Cap's AP Psych Ch 18 (Ex 2)
A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as:
a social trap
We are likely to prefer as friends those who are similar to us in:
any of the above areas
The fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people:
are irresponsible and unmotivated
In order to analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed
attribution theory.
Research on the effects of playing violent video games most clearly provides evidence that disconfirms the:
catharsis hypothesis.
A chest implant that intermittently stimulates the vagus nerve has been used to treat some patients with:
chronic depression
Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to:
cognitive dissonance
Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ________ theory.
cognitive dissonance
The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called:
cognitive dissonance.
Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of:
deindividuation
Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to:
deindividuation
Adelle's feelings of unhappiness, low self-esteem, and hopelessness have become so extreme that she has attempted suicide. Which of the following treatments is likely to provide her with the quickest relief from her misery?
electroconvulsive therapy
Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines:
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect
Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to
gain social approval.
The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of:
groupthink
Makato, a 21-year-old university junior, is physically unattractive. Compared to good-looking students, Makato is more likely to:
have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers
Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming is fueled by:
hindsight bias.
Attribution theory was designed to account for:
how people explain others' behavior.
Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized as:
inequitable
After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of:
informational social influence
Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to:
informational social influence
When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four-person lineup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others' wrong answers. This best illustrates the impact of:
informational social influence
A sense of social identity is most likely to promote:
ingroup bias
Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates:
ingroup bias
During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that their own team was the better one. The girls' beliefs best illustrate:
ingroup bias.
Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate:
ingroup bias.
Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that he's angry, so she avoids talking to him. Unfortunately, Keith thinks Haley's quietness signifies that she's angry and wants to be left alone. This situation best illustrates:
mirror-image perceptions
Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate:
mirror-image perceptions
Professor Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the college dean. Professor Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of:
normative social influence
In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to:
passionate love
The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain:
passionate love.
Social facilitation refers to the tendency to:
perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by:
physical arousal
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called:
prejudice
A gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of:
self-disclosure
Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:
self-disclosure
Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates:
social facilitation
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates:
social facilitation
Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying
social inequalities
Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates:
social loafing
Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to:
social loafing.
The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as:
social loafing.
University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates:
social loafing.
The text indicates that the clusters of teenage suicides that occasionally occur in some communities may be the result of:
suggestibility
After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of:
superordinate goals
When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in:
the bystander effect
When 68-year-old Mrs. Blake had a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance. Mrs. Blake's experience best illustrates:
the bystander effect
After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
According to the text, aggression always involves
the intent to hurt
While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is best explained in terms of:
the two-factor theory of emotion
Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of:
their feelings of limited responsibility
In 1942, reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when:
they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
Politicians who suggest that African-Americans are at fault for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group best illustrate:
victim blaming
Two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if:
you know you would feel terribly guilty for refusing their request
By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing on line with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for:
Group polarization
Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of:
Group polarization
How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance?
It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.
How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?
We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints.
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to:
comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study:
conformity.
On which of the following tasks would the presence of others be most likely to lead to improved performance?
counting backward from 10 to 1
Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that:
actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes.
Studies of role-playing most directly highlight the effects of:
actions on attitudes
The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social psychological research on:
altruism
Prejudice is best defined as:
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is not:
an unlearned instinct
The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because:
arousal encourages performance of the most likely response.
A life insurance salesperson who takes advantage of the foot-in-the-door phenomenon would be most likely to:
ask customers to respond to a brief survey of their attitudes regarding life insurance.
An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by:
assigned roles
The best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genovese murder is that they failed to:
assume personal responsibility for helping the victim
In investigating the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, Dutton and Aron arranged for an attractive woman to briefly interact with men who had recently:
crossed a swaying footbridge
When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of:
deindividuation
After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of:
deindividuation.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation shows greatest promise for the treatment of:
depression.
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
cognitive dissonance theory
Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their:
dispositions or their situations.
In which of the following groups is social loafing least likely?
factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of:
group polarization
An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of:
groupthink
The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers of:
groupthink
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to:
judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.
Diego has become increasingly involved in violent fights at school because this gains him the attention and respect of many classmates. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a(n):
learned response
Which of the following has been demonstrated to provide relief for those who suffer from seasonal affective disorder?
light exposure therapy
Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among:
men in cultures that value individualism
Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband in order to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife in order to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates:
mirror-image perceptions
A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage:
nonconformity.
Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to:
normative social influence
Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of:
normative social influence
Luella publicly agrees with her seventh-grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year-olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15 years old. Luella's public conformity to her classmates' opinion best illustrates the power of:
normative social influence
Toby publicly agrees with his fraternity brothers that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best Student Senate President. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his fraternity brothers' opinion best illustrates the power of:
normative social influence
A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.
personality traits; assigned roles
What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?
physical attractiveness
Government officials who emphasized that African-Americans are personally responsible for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group are most likely to promote:
prejudice
Dr. Judd is convinced that psychological disorders result largely from stressful social situations rather than from disturbances within the individual personality. Dr. Judd's belief is most consistent with the assumptions that underlie:
preventive mental health
Which approach would attempt to minimize psychological disorders by working to reduce the incidence of child abuse and illiteracy in society?
preventive mental health
The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ________ and liking.
proximity
Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior:
reflected her personal disposition
After she was promoted to a high-level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Jorana developed more pro-business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes.
role-playing
Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of:
role-playing on attitudes
Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard's increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of:
scapegoat theory
The country of Superlia increased the size of its military force because its leaders inappropriately anticipated that their rival, the country of Piropia, would do the same. The Piropians subsequently felt it was necessary to respond to the Superlian military buildup with a military expansion of their own. The Piropian response best illustrates the danger of:
self-fulfilling prophecies
Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of their own:
self-worth
Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. Vanna is least likely to steal the merchandise if:
she is highly aware of her negative feelings about shoplifting.
When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of:
the fundamental attribution error.
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called:
the fundamental attribution error.
An eagerness to believe that victims of a natural disaster are being punished by God for their sins best illustrates a potential consequence of:
the just-world phenomenon
Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief best illustrates a potential consequence of:
the just-world phenomenon
After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates:
the mere exposure effect
People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of:
the mere exposure effect
When Armen first heard the hit song "Gotta Love It," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates:
the mere exposure effect
Professor Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Professor Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if:
the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.
After she received a free hand-painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs. Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of:
the reciprocity norm
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs. Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from:
the reciprocity norm
Montel, a white university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of:
the scapegoat theory
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.
think about, influence, and relate to
Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of:
vivid cases
Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in terms of:
social exchange theory
Our tendency to establish and maintain warm relationships with people if they are physically attractive is best explained in terms of:
social exchange theory
Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
social psychology
On which of the following tasks would the presence of observers be least likely to lead to better and faster performance?
solving a crossword puzzle
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of:
stereotypes
Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by:
superordinate goals
The success of interracial cooperative learning in classroom settings best illustrates the value of ________ for reducing racial conflict.
superordinate goals
Mrs. Pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in:
the bystander effect
People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as:
the bystander effect
Social psychologists have arranged for people to drop coins or pencils in elevators in order to study:
the bystander effect
If one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates:
the bystander effect.
The experience of empathy is most directly facilitated by:
the chameleon effect
Group polarization refers to:
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenter's orders when:
the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram experiments best illustrate one of the potential dangers of:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggressive outbursts of their 6-year-old son?
"Make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic."
Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude:
"Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."
Adherence to the reciprocity norm is most relevant to the utility of:
GRIT.
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced to the then Soviet Union that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The Soviet's positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of:
GRIT.
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of:
a dispositional attribution
Surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain is called:
a lobotomy
Which psychosurgical procedure was designed to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients?
a lobotomy
Deindividuation refers to:
a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
After a year-long drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of:
a social trap
Continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of:
a social trap
Despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels, most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates the dynamics of:
a social trap
Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings in order to study:
a social trap
Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit best illustrates the dangers of:
a win-lose orientation
Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates the pitfalls of:
a win-lose orientation
Svetlana, a 20-year-old college sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to ________ than less attractive college women.
be perceived as more socially skilled
Anton is the only juror to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority he should:
be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint
Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.
belief-based feelings
Which of the following procedures is most likely to result in a loss of memory?
electroconvulsive therapy
The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the:
emergency is being observed by a number of other people
Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to:
exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people:
experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar
High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of:
father care.
The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to try heroin. Her experience best illustrates:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
In order to "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean War, Chinese communists made effective use of:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
The tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from:
frustration
After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the:
frustration-aggression principle
After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the:
frustration-aggression principle
On the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century
gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased
