaking Canadians didn't want to be independent, then Quebec could do it alone. His position on the issue was seen to be ambiguous: as he wrote in his book, his position was for "independence if necessary, but not necessarily independence In office: 1966-1968 Quebec Johnson did not terminate Leasge's changes. In fact Johnson let the Quiet Revolution continue. However he was open to the idea of independence and invited De Gaulle to make a speech. Oh no!

Robert Bourassa

22nd Premier of Quebec A Liberal member. One of Bourassa's first crises as premier was the October Crisis of 1970, in which his labour minister, Pierre Laporte, was kidnapped and murdered. Bourassa requested that Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoke the War Measures Act. Bourassa and Trudeau often clashed over issues of federal-provincial relations and Quebec nationalism, with Trudeau opposing what he saw as concessions to sovereignism. During his time in power, Bourassa implemented policies aimed at protecting the status of the French language in Quebec. In 1974, he introduced Bill 22. In office: 1970-1976 Quebec Bourbassa put Quebec on the path to official monolingualism. I do not think that he was a seperatist like Levesque but he did clearly want to make Quebec a special status within Canada and preserve French culture.

National Action Committee on the Status of Women

700 feminist groups An action orientated organization made up of over 700 groups across Canada. Commmitted to equality and social justice for women, it focuses mainly on advocating changes to improve the Status of Women, including child care, violence, poverty and minority rights. In addition, NAC promotes international women's rights. 1972-now Canada It is the largest umbrella organiztion for feminist groups in Canada. However over the years federal funding decreased and now NAC is supported by donation.

Bill 22

Bourassa Made French the only language in Quebec. Unilingual at the provincial level. This would be replaced with Levesque Bill 101. 1974 Quebec Bourassa pleased no one. Anglophones say he went too far, francophones say he didn't go far enough. Alienates himself from Liberals, here comes Levesque to take his place.

Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act

Diefenbaker; farmers "1) The more efficient use and economic development of lands 2) The development of income and employment opportunities in rural areas and improving standards of living in those areas 3) The development and conservation for agricultural purposes of water supplies and for soil improvement and conservation that will improve agricultural efficiency" 1961 Canada Diefenbaker was clearly a Westerner, from the province of Saskatchewan. He had the expertise to help many farmers across Canada and he found a new market in China for their wheat. For a Conservative, Diefenbaker's policies were radical and often contrary to traditional Conservative values. It seems that "Progressive" tag on to the party name did have some influence.

First female cabinet member

Ellen Fairclough; Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Prime Minister Diefenbaker appointed Fairclough as Secretary of State in 1957. She stood out because of her public speaking skills, determination, and energetic manner. In 1958, she became the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration. She served as Canada's first female Acting Prime Minister from 19-20 February 1958, and she was granted the title Right Honourable by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 July 1992 for her service. In 1962, she introduced regulations that helped to reduce racial discrimination in immigration policy, allowed more immigrants into Canada, and introduced notable changes to make refugee policy more progressive. In office: 1958-1963 Canada Women be proud. Not only did Fairclough many "firsts" for women in government, she actively supported womens rights and ended the immigration discriminatory legislature of King. She was one of very few Canadians to recieve the title of "Right Honourable" from the Queen without being a Prime Minister, Gov-Gen or Chief Justice.

Hydro-Quebec

Government of Quebec; Crown Corporation Quebec's largest hydroelectric company. Levesque nationalized it into a Crown Corporation to hurt the anglophone private owners. It is one of the largest companies in Canada. Established 1944; Nationalized 1962 Quebec Electricity was a huge deal during the Quiet Revolution. The government needed this company to supply light to the population.

First aboriginal senator

Joseph/James Gladstone; Senator for Lethbridge, Alberta Calling himself an "Independent Conservative", Gladstone was perfect to be the first Indian senator. Gladstone has an interesting history, he was born a Cree Blood indian. He attended an Anglican school and then an "Indian Industrial School", where he apprenticed as a printer. He then joined the mounties and worked as an interpretor. In 1949, Gladstone was elected president of the Indian Association of Alberta and was sent to Ottawa three times to press for improvements to the Indian Act. His acceptance by both Blackfoot and Cree assisted him in bringing the different groups together in one political organization. This got Diefenbaker's attention who nominated Gladstone to be in the Senate. Also his Indian name Akay-na-muka means "Many guns" (that is so mlg pro). In office: January 31, 1958 - March 31, 1971 Canada The native Candians were always shoved into the back of domestic affairs. The interwar period saw a rise in assisting the First Nations have a voice in the government. Diefenbaker's term came along with the belief of unhyphenated Canadian, whcih stated that origins does not matter as Canadians are one entity. This may have been what caused Diefenbaker to select Gladstone to the Senate. After Gladstone's ascension, the Indians won the right to vote.

Bill 16

Leasge abolished a married woman's judicial restrictions by which her legal status was that of a minor, for example a women can now take her son to the doctor without her husband's consent 1964 Quebec Quebec is modernizing, a breaking away from the traditional views

Quebec Pension Plan

Lesage The plan has the same rate of contributions, maximum pensionable earnings, retirement pensions and annual escalation of benefits as the CPP, but the QPP flat-rate components of disability and surviving spouses' benefits are higher. 1966 Quebecc The QPP allows women to exclude the periods during which they were at home in charge of a child under 7 years of age from the formula used to calculate pensions. Women in this category would be eligible for higher pensions under the QPP than under the CPP.

Bill 60

Lesage gave the provincial government control over education and the Church no longer had say 1964 Quebec This brought Quebec's education up to national standards, and the Church would never rise in prominence again. Unfortunately the only French schooling would push the province to unilingualism.

Charter of the French Language (Bill 101)

Levesque makes French the only language allowed politically aand comercially 1974 Quebec Quebec is monolingual while the rest of Canada is bilingual. So same old same old when you think about it. What other place besides Quebec will speak French. Damn it Quebec.

Rene Levesque

Minister of Resources under Lesage, 23rd Premier of Quebec As a Liberal, he was one of the key players of the Quiet Revolution in Leasge's Cabinet. Levesque nationalized hydro-Quebec to not have private English companies in control. He championed the "master in our own houses" philosophy. However after Lesage, Levesque left the Liberals to create and lead the Parti Quebecois, a party whose main goal is Quebec independence. Levesque actually becomes premier and passes Bill 101 to make Quebec officially monolingual. Levesque also challenges Trudeau with a referendum to make Quebec indpendent but lost 40%-60%. Revesque would later annoy Trudeau over the patriation and redrafting of the Constitution , of Trudeau would succeed in doing. Levesque last years in office was hit by economic recessions, provincial deficits, people doubting his strenght and depression. In office: 1976-1985 Quebec This man was the non-violent side of the seperatist movement. He was also Trudeau's main opponent in Quebec. Levesque also made monoilingualism official in Quebec and forced anglophones to leave their home. Although this man failed in the end to accomplish his goal of independence, he left the issue simmering in Quebec.

Parent Commision

Monseigneur Parent A commison set up to study the educational problem in Quebec, comes up with blueprints for educational overhaul 1964 Quebec Led directly to the passage of Bill 60

Expo' 67

Pearson, Mayor Jean Drapeu The "Universal and International Exhibition" was the highlight of Canada's Centennial/100th birthday Celebrations. It was a huge success and was well recieved by foreign leaders who attended. 1974 Montreal, Canada Ironically it was held in Quebec, the province that openly hates Canada (100 years of injustice seperatists cried). And it was here that French president Charles De Gaulle gave recognition to Quebec as a French nation and may have ignited the October Crisis. 1974, the last good year. Happy Birthday Canada.

Quiet Revolution

Pearson, Trudeau; Lesage, Johnson, Bertrand, Bourassa, Levesque; FLQ Essentially, Quebec underwent massive modernization and nationalization in the 1960s thanks to a provincial Liberal government. In the election of 22 June 1960, the Liberals broke the hold of the Union Nationale, b/c they had really outdated/traditional ideas, taking 51 seats and 51.5% of the popular vote as compared to the latter's 43 seats and 46.6% of the vote. Under Jean Lesage, the Québec Liberal Party had developed a coherent and wide-ranging reform platform. The main issue of the election was indicated by the Liberal slogan, "It's time for a change." The pressures exerted by the baby boom generation, which had now reached adolescence, created a dramatic situation and pushed Québec's weak educational system to its breaking point. Unlike in previous years, francophones were able to work entirely in French and to develop their technical, scientific, and managerial skills. Such francization also occurred in the fields of education, social welfare, and health services, as well as in all levels and departments of government bureaucracy. Usually refers to 1960-1965, Id say up to 1970 for Oct Crisis Quebec The rapid and dramatic development of the Lesage government's institutions and the vastly increased role of the state in the province's economic, social and cultural life unleashed forces that would have major consequences. The Catholic Church's role in society diminished, prosperity for French-speaking Québécois grew, and anationalist, meaning Quebec should be different than Canada i.e independence, consciousness expanded. *Quebec gained a new identity*.

Indian Act

St. Lauent This concerns registered natives, their bands and system of reservations. It is the primary document of how Ottawa interacts with the 614 First Nations band and their members. Natives finally were involved in discussions with the government. The ban on dances and ceremonies was lifted, as was the ban on the pursuit of land claims. Do not worship the Liberals though, they still wanted to assimilate the Natives. Only "Status Indians" could get the legal benefits. A certain clause, removed in 1985, discriminated female natives by revoking speial status upon marrying a non-Status Indian. Natives in general still could not vote until 1960. 1951 Canada Reflective of Canada's guiltiness over treatment of Natives since birth of state. This was signifiacant becuase the process was changed, Natives had a voice. Although those human rights violations in the beginning though.....

St. Lawrence Seaway

St. Lauent; Eisenhower A system of locks, canals, and channels that permit ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean into the Great Lakes, as far inland ad the western point of Lake Superior; Canada kind of pressured the US into accepting this joint contruction. Canada payed $336 million and the United States payed $134 million. Started: 1954, Opened: 1959 Great Lakes In addition to improved navigation, the seaway enabled both Ontario Hydro and the New York State Power Authority to develop hydroelectric facilities. Canadians had to be relocated to install the seaway which was a negative effect of this project.

Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Act

St. Laurent A statue passed by Parliament that reimbursed one half of provincial and territorial costs for hospital and diagnostic services administered under provincial and territorial health insurance programs. So basically Ottawa pays 1/2 and provinces pays 1/2. 1957 Canada First step to universal medicare.

Korean War (Canada)

St.Laurent and UN Canada fought in the war becuase it was a UN operation. In first, Canada only supplied 3 destroyers and one RCAF transport squadron. No conscription, only 27000 volunteers. Canadians distinguished themselves at the Battle of Kap'Yong, fending off a Chinese assualt. Canada suffered 1550 casualties and 516 deaths. 1950-1953 Korean peninsula This showed Canada's middle power position. Siding with not the US nor UK but the UN. This also supported Canadian independence. Canadians served under American command for the first time and swapped old British techniques and weapons with American ones.

Official Languages Act

Trudeau "Gives English and French equal status in Canadian government. that Canadians have the right to receive services from federal departments and from Crown corporations in both official languages;-that Canadians will be able to be heard before federal courts in the official language of their choice; -that Parliament will adopt laws and to publish regulations in both official languages, and that both versions will be of equal legal weight; -that English and French will have equal status of languages of work within the federal public service within geographically defined parts of the country that are designated bilingual (most notably in National Capital Region, Montreal and New Brunswick), as well as in certain overseas government offices and in parts of the country where there is sufficient demand for services in both official languages. In remaining geographical areas, the language of work for federal public servants is French (in Quebec) and English (elsewhere);" Sept.9.1969 Canada Canada is officially bilingual

Metrication of Canada

Trudeau Canada used to use the Imperial system, showing Canada's ties to old British Empire. Trudeau decides to make the metric system Canada's unit of measurment and recognized the international SI. Metrification took a long time. Opposers say it cost too much money to change all of the signs. 1971-1977 Canada This is somewhat controversial. Yes, Canada erased a link to imperial times but it did take a long time to convert units.

Multicultural Act

Trudeau Emphasized equality for all "culturaal and ethnic groups". Provided funds to ethnic organiztions and further second language instruction. 1971 Canada Canadians were proud of this aspect of multiculturalism.

Immigration act 1976

Trudeau Individuals who could become a burden on social welfare or health services would now be refused entry, rather than specific categories of people. It created four new classes of immigrants who could come to Canada: refugees, families, assisted relatives, and independent immigrants. Alternatives to deportation over less serious offenses. 1976 Canada It focused on who should be allowed into Canada, not on who should be kept out. Finally non-whites and refugees can enter with relative ease.

Notwithstanding Clause

Trudeau Part of the Canadian Constitution. Premiers can override legislature of the Charter to meet their needs. This was the only way premiers would agree to Constitution repartriation. 1982 Canada Quebec of course would use this to their own advantage

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Trudeau The most visible and recognized part of the Canadian Constitution, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, guarantees the rights of individuals by enshrining those rights, and certain limits on them, in the highest law of the land. Freedom of conscience, expression, peaceful assembly, and of association. Since its enactment in 1982, the Charter has created a social and legal revolution in Canada, expanding the rights of minorities, transforming the nature of criminal investigations and prosecutions, and subjecting the will of Parliament and the legislatures to judicial scrutiny—an ongoing source of controversy. 1982 Canada Trudeau did what Diefenbaker failed to do. He created a bill of rights that actually worked. It revolutionized a number of specific aspects of Canadian life, including the work of police and prosecutors.

October Crisis

Trudeau and Bourassa vs. FLQ The FLQ kidnaps British Trade Commissioner, James Cross. The FLQ demanded 100,000 in gold bullion (ingots) and the liberation of 23 FLQ conspirators for Cross release. They then captured Quebec Minister of Laboer Pierre Laporte due to Quebec ignoring the ransom. The FLQ and the Quebec separatists called for a general strike to support the kidnappers in the universities and rallies to show their backing of the terrorists actions. Trudeau inacts the War Measures Act at the response of a scared Bourassa. When CBC reporter Tim Ralfe asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, Trudeau replied: "Just watch me". As the army arrived the pressure in Quebec began to build and on October 17th word was called into a radio station that Pierre Laporte had been executed. Police were ordered to arrest without warrant anyone who seemed suspicious, over 400,000 people arrested. Cross was found and saved, and in the end five FLQ conspirators were allowed safe passage to Cuba and the others arrested. Out of the 400,000 arrested, only 25 remained in jail. October.1970 Quebec Trudeau was mostly praised for his actions. Levesque criticized the implementation of the War Measures Act, saying it was rash and unnecessary. The FLQ disbanded and the seperatist movement seetled down, with only Levesque staying on it for the most part. In the time of crisis, FLQ ironically unitied the country instead of dividing it.

Three Wise Men

Trudeau, Marchand, Pelletier Pearson had parachuted them into the House for the Liberal Party to have federal power. The three became known as Quebec's "three wise men." Their participation in federal politics marked a substantial change in the political relationship between Ottawa and Quebec. 1965 Ottawa, Quebec With the coming of Marchand, Pelletier and Trudeau, Quebec politicians began to take an active part in shaping federal policy, not just interpreting it to their province.

National Energy Program

Trudeau, Minister of Energy Lalonde 1) increase Canadian ownership in oil industry 2) force Western provinces to give Ottaawa a bigger cut 3) make Canada self-sufficient in energy 1980 Canada It was a failure, prices plummeted and government was in debt. NEP punishes Alberta but it did little as Canada sank into a devastating recession

Stagflation

Trudeau, Nixon When unemplyment and inflation are both high. This was happening in both the US and Canada. 1970s Canada, US Trudeau's failure to solve this problem is what contributed to Clark's victory. However it wasn't that Trudeau was a bad economist per se but that stagflation was not supposed to even exist.

Patriation of the Canadian Constitution

Trudeau, Queen Elizabeth II Canada "patriated" its Constitution, transferring the country's highest law, the British North America Act, from the authority of the British Parliament — a connection from the colonial past — to Canada's federal and provincial legislatures. The Constitution was also updated with a new amending formula and a Charter of Rights — changes that occurred after a fierce, 18-month political and legal struggle that dominated headlines and the agendas of every government in the country. 1982 Canada This is it. Trudeau has completed what every prime minister starting from King has worked to accomplish (except Diefenbaker but he ironically helped). Canadian independence. This is the last the last tie to the British Empire. Canada is now De JURE independent.

Quebec Referendum

Trudeau; Levesque Parti Quebecois fights for seperatism with little steps. PQ wants sovereignty association in this referendum, meaning seperate country but with economic benefits of Canada. PQ campaign angered women and Quebecois content with Bill 101. Referendum beaten 60-40%. 1980 Quebec Shows Quebec's discontent for their seperatist government. Quebec already considered itsr lf masters of their own house.