Carbohydrates

carbonyl

A _________ is the group C=O in a molecule.

cellulose

A carbohydrate that is a polymer composed of glucose units and that is the main component of the cell walls of most plants. It is insoluble in water and is used to make paper, cellophane, textiles, explosives, and other products.

hydrocarbon

any of a class of compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon, as an alkane, methane, CH₄, an alkene, ethylene, C₂H₄, an alkyne, acetylene, C₂H₂, or an aromatic compound, benzene, C₆H₆.

carboxyl

The univalent radical, COOH, characteristic of all organic acids.

polysaccharide

They are polymers made up of many monosaccharides. Examples include storage ______ such as starch and glycogen and structural ______ such as cellulose and chitin.

sucrose

(common name: table sugar) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁.

chitin

A tough, semi-transparent substance that is the main component of the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as the shells of crustaceans and the outer coverings of insects. _________ is also found in the cell walls of certain fungi and algae. Chemically, it is a nitrogenous polysaccharide (a carbohydrate).

enzyme

________ are protein molecules in cells which work as catalysts. ________ speed up chemical reactions in the body, but do not get used up in the process.

condensation reaction

a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule.

hydrolysis reaction

a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound reacts with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers into many smaller units. In this reaction, water is always added to the chemical compound.

starch

a complex carbohydrate. It is made of many glucose units joined by chemical bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as an energy store. It is the most common carbohydrate in human diets. Pasta, potatoes, bread, and other ______ foods are made out of carbohydrates.

lactose

a disaccharide that consists of galactose and glucose molecules. ______ makes up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. The name comes from the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars. ______ is found in milk products.⁹

macromolecule

a molecule with a large number of atoms. The word is usually used only when describing polymers, molecules which are made up of smaller molecules called monomers.

polymer

a molecule, made from joining together many small molecules called monomers.

glycogen

a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body.

sugar beet

a plant. Its roots contain a high amount of sucrose. This can be made into sugar. ______ are grown for sugar.

oligosaccharide

a polymer made of a few different simple sugars. ______ are carbohydrates.

fructose

a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods. It is also one of the three most important blood sugars, the other two being glucose and galactose. Honey; tree fruits; berries; melons; and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips and onions, contain fructose, usually with sucrose and glucose.

dextrin

a soluble gummy substance obtained by hydrolysis of starch, used as a thickening agent and in adhesives and dietary supplements

disaccharide

a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose.

glucose

a white crystalline monosaccharide sugar that has several optically active forms, the most abundant being dextrose: a major energy source in metabolism. Formula: C6H12O 6

maltose

aka malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose during a condensation reaction. ________ is the disaccharide produced when amylase breaks down starch. It is found in germinating seeds as they break down their starch stores to use for food, which is why it was named after ______.

carbohydrate

any of a large group of organic compounds, including sugars, such as sucrose, and polysaccharides, such as cellulose, glycogen, and starch, that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula Cm(H₂O)n : an important source of food and energy for animals

isomer

in chemistry is a chemical that has the same molecular formula as another, but it has a different arrangement of atoms in space. Different isomers have different chemical properties (that is, they may look, or smell, or taste different from each other).

galactose

is a monosaccharide sugar that is less sweet than glucose and fructose

nucleic acid

large molecules where genetic information is stored. There are two types of ______: deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA and ribonucleic acid, better known as RNA. The ______ are made of nucleotides. A nucleotide is made of a nitrogenous base, sugar with five carbon atoms and a phosphate group

monosaccharide

the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colourless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some ______ have a sweet taste. Examples of ______ include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose. ______ are the building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch).

cane sugar

the sucrose obtained from sugar cane, which is identical to that obtained from sugar beet