Capstone Final Ch. 7

In the United States, the time period for the right to exclude others from the use of a patented technology is _____ from the filing date of a patent application. A. 20 years B. 25 months C. 15 months D. 25 years

A. 20 years In the United States, the time period for the right to exclude others from the use of a patented technology is 20 years from the filing date of a patent application

A. G. Lafley at Procter & Gamble (P&G), had implemented an open-innovation model, which had greatly benefitted the company. In the light of this information, we can conclude that A. G. Lafley is a(n) A. venture capitalist. B. category captain. C. intrapreneur. D. early adopter.

C. intrapreneur. Innovators like A. G. Lafley at Procter & Gamble (P&G), innovating within existing firms, are referred to as intrapreneurs.

A few efficient and strong firms in the laptop industry have remained and emerged successful from the shakeout stage. Which of the following stages of the industry life cycle will they move to next? A. growth stage B. introduction stage C. maturity stage D. decline stage

C. maturity stage Generally, the larger firms enjoying economies of scale are the ones that survived the shakeout phase as the industry consolidated and most excess capacity was removed. After the shakeout is completed and a few firms remain, the industry enters the maturity stage.

First movers often have several competitive benefits including A. incremental effects. B. shakeout effects. C. network effects. D. experience effects.

C. network effects. First movers often have several competitive benefits including network effects.

Digital photography replacing film photography would be an example of a(n) A. regressive innovation. B. radical innovation. C. architectural innovation. D. disruptive innovation.

D. disruptive innovation. A disruptive innovation leverages new technologies to attack existing markets. It invades an existing market from the bottom up.

Which of the following key assumptions are innovations like Procter & Gamble's "Connect + Develop" based on? A. Combining the best of internal and external R&D will more likely lead to a competitive advantage. B. Almost 40 percent of sales comes from 80 percent of product selection found in the short head. C. The low end of a market is highly vulnerable to competitive attacks. D. Since the best people, the smartest people in the industry work for P&G, the best discoveries must be invented at P&G.

A. Combining the best of internal and external R&D will more likely lead to a competitive advantage. An example of open innovation is Procter & Gamble's "Connect + Develop," or C + D (a play on research and development, or R&D). One key assumption underlying the open innovation model is that combining the best of internal and external R&D will more likely lead to a competitive advantage

Which of the following is true of a disruptive innovation? A. It targets existing markets. B. It initially provides high-cost solutions to existing problems. C. It introduces a radical idea and creates a new industry. D. It attacks the market through a top-down process.

A. It targets existing markets. A disruptive innovation leverages new technologies to attack existing markets. It invades an existing market from the bottom up.

Which of the following is a feature of the growth stage of the industry life cycle? A. The consumer demand increases. B. The prices of goods begin to rise. C. The basis of competition moves away from process innovation. D. The number of competitors decreases.

A. The consumer demand increases. Market growth accelerates in the growth stage of the industry life cycle. After the initial innovation has gained some market acceptance, demand increases rapidly as first-time buyers rush to enter the market, convinced by the proof-of-concept demonstrated in the introductory stage.

Which of the conditions prevail when an industry is at the end of its life cycle? A. The level of process innovation reaches its maximum as firms attempt to lower cost. B. The industry structure is perfectly competitive with a large number of buyers and sellers. C. The strategic objectives of businesses will involve gaining market acceptance. D. The market reaches its maximum size at this stage.

A. The level of process innovation reaches its maximum as firms attempt to lower cost. At the end of a life cycle, the level of process innovation reaches its maximum as firms attempt to lower cost as much as possible, while the level of incremental product innovation reaches its minimum.

The market for 3-D televisions is in the introduction stage of the industry life cycle. What does this imply? A. There are only a few competitors in the 3-D television market. B. The number of buyers in the market is high. C. The prices of 3-D televisions will be lowest during this stage. D. The barriers to entry are low in the industry.

A. There are only a few competitors in the 3-D television market. In the introductory stage, when barriers to entry tend to be high, generally only a few firms are active in the market.

Which of the following statements accurately brings out the distinction between the introduction and growth stages of the industry life cycle? A. There is more strategic variety in the growth stage when compared to the introduction stage. B. The number of competitors is more in the introduction stage than the growth stage. C. The market size for a new product or service is larger in the introduction stage when compared to the growth stage. D. While achieving market acceptance is the strategic objective during the introduction stage, the objective in the growth stage is to pursue a harvest strategy.

A. There is more strategic variety in the growth stage when compared to the introduction stage. Since market demand is robust in the growth stage and more competitors have entered the market, there tends to be more strategic variety: Some competitors will continue to follow a differentiation strategy, emphasizing unique features, product functionality, and reliability. Other firms employ a cost-leadership strategy in order to offer an acceptable level of value but lower prices to consumers.

Canon was able to redesign the copying machine so that it didn't need professional service—reliability was built directly into the machine, and the user could replace parts, such as the cartridge. What Xerox had not envisioned was the possibility that the components of the copying machine could be put together in an altogether different way that was more user-friendly. This example describes A. architectural innovation. B. incremental innovation. C. radical innovation. D. disruptive innovation.

A. architectural innovation This example describes architectural innovation. Firms can innovate by leveraging existing technologies into new markets. Doing so generally requires them to reconfigure the components of a technology, meaning they alter the overall "architecture" of the product. An architectural innovation, therefore, is a new product in which known components, based on existing technologies, are reconfigured in a novel way to create new markets.

A(n) _____ leverages new technologies to attack existing markets. A. disruptive innovation B. incremental innovation C. radical innovation D. architectural innovation

A. disruptive innovation A disruptive innovation leverages new technologies to attack existing markets. It invades an existing market from the bottom up.

Which of the following lists the stages of the industry life cycle in the correct order? A. introduction, growth, shakeout, maturity, and decline B. introduction, shakeout, growth, maturity, and decline C. introduction, growth, maturity, shakeout, and decline D. introduction, shakeout, maturity, growth, and decline

A. introduction, growth, shakeout, maturity, and decline As an industry evolves over time, five distinct stages occur in the following order: introduction, growth, shakeout, maturity, and decline.

A new product often has a high price when it is launched because of a A. large investment in designing a product while producing small quantities. B. large investment in marketing a product while producing small quantities. C. large investment in designing a product while producing large quantities. D. large investment in marketing a product while producing large quantities.

A. large investment in designing a product while producing small quantities. A new product often has a high price when it is launched because of a large investment in designing a product while producing small quantities.

Which of the following customer segments as described in the chasm framework make up the mass market? A. the early and late majority together B. the early adopters alone C. the technology enthusiasts and laggards together D. the technology enthusiasts alone

A. the early and late majority together As described in the chasm framework, the early and late majority make up the mass market.

On which of the following tenets is the crossing-the-chasm framework, suggested by Geoffrey Moore, based? A. The number and size of competitors remain constant throughout the industry life cycle. B. Each stage of the industry life cycle is dominated by a different customer group. C. Industries tend to follow an unpredictable industry life cycle. D. The supply and demand sides of the market remain constant irrespective of the phase of the industry life cycle.

B. Each stage of the industry life cycle is dominated by a different customer group. Based on empirical observations, Geoffrey Moore's core argument is that each stage of the industry life cycle is dominated by a different customer group. Different customer groups with distinctly different preferences enter the industry at each stage of the industry life cycle.

Sara can be categorized under the late majority customer segment. Which of the following behaviors is she most likely to exhibit? A. She will be confident in her ability to master any new technology. B. She will prefer to buy from well-established brands rather than unknown new ventures. C. She will not rely on endorsements by the early majority or early adopters. D. She will buy beta versions of new products and technology.

B. She will prefer to buy from well-established brands rather than unknown new ventures. Sara is most likely to buy from well-established brands rather than unknown new ventures. The late majority prefers to buy from well-established firms with a strong brand image rather than from unknown new ventures.

Which of the following is a drawback of using the industry life cycle as a framework to guide strategic choice? A. The framework believes that the life cycle of industries is unpredictable. B. The framework does not explain everything about changes in industries. C. The framework is based on the tenet that industries can be rejuvenated even in the declining stage. D. The framework believes that the number and size of competitors remain constant throughout the life cycle.

B. The framework does not explain everything about changes in industries. Although the industry life cycle is a useful tool, it does not explain everything about changes in industries. Some industries may never go through the entire life cycle, while others are continually renewed through innovation.

Which of the following is a feature of the maturity stage of the industry life cycle? A. The competitive intensity within the industry is at its peak. B. The market reaches its maximum size. C. The industry structure is more monopolistically competitive. D. The focus on product innovation is higher than that on process innovation.

B. The market reaches its maximum size. During the fourth stage of the industry life cycle, the industry structure morphs into an oligopoly with only a few large firms. The market has reached its maximum size, and industry demand is likely to be zero or even negative going forward.

Which of the following is one of the reasons that led to CNN, an innovator, losing its leadership position in the 24-hour cable news industry? A. The cable news industry was in the maturity stage of the industry life cycle. B. The second movers imitated CNN's incremental innovation to continuously improve their offering. C. It failed to cross the large competitive chasm between the early adopters and early majority. D. Its business model relied heavily on crowdsourcing for its user-generated content.

B. The second movers imitated CNN's incremental innovation to continuously improve their offering. In some instances, an innovator is outcompeted by second movers that quickly introduce a similar incremental innovation to continuously improve their own offering. For example, although CNN was the pioneer in 24-hour cable news, today Fox News is the most watched cable news network in the United States.

Which of the following statements is true of laggards? A. They make up the largest customer segment for any business. B. They tend to enter the market frequently during the decline stage. C. They do not like waiting too long for new technology to release. D. They are customers who adopt a new product even if it is not necessary.

B. They tend to enter the market frequently during the decline stage. Laggards tend to enter the market after it is completely mature and frequently during the decline stage. They are customers who adopt a new product only if it is absolutely necessary.

Which of the following statements accurately brings out the difference between technology enthusiasts and early adopters? A. While the customer segment in the introduction stage consists of early adopters, the customers entering the market in the growth stage are technology enthusiasts. B. Unlike technology enthusiasts, early adopters' demand is fueled more by intuition and vision rather than technology concerns. C. While early adopters make up the smallest market segment, technology enthusiasts make up the mass market. D. Firms need to communicate products' potential applications in a more direct way when attracting technology enthusiasts rather than early adopters.

B. Unlike technology enthusiasts, early adopters' demand is fueled more by intuition and vision rather than technology concerns. Unlike technology enthusiasts, early adopters' demand is driven by their imagination and creativity rather than by the technology per se. They recognize and appreciate the possibilities the new technology can afford them in their professional and personal lives.

Which of the following statements accurately brings out the difference between closed innovation and open innovation? A. Firms following the open innovation model are much more likely to be prone to the not-invented-here syndrome than firms pursuing a closed innovation model. B. While open innovation focuses on building an effective business model to commercialize R&D, closed innovation focuses on being first to market. C. Firms following the open innovation model are more protective about their intellectual property than firms pursuing a closed innovation model. D. While open innovation means introducing new technologies to new markets, closed innovation refers to introducing new technologies to existing markets.

B. While open innovation focuses on building an effective business model to commercialize R&D, closed innovation focuses on being first to market. In closed innovation, strength in R&D is equated with a high likelihood of benefitting from first-mover advantages. In open innovation, the focus is on building a more effective business model to commercialize (internal and external) R&D, rather than focusing on being first to market.

Which of the following best illustrates a process innovation as opposed to product innovation? A. a consumer electronics company developing a new generation of tablet computers B. an automobile company using computer-aided design in its production C. a consumer electronics company launching 3-D televisions D. an automobile company commercializing electric cars

B. an automobile company using computer-aided design in its production Process innovations are new ways to produce existing products or to deliver existing services. Process innovations are made possible through advances such as the Internet, lean manufacturing, Six Sigma, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and so on.

The crossing-the-chasm framework states that _____ need to be adjusted for each customer segment. A. incremental contributions B. business strategies C. innovations D. competitors

B. business strategies The crossing-the-chasm framework states that business strategies need to be adjusted for each customer segment.

The leading producer of gardening tools, YourGarden Inc, has achieved great success because they produce high-quality tools that are not too expensive. Even so, another company that produces lower-quality tools at the same price has also achieved some success, but not as much as YourGarden. Also, in general, the price of gardening tools has declined because of economies of scale and learning. In addition, YourGarden has added complementary assets, such as gardening instruction. Considering all of these factors, the gardening tool industry is most likely in the A. introduction stage. B. growth stage. C. shakeout stage. D. maturity stage.

B. growth stage The gardening tool industry is most likely in the growth stage. Since demand is strong during the growth phase, both efficient and inefficient firms thrive; the rising tide lifts all boats. Moreover, prices begin to fall, often rapidly, as standard business processes are put in place and firms begin to reap economies of scale and learning. Distribution channels are expanded, and complementary assets in the form of products and services become widely available.

Intel's Celeron chip and Atom chip are initiatives to A. introduce a new product in a new market to extend its leadership. B. guard the company against disruptive innovation by protecting the low end of the market. C. stall its own disruption strategies and wait for its rivals to introduce disruptive forces. D. target that section of the market that is not particularly price sensitive.

B. guard the company against disruptive innovation by protecting the low end of the market. Intel's Celeron chip and Atom chip are initiatives to guard the company against disruptive innovation by protecting the low end of the market with low-cost innovations to preempt stealth competitors. Intel introduced the Celeron chip, a stripped-down, budget version of its Pentium chip, in 1998. More recently, Intel followed up with the Atom chip, a new processor that is inexpensive and consumes little battery power, to power low-cost mobile devices

Norce Autos Inc. allows its customers, suppliers, researchers, and the community in general to contribute their ideas toward new product developments. Customers and other interested stakeholders can let the company know what new features they want to see in their next car. If the company faces any technical complexities that its internal R&D team cannot solve, it posts the problem on its website and allows people from the external community to provide solutions. In this scenario, Norce Autos Inc. is primarily leveraging its A. economies of scope. B. open innovation model. C. razor-razor-blade business model. D. experience-curve effects.

B. open innovation model. Norce Autos Inc. is leveraging its open innovation model. Companies using an open innovation approach realize that great ideas can come from both inside and outside the company. Significant value can be had by commercializing external R&D and letting others commercialize internal R&D that does not fit with the firm's strategy. The focus is on building a more effective business model to commercialize (internal and external) R&D, rather than focusing on being first to market.

When TrueHeal Pharma Inc. released a new drug to treat insomnia, its chemical composition was disclosed at the back of the drug's cover. However, any attempts by competitors to copy the chemical composition would result in infringement of TrueHeal Pharma's intellectual property rights. Thus, the drug is protected by a A. promissory bill. B. patent. C. franchise. D. royalty.

B. patent In the given scenario, TrueHeal Pharma's drug is protected by a patent. A patent is a form of intellectual property, and gives the inventor exclusive rights to benefit from commercializing a technology for a specified time period in exchange for public disclosure of the underlying idea.

Incumbent firms favor incremental innovation over radical innovation because A. their business decisions are independent of the other parties in their innovation ecosystem. B. radical innovation will disturb the existing power distribution within the firms. C. incumbent firms do not have formal organizational structures and processes like the way new entrants do. D. incremental innovations help firms sustain a permanent competitive advantage, whereas radical innovations only help gain a temporary advantage.

B. radical innovation will disturb the existing power distribution within the firms. Incumbent firms tend to favor incremental innovations that reinforce the existing organizational structure and power distribution while avoiding radical innovation that could disturb the existing power distribution (e.g., between different functional areas, such as R&D and marketing).

The key objective for firms during the growth phase is to A. invest as many resources as possible in product innovations. B. stake out a strong strategic position not easily imitated by rivals. C. pursue a harvest strategy. D. reduce their network effects.

B. stake out a strong strategic position not easily imitated by rivals. The key objective for firms during the growth phase is to stake out a strong strategic position not easily imitated by rivals.

How is the early majority section of consumers different from the late majority section? A. While the early majority makes up the mass market, the late majority is the smallest market segment. B. The late majority enters the market in the decline stage, whereas the early majority enters the market during the maturity stage. C. Although the early majority is confident in their ability to master a new technology, the late majority is not. D. While the late majority prefers buying from unknown new ventures, the early majority relies only on well-established brands.

C. Although the early majority is confident in their ability to master a new technology, the late majority is not. The late majority shares all the concerns of the early majority. However, there is one important difference. Although the early majority is confident in their ability to master a new technology, the late majority is not.

Which of the following is a feature of the shakeout phase of the industry life cycle? A. There is rapid industry growth during this stage. B. Market demand in this stage primarily consists of first-time adopters. C. Competitive intensity within the industry increases. D. The mode of competition shifts from price to non-price in this stage.

C. Competitive intensity within the industry increases. Limited market demand in the shakeout phase increases competitive intensity within the industry. Firms begin to compete directly against one another for market share, rather than trying to capture a share of an increasing pie.

Which of the following statements is true of firms pursuing a closed innovation? A. Firms following the closed innovation model are less likely to be prone to the not-invented-here syndrome. B. Firms in the closed innovation model are extremely protective of their intellectual property. C. Firms in the closed innovation model focus on building a more effective business model to commercialize R&D, rather than focusing on being first to market. D. Firms following the closed innovation model will find activities such as spin-out ventures or strategic alliances crucial to commercialize their internally developed R&D.

C. Firms in the closed innovation model focus on building a more effective business model to commercialize R&D, rather than focusing on being first to market. Firms in the closed innovation model are extremely protective of their intellectual property. This allows firms not only to capture all the benefits from their own R&D, but also prevents competitors from benefitting from it

Which of the following statements is strongly influenced by the not-invented-here syndrome? A. If a product was created and developed at our company, it probably is good enough. B. If a product was not created and developed at our company, it probably is good enough. C. If a product was not created and developed at our company, it could not be good enough. D. If a product was created and developed at our company, it could not be good enough.

C. If a product was not created and developed at our company, it could not be good enough. Firms following the closed innovation model are much more likely to fall prone to the not-invented-here syndrome. People from a firm that has this attitude would likely state: "If a product was not created and developed at our company, it could not be good enough."

_____ is best described as the commercialization of any new product, process, or the modification and recombination of existing ones. A. Direct imitation B. Mass customization C. Innovation D. Headhunting

C. Innovation Innovation is the commercialization of any new product, process, or the modification and recombination of existing ones. To drive growth, innovation also needs to be useful and successfully implemented.

Which of the following statements is not true about innovation? A. Innovation as a competitive weapon can simultaneously create and destroy value. B. Successful innovation allows a firm to extract temporary monopoly profits. C. Innovation has to be high-tech in order to be a potent competitive weapon. D. Process innovations are made possible through advances such as the Internet.

C. Innovation has to be high-tech in order to be a potent competitive weapon. It is important to note that innovation need not be high-tech in order to be a potent competitive weapon. It needs to be novel, useful, and successfully implemented in order to help firms gain and sustain a competitive advantage.

Globe Source Inc. is a consumer electronics company that follows an open innovation model. Which of the following can be concluded about this firm? A. The firm will suffer from the not-invented-here syndrome. B. The firm is less likely to commercialize researches from other firms. C. The firm will buy others' intellectual property whenever it advances its own business model. D. The firm will equate R&D with a high likelihood of benefitting from first-mover advantages.

C. The firm will buy others' intellectual property whenever it advances its own business model. Globe Source Inc. will buy others' intellectual property whenever it advances its own business model. Companies using an open innovation approach realize that great ideas can come from both inside and outside the company. Significant value can be had by commercializing external R&D and letting others commercialize internal R&D that does not fit with the company's strategy.

Which of the following statements is true of the early majority section of consumers? A. They come into the market during the introduction stage. B. They are unaware that many hyped new product introductions will fade away. C. They weigh the benefits and costs carefully when adopting a new product. D. They make up the smallest market segment.

C. They weigh the benefits and costs carefully when adopting a new product. The customers coming into the market in the growth stage are called early majority. They are pragmatists and are most concerned with the question of what the new technology can do for them. Before adopting a new product or service, they weigh the benefits and costs carefully.

Why is it easier for new entrants to involve in radical innovations when compared to incumbent firms? A. Unlike incumbent firms, new entrants do not have to face the high entry barriers, initially. B. New entrants are embedded in an innovation ecosystem, while incumbent firms are not. C. Unlike incumbent firms, new entrants do not have formal organizational structures and processes. D. Incumbent firms do not have the advantages of network effects that new entrants have.

C. Unlike incumbent firms, new entrants do not have formal organizational structures and processes. New entrants do not have formal organizational structures and processes, giving them more freedom to launch an initial breakthrough

While the domestic airline industry is in the maturity stage of the industry life cycle, the pet clothing industry is in its growth stage. Which of the following can be inferred from the given data? A. Competitive intensity will be higher in the domestic airline industry than the pet clothing industry. B. The pet clothing industry is ahead of the domestic airline industry in the industry life cycle. C. While the domestic airline industry is free from excess capacity, the pet clothing industry will have new entrants. D. The mode of competition will be price-based in the pet clothing industry and will be non-price-based in the domestic airline industry.

C. While the domestic airline industry is free from excess capacity, the pet clothing industry will have new entrants. Generally, the larger firms enjoying economies of scale are the ones that survived the shakeout phase. After the shakeout is completed and a few firms remain, the industry enters the maturity stage. The numbers of competitors are fewer at this stage when compared to the growth stage.

Assume that the market for print book publishing has entered the maturity stage. Which of the following would most likely exist during this stage? A. a few start-up publishers B. many small to midsized publishers C. a few large publishers D. one large publisher

C. a few large publishers During the fourth stage of the industry life cycle, the industry structure morphs into an oligopoly with only a few large firms.

A firm's ability to understand external technology developments, evaluate them, and integrate them into current products or create new ones is called A. disruptive innovation. B. reverse innovation. C. absorptive capacity. D. open capacity.

C. absorptive capacity. A firm's ability to understand external technology developments, evaluate them, and integrate them into current products or create new ones is called absorptive capacity.

When a firm pursues a maintain strategy, it A. exits a declining industry to maintain the goodwill of its overall brand name. B. reduces investments in product support and allocates only a minimum of human and other resources. C. continues to support marketing efforts even if the demand for the product is declining. D. chooses to consolidate the industry by buying rival firms, those who plan to exit.

C. continues to support marketing efforts even if the demand for the product is declining. If a firm has been following a maintain strategy, it will continue to support marketing efforts at a given level despite the fact that the industry has been declining.

The demand for video recorders has drastically reduced, and there are only a few consumer electronics companies selling them at extremely low prices. Also, the current buyers of video recorders are mainly categorized under laggards. Which of the following stages of the industry life cycle is the video recorder industry in currently? A. growth stage B. maturity stage C. decline stage D. commercialization stage

C. decline stage Video recorders are in the decline stage of the industry life cycle. Changes in the external environment often take industries from maturity to decline. In this final stage of the industry life cycle, the size of the market contracts as demand falls.

When Japanese carmakers attacked the existing U.S. automobile market by first offering small fuel-efficient cars, and then leveraging their low-cost and high-quality advantages into high-end luxury segments, they were engaging in A. regressive innovation. B. radical innovation. C. disruptive innovation. D. architectural innovation.

C. disruptive innovation Japanese carmakers successfully followed a strategy of disruptive innovation by first introducing small fuel-efficient cars, and then leveraging their low-cost and high-quality advantages into high-end luxury segments, captured by brands such as Lexus, Infiniti, and Acura.

The customers entering the market in the growth stage are primarily A. technology enthusiasts. B. laggards. C. early adopters. D. late majority.

C. early adopters. The customers entering the market in the growth stage are early adopters. They make up roughly 13.5 percent of the total market potential.

It is important for a firm to win over the early majority section of the market to ensure the commercial success of an innovation because they A. are driven by technology concerns rather than the practicality of a new product. B. influence the purchase decisions of early adopters. C. enter into the market in large numbers, creating a herding effect. D. have the highest purchasing power when compared to the other customer segments.

C. enter into the market in large numbers, creating a herding effect. As the early majority section of the market makes up almost one third of the entire market potential, winning them over is critical to the commercial success of the innovation. They are on the cusp of the mass market. Bringing the early majority on board is the key to catching the growth wave of the industry life cycle.

While the personal computer industry is flooded and growing with laptops and tablets, Ivan recently bought a desktop, his first personal computer. He realized that a computer at home would be helpful for his children for their school projects, and he could use it to maintain the simple accounts of his plumbing business. Which of the following customer segments does Ivan best represent? A. early adopters B. category captains C. laggards D. early majority

C. laggards Ivan best represents the laggards segment. Laggards are customers who adopt a new product only if it is absolutely necessary. They tend to enter the market after it is completely mature and frequently during the decline stage.

In a radical innovation, a firm targets A. existing markets by using new technologies. B. new markets by using existing technologies. C. new markets by using new technologies. D. existing markets by using existing technologies.

C. new markets by using new technologies. A radical innovation draws on novel methods or materials, is derived either from an entirely different knowledge base or from a recombination of existing knowledge bases with a new stream of knowledge, or targets new markets by using new technologies.

Which of the following is an open innovation principle? A. The smart people in our field work for us. B. To profit from R&D, we must discover it, develop it, and ship it ourselves. C. If we discover it ourselves, we will get it to market first. D. External R&D can create significant value.

D. External R&D can create significant value. "External R&D can create significant value." is an open innovation principle.

Which of the following statements is true of a disruptive innovation? A. It begins as a low-cost solution to a new problem. B. It initially performs better than the existing technology. C. It involves leveraging existing technologies in new markets. D. It invades the market from the bottom up, by first capturing the low end.

D. It invades the market from the bottom up, by first capturing the low end. One factor favoring the success of disruptive innovation is that it relies on stealth attack: It invades the market from the bottom up, by first capturing the low end. Many times, incumbent firms fail to defend the low end of the market, because it is frequently a low-margin business.

Which of the following statements accurately describes social entrepreneurs? A. Social entrepreneurs are individuals who invest in start-up businesses in order to earn huge returns. B. Social entrepreneurs are individuals who rely primarily on social networking sites to generate revenues. C. Social entrepreneurs are employees within organizations who are responsible for carrying out lean production. D. Social entrepreneurs are those who consider financial, ecological, and social metrics to evaluate their firm's performance.

D. Social entrepreneurs are those who consider financial, ecological, and social metrics to evaluate their firm's performance. Social entrepreneurs evaluate the performance of their ventures not only by financial metrics but also by ecological and social contribution. They use a triple-bottom-line approach to assess performance.

Which of the following is an example of social entrepreneurship? A. The committee approved the new formula for an all-purpose cleaner because it cleaned better than other cleaners and used easy-to-obtain ingredients. B. The committee approved the new formula for an all-purpose cleaner because it cleaned better than other cleaners and did not cost more to produce. C. The committee approved the new formula for an all-purpose cleaner because it cleaned as well as other cleaners and could be produced more efficiently. D. The committee approved the new formula for an all-purpose cleaner because it cleaned as well as other cleaners and used organic ingredients.

D. The committee approved the new formula for an all-purpose cleaner because it cleaned as well as other cleaners and used organic ingredients. Social entrepreneurs evaluate the performance of their ventures not only by financial metrics but also by ecological and social contribution. Therefore, the committee that approved the new formula for an all-purpose cleaner because it cleaned as well as other cleaners and used organic ingredients is practicing social entrepreneurship.

Which of the following is a competitive benefit experienced by the first mover firm in an industry? A. The first mover will be able to achieve a less steep learning curve. B. The first mover will be able to reduce the switching costs. C. The first mover will not have to patent its products or technology. D. The first mover will be able to reduce costs through economies of scale.

D. The first mover will be able to reduce costs through economies of scale. Economies of scale refer to the decreases in cost per unit as output increases. First movers may hold important intellectual property such as critical patents. They may also be able to lock-in key suppliers as well as customers through increasing switching costs.

The compact disk (CD) industry is in the maturity phase of its industry life cycle. What conditions prevail for an industry in this stage? A. The type of buyers at this stage will be early adopters. B. The mode of competition at this stage will be based on non-price factors. C. The market growth is positive or high at this stage. D. The industry structure is an oligopoly with only a few large firms.

D. The industry structure is an oligopoly with only a few large firms. After the shakeout is completed and a few firms remain, the industry enters the maturity stage. During the fourth stage of the industry life cycle, the industry structure morphs into an oligopoly with only a few large firms.

While the industry for e-book readers is in its growth stage, the industry for landline telephones is in the decline stage of the industry life cycle. Which of the following can be inferred from this? A. While firms in the e-book reader industry will focus on pursuing a harvest strategy, firms in the landline telephone industry will focus on product innovations. B. The e-book reader industry is at a more advanced stage than the landline industry of the industry life cycle. C. While firms in the e-book reader industry will attract customers categorized under late majority, firms in the landline telephone industry will attract the early majority customers. D. The number of competitors in the e-book reader industry will be larger when compared to the landline telephone industry.

D. The number of competitors in the e-book reader industry will be larger when compared to the landline telephone industry. The number of competitors in the e-book reader industry will be larger when compared to the landline telephone industry. Changes in the external environment often take industries from the maturity stage to the decline stage. In this final stage of the industry life cycle, the size of the market contracts as demand falls. Only a few large firms are left in the industry. In the growth stage, however, there are many competitors.

Why is the phase after the growth stage of the industry life cycle referred to as the shakeout stage? A. The barriers to entry increase during this stage. B. The firms in the industry yield the highest profits during this phase. C. Rivalry among competitors decreases in this stage. D. The weaker firms are forced out of the industry in this stage.

D. The weaker firms are forced out of the industry in this stage. In the shakeout stage, as rivals vie for a shrinking pie and competitive intensity is increasing, the weaker firms are forced out of the industry. This is the reason why this phase of the industry life cycle is called the shakeout stage.

Which of the following statements is true of technology enthusiasts? A. They make up the largest market segment. B. They are the customer segment in the maturity stage of the industry life cycle. C. They are highly price conscious buyers. D. They enjoy using beta versions of products and providing feedback to companies.

D. They enjoy using beta versions of products and providing feedback to companies. Technology enthusiasts enjoy using beta versions of products, tinkering with the product's imperfections and providing (free) feedback and suggestions to companies.

Process innovation is more important than product innovation during the growth stage because A. companies produce very few products during the growth stage, often just prototypes or beta versions. B. technological and commercial uncertainties about a new product still exist during this stage. C. it is more crucial to adopt the integration strategy during this stage. D. a standard, in terms of engineering features and design choices, has been set across the industry.

D. a standard, in terms of engineering features and design choices, has been set across the industry. During the growth stage, most of the technological and commercial uncertainties about a new product are gone. After the market accepts a product innovation, and a standard for the new technology has emerged, process innovation rapidly becomes more important than product innovation.

As a start-up company, Virtue Mobiles Inc. entered the low end of the highly competitive cell phone industry with its low-cost smartphones. Initially, the company was able to sell its inferior technology due to its low prices. Over the years, however, its rate of technology improvements increased above the industry standards. This helped the company to create a strong strategic position for its smartphones in the high-end segment and claim a premium price. Which of the following types of innovation does this scenario best illustrate? A. radical innovation B. incremental innovation C. architectural innovation D. disruptive innovation

D. disruptive innovation The scenario best illustrates a disruptive innovation. The dynamic process of disruptive innovation begins when a firm, frequently a start-up, introduces a new product based on a new technology to meet existing customer needs. It invades an existing market from the bottom up.

The four-step innovation process ends with A. idea generation. B. invention. C. idea testing. D. imitation.

D. imitation. The innovation process ends with imitation. If an innovation is successful in the marketplace, competitors will attempt to imitate it.

NextDoor is an instant messaging application for smartphones. New smartphone users find it easier to connect with friends and relatives through this mobile app when compared to other similar instant messaging applications. Hence, it has the largest user base in the industry. Thus, NextDoor app's value has increased primarily due to its A. learning curve effects. B. economies of scale. C. economies of scope. D. network effects.

D. network effects. NextDoor app's value has increased primarily due to its network effects. A network effect is the positive effect that one user of a product or service has on the value of that product for other users. Network effects occur when the value of a product or service increases, often exponentially, with the number of users.

When a firm pursues a harvest strategy, it A. exits the industry by bankruptcy or liquidation. B. invests significant resources in product innovations. C. buys out its rivals to strengthen its strategic position. D. reduces investments in product support.

D. reduces investments in product support. When pursuing a harvest strategy, a firm reduces investments in product support and allocates only a minimum of human and other resources.

Which of the following scenarios would typically happen in a firm that uses open innovation? A. a meeting with professors at a university to get ideas for product B. a survey of employees to get ideas for a product C. a meeting of department heads to get ideas for a product D. a conference of R&D employees from various branches to get ideas for a product

A. a meeting with professors at a university to get ideas for product Open innovation allows a firm to benefit not only from internal ideas and inventions, but also from ideas and innovation from external sources. Because a meeting with professors involves using an external source, this scenario would be found in a firm that uses open innovation

As a research scholar, Ricardo had built a helicam as part of his project. The helicam could capture aerial images. Realizing the potential use of this product in movie production and military and rescue operations, he started a new venture where he could customize these helicams to fit the specific needs of the buyers and sell them. Ricardo can be best described as a(n) A. entrepreneur. B. category captain. C. franchisor. D. early adopter.

A. entrepreneur. In the context of this scenario, Ricardo can be best described as an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are the agents who introduce change into the competitive system. They do this not only by figuring out how to use inventions, but also by introducing new products or services, new production processes, and new forms of organization. Entrepreneurs can introduce change by starting new ventures.

As the inventor of hypertension medication, OneSure Pharmaceuticals (OSP) Inc. was able to reap the benefits of economies of scale due to a large consumer demand for the drug. Even when competitors later developed similar drugs after the expiry of OSP's patents, regular users did not want to switch because they were concerned about possible side effects. Which of the following benefits does this scenario best illustrate? A. first-mover advantages B. social benefits C. network externalities D. fringe benefits

A. first-mover advantages In this scenario, OneSure Pharmaceuticals enjoys first-mover advantages. First-mover advantages are competitive benefits that accrue to the successful innovator.

Although TechnoWare Electronics Inc. still sells its VCR players, a product in its decline stage, the investments made by the company on improving or marketing the product are very low. The company has allocated the least amount of human and financial capital to this department. Which of the following strategies has TechnoWare Electronics adopted in this scenario? A. harvest strategy B. maintain strategy C. consolidation strategy D. differentiation strategy

A. harvest strategy TechnoWare Electronics is employing the harvest strategy in the given scenario. In pursuing a harvest strategy, the firm reduces investments in product support and allocates only a minimum of human and other resources.

A _____ is best described as a form of intellectual property that gives the inventor exclusive rights to benefit from commercializing a technology for a specified time period in exchange for public disclosure of the underlying idea. A. patent B. promissory note C. franchise D. royalty

A. patent A patent is a form of intellectual property, and gives the inventor exclusive rights to benefit from commercializing a technology for a specified time period in exchange for public disclosure of the underlying idea.

Which of the following is an accurate definition of the customer segment "laggards"? A. the last consumer segment to come into the market, entering in the declining stage of the industry life cycle B. the last consumer segment to come into the market during the growth stage of the industry life cycle C. the last consumer segment to come into the market during the shakeout stage of the industry life cycle D. the last consumer segment to come into the market, entering in the maturity stage of the industry life cycle

A. the last consumer segment to come into the market, entering in the declining stage of the industry life cycle Laggards are the last consumer segment to come into the market, entering in the declining stage of the industry life cycle.

What is an invention? A. the transformation of an idea into a new product or process B. a unique idea that has not been thought of before C. the transformation of an idea into a successful product D. a unique idea that has been patented

A. the transformation of an idea into a new product or process Invention describes the transformation of an idea into a new product or process. If an invention is useful, novel, and nonobvious, it can be patented.

Which of the following would be the result of product innovation? A. a new system for shipping large packages B. an inexpensive, high-quality refrigerator C. an inexpensive method of producing bicycle wheels D. a new technology for Internet servers

B. an inexpensive, high-quality refrigerator Product innovations, as the name suggests, are new or recombined knowledge embodied in new products, such as a refrigerator. On the other hand, process innovations are new ways to produce existing products or to deliver existing services.

In which of the following stages of the industry life cycle is a standard first established? A. maturity stage B. growth stage C. shakeout stage D. introduction stage

B. growth stage As the size of a market expands and the industry enters the growth stage, a standard signals the market's agreement on a common set of engineering features and design choices. Standards can emerge bottom-up through competition in the marketplace, or be imposed top-down by government or other standard-setting agencies.

By introducing Vscan, a small, wireless ultrasound device, GE Healthcare (General Electric) was primarily trying to A. cater to the healthcare needs of the developed countries over developing countries. B. invade the healthcare market from the bottom up. C. leverage existing technologies to attack new markets. D. find a market for high-end, high-price diagnostic devices.

B. invade the healthcare market from the bottom up. Strategy Highlight 7.2 focuses on GE's new innovation strategy. Realizing that the likelihood of disruptive innovation increases over time, GE decided to disrupt itself. Vscan is a wireless ultrasound device that is priced at less than $10,000. There is no market for these high-end, high-price products in developing countries. Given their large populations, however, there is a strong medical need for ultrasound devices.

The strategic objective of businesses during the shakeout phase of the industry life cycle will primarily be to A. move toward product innovations and away from process innovations. B. survive by drawing on "deep pockets." C. achieve market acceptance. D. reduce the barriers to entry in the industry.

B. survive by drawing on "deep pockets."

The typical four-step innovation process begins with A. the modification and recombination of an existing product or process. B. the presentation of an idea as findings derived from basic research. C. the commercialization of an invention by entrepreneurs. D. a competitor's attempt to imitate an innovation.

B. the presentation of an idea as findings derived from basic research. The innovation process begins with an idea. The idea is often presented in terms of abstract concepts or as findings derived from basic research.

What is strategic entrepreneurship? A. the pursuit of an innovation that uses concepts from the triple-bottom-line approach B. the pursuit of an innovation that uses concepts from strategic management C. the pursuit of an innovation that benefits the ecosystem D. the pursuit of an innovation that benefits society

B. the pursuit of an innovation that uses concepts from strategic management Strategic entrepreneurship describes the pursuit of an innovation using tools and concepts from strategic management.

The strategic objective of a first mover during the introduction stage of the industry life cycle is to A. pursue a harvest strategy. B. survive by drawing on deep pockets. C. achieve market acceptance. D. lower entry barriers.

C. achieve market acceptance The strategic objective during the introductory stage is to achieve market acceptance and seed future growth.

When firms innovate by leveraging existing technologies into new markets, they are said to be involved in A. incremental innovations. B. radical innovations. C. architectural innovations. D. disruptive innovations.

C. architectural innovations. Firms can innovate by leveraging existing technologies into new markets. An architectural innovation is a new product in which known components, based on existing technologies, are reconfigured in a novel way to create new markets.

Dollar Shave Club is an ecommerce start-up that delivers razors by mail. By doing this, Dollar Shave Club is using a(n) _____ to disrupt an existing market. A. innovation ecosystem B. architectural innovation C. business model innovation D. incremental innovation

C. business model innovation As given in the Strategy Highlight 7.1, it is seen that Dollar Shave Club is using a business model innovation to disrupt an existing market. Dollar Shave Club is an ecommerce start-up that delivers razors by mail. This company identified the need in the market for serving people who don't like to go shopping for razors and certainly don't like to pay the high prices commanded by market leaders such as Gillette

When the market for photo film negatives declined with the arrival of digital cameras, Momento Films Inc., a manufacturer of film negatives, bought out most of its rivals that were planning to exit. This allowed the company to get rid of all the excess capacity and acquire a monopolistic market power in the declining industry. Which of the following strategies has Momento Films adopted in this scenario? A. harvest strategy B. maintain strategy C. consolidated strategy D. differentiation strategy

C. consolidated strategy In the scenario, Momento Films has adopted the consolidation strategy. Although market size shrinks in a declining industry, some firms may choose to consolidate the industry by buying rivals (those who choose to exit). This allows the consolidating firm to stake out a strong position—possibly approaching monopolistic market power, albeit in a declining industry

To be successful and to survive the shakeout stage of the industry life cycle, a firm should A. charge higher prices than its competitors. B. focus on product innovation rather than process innovation. C. gain economies of scale. D. shift from price to non-price competition.

C. gain economies of scale. Key success factors during the shakeout stage are the manufacturing and process engineering capabilities that can be used to drive costs down. Generally, the larger firms enjoying economies of scale are the ones that survived the shakeout phase as the industry consolidated and most excess capacity was removed.

A firm's resistance to changes in the status quo is referred to as A. organizational parity. B. organizational liquidity. C. organizational inertia. D. organizational efficacy.

C. organizational inertia. Organizational inertia is a firm's resistance to changes in the status quo.

DigitalHealth Electronics Inc. is a company that builds diagnostic devices. It was the first company to develop a compact MRI scanner by reconfiguring the components of the MRI technology. This smaller and user-friendly version of the huge MRI scanner created demand from small hospitals, nursing homes, and private practice doctors who were earlier dependent on the scanning machines in large hospitals. Which of the following types of innovations does this scenario best illustrate? A. disruptive innovation B. incremental innovation C. radical innovation D. architectural innovation

D. architectural innovation This scenario best illustrates architectural innovation. Firms can innovate by leveraging existing technologies into new markets. An architectural innovation is a new product in which known components, based on existing technologies, are reconfigured in a novel way to create new markets

How was Netflix able to outperform both Hulu and Amazon? A. by focusing its resources on buying classic blockbusters movies B. by expanding its content streaming to include foreign markets C. by expanding from content streaming to theatrical releases and cable content D. by focusing its resources on producing high-quality content for content streaming

D. by focusing its resources on producing high-quality content for content streaming Chapter Case 7 shows that Netflix, unlike Hulu and Amazon, focused its resources on producing high-quality content for content streaming. Chapter Case 7 shows that Netflix, unlike Hulu and Amazon, focused its resources on producing high-quality content for content streaming.

Which of the following scenarios would be characteristic of an entrepreneur? A. Rachel implemented a new and more efficient way to produce pottery. B. Mary imitated a new, more efficient method of producing pottery. C. Alissa scaled back the production of pottery because it wasn't cost effective. D. Ursula used a proven marketing method to advertise her pottery.

A. Rachel implemented a new and more efficient way to produce pottery. Entrepreneurs are the agents that introduce change into the competitive system. They do this not only by figuring out how to use inventions but also by introducing new products or services, new production processes, and new forms of organization. Entrepreneurs innovate by commercializing ideas and inventions. By implementing a new and more efficient way to produce pottery, Rachel is introducing a new production process and is therefore practicing entrepreneurship.

A factor favoring the success of disruptive innovation is that A. incumbent firms are slow to change. B. new entrants have highly formal organizational structures and processes. C. the low end of the market is highly guarded. D. incumbent firms focus on radical innovation rather than incremental innovation..

A. incumbent firms are slow to change. A factor favoring the success of disruptive innovation is that incumbent firms often are slow to change. Incumbent firms tend to listen closely to their current customers and respond by continuing to invest in the existing technology and in incremental changes to the existing products

In the context of industrial growth, which of the following statements is true of standards? A. Standards emerge exclusively from bottom-up through competition in the marketplace. B. As the size of a market expands, a standard signals the market's agreement on a common set of engineering features and design choices. C. Standards are exclusively imposed top-down by government or other standard-setting agencies such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. D. After a standard is established in an industry, the basis of competition tends to move away from process innovations toward product innovations.

B. As the size of a market expands, a standard signals the market's agreement on a common set of engineering features and design choices. As the size of a market expands, a standard signals the market's agreement on a common set of engineering features and design choices. Standards can emerge bottom-up through competition in the marketplace, or be imposed top-down by government or other standard-setting agencies

Which of the following accurately describes how Netflix used innovation to gain a competitive advantage? A. Netflix moved from content development to upgrading its data analytics to provide faster online streaming. B. Netflix applied big data analytics to its user preferences to provide highly personalized viewing recommendations. C. Netflix moved from online streaming to online DVD rentals via the Internet. D. Netflix applied first mover advantages to lock up talent needed to produce original content for DVD rentals and online streaming.

B. Netflix applied big data analytics to its user preferences to provide highly personalized viewing recommendations. What aided Netflix to gain a competitive advantage was the application of big data analytics to its user preferences to not only predict future demand, but also to provide highly personalized viewing recommendations.

Which of the following reasons led to the launch of Procter & Gamble's "Connect + Develop," a web-based interface that connects the company's internal-innovation capability with the distributed knowledge in the global community? A. The company wanted to focus on process innovation rather than product innovation. B. The company was no longer able to generate adequate growth through closed innovation. C. The company wanted to carefully protect its intellectual property. D. The supply and mobility of unskilled workers within the industry had increased drastically.

B. The company was no longer able to generate adequate growth through closed innovation. P&G is an $85-billion company whose investors expect it to grow at least 4-6 percent a year, which implies generating between $3 and $5 billion in incremental revenue annually. P&G was no longer able to generate this amount of growth through closed innovation. By 2000, P&G's closed-innovation machine had stalled, and the company lost half its market value. It needed a change in innovation strategy to drive organic growth.

In developed economies, the electric car industry is in the introduction stage, and the industry for MP3 players is in the shakeout phase. What does this imply? A. The mode of competition in the electric car industry will be based on price, whereas in the MP3 player industry, the mode of competition will be non-price based. B. The industry for electric cars will focus more on product innovation, whereas in the MP3 player industry, the focus will be on process innovation. C. The electric car industry will move to the maturity stage, whereas the industry for MP3 players will enter the growth stage next. D. The industry for electric cars will primarily pursue an integration strategy, whereas in the MP3 players industry, the focus will be on differentiation.

B. The industry for electric cars will focus more on product innovation, whereas in the MP3 player industry, the focus will be on process innovation. The industry for electric cars will focus more on product innovation, whereas in the MP3 player industry, the focus will be on process innovation. Following the emergence of a standard during the growth stage, the importance of process innovation increases rapidly and the importance of product innovation diminishes quickly.

While the industry for 3-D televisions is in the introduction stage of the industry life cycle, the CRT (cathode ray tube) television industry is in its decline stage. Which of the following statements will be true in this scenario? A. The market size for 3-D televisions is extremely large, while the market size for CRT televisions is moderate. B. While product innovation will be at its maximum for the 3-D television industry, process innovation will be more crucial for the CRT television industry. C. The focus in the 3-D television industry will be on cost-leadership, whereas in the CRT television industry, the focus will be on differentiation. D. While the strategic objective of the CRT television industry will be achieving market acceptance, the strategic objective of the 3-D television industry will be pursuing a harvest strategy.

B. While product innovation will be at its maximum for the 3-D television industry, process innovation will be more crucial for the CRT television industry. While product innovation will be at its maximum for the 3-D television industry, process innovation will be more crucial for the CRT television industry. In the introduction stage, product innovation is at a maximum, and process innovation is at a minimum. Whereas in the decline stage, product innovation is at a minimum, and process innovation is at a maximum.

While cell phones with holographic keyboards are currently in the introduction stage of the industry life cycle, tablet computers are in the growth stage. In the context of this scenario, which of the following statements is true? A. The industry for cell phones with holographic keyboards will face greater competition than the tablet industry. B. While the industry for cell phones with holographic keyboards will focus on product innovation, the tablet industry will focus on process innovation. C. While the industry for cell phones with holographic keyboards can reap the benefits of economies of scale, the tablet industry will experience no such benefits. D. The industry for cell phones with holographic keyboards will face price competition, whereas, in the tablet industry, the mode of competition will be non-price.

B. While the industry for cell phones with holographic keyboards will focus on product innovation, the tablet industry will focus on process innovation. In the given scenario, while the industry for cell phones with holographic keyboards will focus on product innovation, the tablet industry will focus on process innovation. In the introductory stage, the level of product innovation is at a maximum because new features increasing perceived consumer value are critical to gaining traction in the market. During the growth stage of the industry life cycle, a standard is established in an industry, due to which the basis of competition tends to move away from product innovations toward process innovations.

After Jeff Bezos read about how the Internet was growing by 2,000 percent a month, he set out to use the Internet as a new distribution channel and founded Amazon, which is now the world's largest online retailer. This is clearly an example of a(n) A. firm that uses closed innovation. B. entrepreneur who commercialized invention into an innovation. C. business that entered the industry during its maturity stage. D. exception to the long tail business model.

B. entrepreneur who commercialized invention into an innovation. The creation of Amazon by Jeff Bezos is clearly an example of an entrepreneur who transformed an invention into an innovation. Entrepreneurs innovate by commercializing ideas and inventions. They seek out or create new business opportunities and then assemble the resources necessary to exploit them.

In the decline stage, which of the following strategies involves a reduction of investments in product support? A. exit strategy B. harvest strategy C. maintain strategy D. consolidate strategy

B. harvest strategy In pursuing a harvest strategy, a firm reduces investments in product support and allocates only a minimum of human and other resources.

SyncTouch Inc. is a manufacturer of cell phones. It has released an improvised version of its smartphone in markets in which the company already operates. Which of the following types of innovations does this scenario best illustrate? A. radical innovation B. incremental innovation C. architectural innovation D. disruptive innovation

B. incremental innovation The scenario best illustrates an incremental innovation. An incremental innovation squarely builds on an established knowledge base and steadily improves an existing product or service offering. It targets existing markets using existing technology.

An intrapreneur is described as a person who A. restricts changes within an organization. B. innovates within existing companies. C. introduces new products or services by starting his or her own ventures. D. invests funds in the ideas of another person in the same organization.

B. innovates within existing companies. Entrepreneurs can be found within existing firms. When innovating within existing companies, change agents are often called intrapreneurs: those pursuing corporate entrepreneurship

General Electric (GE) disrupted itself in the healthcare industry by A. replacing the top levels of the executive hierarchy. B. introducing inexpensive and smaller diagnostic devices in developing countries. C. saturating the global market with multiple diagnostic devices. D. targeting the comparatively less price-sensitive sections of the market.

B. introducing inexpensive and smaller diagnostic devices in developing countries. Strategy Highlight 7.2 focuses on GE's new innovation strategy. Realizing that the likelihood of disruptive innovation increases over time, GE decided to disrupt itself. In 2002, a GE team in China, through a bottom-up strategic initiative, developed an inexpensive, portable ultrasound device, combining laptop technology with a probe and sophisticated imaging software. This lightweight device was first used in rural China

Researchers at Games First Inc. spent several months coming up with a fun game for toddlers that incorporates a new idea in preschool education. This scenario describes step _____ of the innovation process. A. one B. two C. three D. four

B. two This scenario describes step two of the innovation process. These steps are as follows: 1. The innovation process begins with an idea. The idea is often presented in terms of abstract concepts or as findings derived from basic research. 2. In a next step, invention describes the transformation of an idea into a new product or process, or the modification and recombination of existing ones. 3. Innovation concerns the commercialization of an invention by entrepreneurs. 4. The innovation process ends with imitation. If an innovation is successful in the marketplace, competitors will attempt to imitate it.

Which of the following most accurately describes a difference between incremental innovation and radical innovation? A. Incremental innovation researches new materials; radical innovation researches new processes. B. Incremental innovation targets new markets and technologies; radical innovation reinvents markets and technologies. C. Incremental innovation builds on an established knowledge base; radical innovation uses an entirely different knowledge base. D. Incremental innovation draws on novel methods; radical innovation draws on proven methods.

C. Incremental innovation builds on an established knowledge base; radical innovation uses an entirely different knowledge base. An incremental innovation squarely builds on an established knowledge base and steadily improves an existing product or service offering. It targets existing markets using existing technology. On the other hand, radical innovation draws on novel methods or materials, is derived either from an entirely different knowledge base or from a recombination of existing knowledge bases with a new stream of knowledge, or targets new markets by using new technologies.

EasyOpen Inc. has entered a stage in which the demand for their innovative electric can openers has declined. Now most customers are buying replacement parts or buying their second can opener from the firm. What stage in the industry life cycle does this scenario describe? A. growth stage B. maturity stage C. shakeout stage D. decline stage

C. shakeout stage EasyOpen Inc has entered the shakeout stage. As the industry moves into the shakeout stage of the industry life cycle, the rate of growth declines. Demand was largely satisfied in the prior growth stage. Demand now consists of replacement or repeat purchases only.

In emerging economies, the LCD television industry is in that phase of the industry life cycle in which the previously increasing market demand becomes limited. The competitive intensity within the industry is high, and inefficient firms have begun to exit the industry. This has allowed only a few major companies to come out as cost-leaders and hold the shrinking market. Which of the following stages of the industry life cycle is the LCD television industry currently in? A. growth stage B. introduction stage C. shakeout stage D. decline stage

C. shakeout stage The LCD television industry is in the shakeout stage in emerging economies. As the industry moves into the shakeout stage of the industry life cycle, the rate of growth declines. Given the large market size achieved from the growth stage, any additional market demand in the next stage is limited. Demand now consists of replacement or repeat purchases only. This limited market demand in turn increases competitive intensity within the industry.

Georgia Ray is the founder of the departmental stores chain, Ether Inc. She ensures that the products in her stores are ethically and responsibly sourced. Most products are therefore 100 percent organic and manufactured from recycled material. Also, her company purchases handicrafts from nonprofit organizations supporting the aged. Georgia's belief is that her company should be able to support the community at large. Which of the following terms best describes Georgia Ray? A. headhunter B. category captain C. social entrepreneur D. trade creditor

C. social entrepreneur Georgia Ray can be best described as a social entrepreneur. Social entrepreneurs evaluate the performance of their ventures not only by financial metrics but also by ecological and social contribution. They use a triple-bottom-line approach to assess performance.

When does a firm fall into the large competitive chasm between early adopters and early majority? A. when it cannot attract technological enthusiasts to try the beta versions of its products B. when it creates strong network effects during the growth stage C. when it fails to successfully launch a mass-market version of its product D. when the early majority create herding effects for its products

C. when it fails to successfully launch a mass-market version of its product The significant differences in the attitudes toward technology of the early majority when compared to the early adopters signify the wide competitive gulf—the chasm—between these two consumer segments. Without adequate demand from the early majority, most innovative products wither away.

How has Apple been able to sustain its competitive advantage in the smartphone industry? A. by reducing its network effects B. by targeting its new products and services toward laggards C. by driving the price for the end user to zero D. by regularly introducing incremental improvements in its products

D. by regularly introducing incremental improvements in its products To sustain a competitive advantage, a firm must continuously innovate—that is, it must produce a string of successful new products or services over time. In this spirit, not only has Apple introduced incrementally improved iPhones, but also the firm has launched other innovative mobile devices such as the iPad line of products, multimedia tablet computers created with the intent to drive convergence in computing, telecommunications, and media content.

The increasing availability of external options to commercialize ideas that were previously shelved is one of the factors that led to the shift from the A. maturity stage to the shakeout stage. B. shakeout stage to the maturity stage. C. open innovation to closed innovation. D. closed innovation to open innovation.

D. closed innovation to open innovation. The increasing availability of external options to commercialize ideas that were previously shelved is one of the factors that led to the shift from closed innovation to open innovation.

Futura Inc. introduced an automobile that could run completely on electricity for longer periods of time than any other electronic or hybrid automobile. Also, this vehicle was less expensive than the vehicles of competitors. On the downside, it required more repairs than the competition's automobiles. However, the technology of the Futura vehicle improved rapidly, thereby improving its repair record. This example describes A. architectural innovation. B. incremental innovation. C. radical innovation. D. disruptive innovation.

D. disruptive innovation. The dynamic process of disruptive innovation begins when a firm, frequently a start-up, introduces a new product based on a new technology to meet existing customer needs. To be a disruptive force, however, this new product or technology has to have additional characteristics: 1. It begins as a low-cost solution to an existing problem. 2. Initially, its performance is inferior to the existing technology, but its rate of technological improvement over time is faster than the rate of performance increases required by different market segments.

At the time when Kevin decided to purchase a tablet computer, the product had just become accessible to the mass market. He purchased the tablet only after he was completely convinced that the benefits it would offer him would far exceed its price. Also, he waited for his friends to try the product and popular gadget television shows to endorse it. Which of the following customer segments does Kevin best represent? A. laggards B. technology enthusiasts C. early adopters D. early majority

D. early majority Kevin represents the early majority section of the market. The customers coming into the market in the growth stage belong to the early majority group. Early majority customers rely on endorsements by others. They seek out reputable references such as reviews in prominent trade journals or in magazines. As the early majority makes up almost one third of the entire market potential, winning them over is critical to the commercial success of the innovation.

Large companies, such as AT&T, IBM, and GE, have been shifting their knowledge landscape from closed innovation to open innovation because of the A. decreasing capability of external suppliers and vendors. B. lack of reliability on venture capital. C. increasing need to internally control research and development. D. increasing supply and mobility of skilled workers.

D. increasing supply and mobility of skilled workers. The increasing supply and mobility of skilled workers has led to a shift in the knowledge landscape from closed innovation to open innovation. Even the largest companies, such as AT&T, IBM, and GE, are shifting their innovation strategy toward a model that blends internal with external knowledge-sourcing via licensing agreements, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and acquisitions.