Carbohydrates
What is a ketohexose
A 6-carbon monosaccharide that is a ketose
What is a polysaccharide?
A carb that has a lot of monosaccharide units, which is called a polymer
What is a reducing sugar?
A carb that reduces another substance
(Just for reference) what is a chiral carbon
A carbon that must be bonded to FOUR DIFFERENT groups of atoms (13.2)
What is the formula of glucose, galactose, and fructose? and are they all isomers of each other?
C6H12O6, and they are all isomers of each other
What are the characteristics of amylose
Called a straight chain polymer, but polymers of amylose are coiled in a helical fashion
What is starch and where is it found
-A storage form of glucose in plants -Found as insoluble granules in rice, wheat, potatoes, beans, cereals
How much of amylose is in starch
20%
How much does glucose provide in our nutritional calories
50%
How much of lactose is in human and cows milk
6-8% human milk 4-5% cow milk
How much of amylopectin is in starch
80%
What is a aldopentose
A five-carbon monosaccharide that is an aldehyde
What is fructose
A ketohexose
What is an aldose
A monosaccharide where the carbonyl group (C=O) is on the first carbon as an aldehyde (CHO-)
What are the reducing sugars
All monosaccharides and some disaccharides -maltose and lactose are reducing sugars, but not sucrose
What digests dextrins in our body
Amylase in saliva and maltase in the intestine
What are the 2 polysaccharides that make up starch
Amylose and amylopectin
What are the 4 most important polysaccharides
Amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen
What is galactose
An aldohexose that comes from the disaccharide lactose, which is found in milk and milk proteins
What is glycogen and what is the structure
Animal starch -Glucose unitd are joined by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds but with branches of glucose by 1,6 glycosidic bonds occuring ever 10-15 glucose units
Why can horses, cows, and goats get glucose from cellulose
Because their digestive system has bacteria that provides enzymes (CELLULASE) to break down beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds
Where do disaccharide reactions occur between
Between the hydroxyl group onn carbon 1 and one of the hydroxyl groups on a second monosaccharide
What is another name for a amylopectin
Branched-chain polymer
How is high fructose corn syrup made?
By using an enzyme to break down sucrose to glucose and fructose -A mix of high fructose corn syrup with half fructose and half glucose is used in soda and baked foods
What is the major structural material of wood and plants
Cellulose
What is the difference in structure of amylose and cellulose
Cellulose is linked by BETA 1,4 glycosidic bonds Cellulose chains dont form coils but aligned in rows held by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups
What is maltose used inside of
Cereals, candy, brewing of beverages
What is a substance that is almost pure cellulose
Cotton
What are the building blocks of the polysaccharides amylose, cellulose, and glycogen
D-glucose
What are the important polysaccharides polymers of
D-glucose
What is the building block of the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and maltose
D-glucose
What are smaller saccharides made by starches that hyrolyze easily in water and acid
Dextrins
What forms when 2 monosaccharides combine in a dehydration reaction
Disaccharide
What is a carbohydrate that consists of 2 monosachharide units
Disaccharide
What is galactose important for
Extracellular membranes of the brain and nervous system
How do you determine where the L or D sterioisomer is
For compounds with 2 OR MORE chiral carbons (A chiral carbon structure looks like an aldose, page 441, end or section 13.2), you have to 1)See if the -OH group is on the left or right of the chiral carbon FURTHEST AWAY from the carbonyl group 2)If the -OH group is on the left, its an L stereoisomer -If the -OH group is on the right, its a D stereoisomer
What is obtained as one of the hydrolysis products of sucrose
Fructose
What is the sweetest carbohydrate
Fructose This is why people use it to diet because you dont need a lot of it to make something sweet
Where is glucose found
Fruits,veggies,corn syrup, honey
What is the condition where the enzyme needed to convert galactose to glucose is missing, so galactose accumulates
Galactosemia Accumulation of galactose in blood and tissue leads to cataracts, retardation, failure to thrive, liver disease
What happens when maltose in barley and grains is hydrolyzed by yeast enzymes
Glucose is obtained, and glucose can ferment to give ethanol
What is the most common carbohydrates and what type of carbohydrate is it
Glucose, monosaccharide
What is another name for aldotriose
Glyceraldehyde
What is the difference in structure of glycogen and amylopectin
Glycogen is more highly branched
What is lactose used inside of
In products that attempt to duplicate mother's milk
Is cellulose soluble or insoluble in water
Insoluble, which gives it a hard structure to cell walls in wood and fiber that are more resistant to hydrolysis than starches
What happens to polysachharides when there is a acid or enzyme present
It can be hydrolyzed to make many monosaccharide units
What are the most important monosaccharides
Lactose, galactose, fructose
What is the function of glycogen
Maintains blood level of glucose and provides energy between mealls
What are stereoisomers
Molecules with identical molecular formulas but they arent structural isomers -Atoms are bonded in the same sequence but are arranged differently
Can a monosaccharide be split into smaller carbohydrates
No
What is sucrose and what kind of carbohydrate is it
Ordinary table sugar Disaccharide Can be split by water when there is an acid or enzyme present to give one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule (fructose is a MONOSACCHARIDE)
What is glycogen a polymer in and where is it stored
Polymer of glucose, stored in liver and muscles of animals
What is another name for aldopentose
Ribose
What happens when someone doesnt have enough lactase
Since it hydrolyzes lactose, it stays undigested and bacteria in the color digests the lactose by fermentation, causing gas, boating, cramps
What is maltose obtained from and where is it found
Starch, it is found in germinating grains
What is the sugar we use to sweeten cereal, coffee, or tea
Sucrose
Where does most of the sucrose for table sugar come from
Sugar cane (20%) or sugar beets (15%)
What is a monosaccharide with 4 carbons
Tetrose
What is the difference between D-galactose and D-glucose
The arrangement on carbon 4 is different
What is the difference in arrangement of glucose and fructose
The locations of the carbonyl groups are different
What do dextrins do after being produced
They hydrolyze to maltose and glucose
What is another name for aldotetrose
Threose
What is a monosaccharide with 3 carbons
Triose
What is a ketose
a monosaccharide where the carbonyl group is on the second carbon as a ketone
What are the glucose molecules connected by in amylose and amylopectin,but what extra branch does amylopectin have
alpha 1,4-glycosidic bonds, but amylopectin has a extra branch of glucose attached by an alpha 1,6-glycosidic bond between carbon 1 on the branch and carbon 6 of the main chain
Why can't humans digest cellulose?
can't break beta 1, 4 linkage; don't have cellulase,we have alpha amylase instead
What elements make up carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
What is the structure of a monosachharide
chain of 3 to 8 carbons, one in a carbonyl group and the others attached to hydroxyl groups (-OH)
What is another name for glucose
dextrose or blood sugar
What is another name for ketohexose
fructose
Where is fructose found
fruit juices and honey
What is the most common hexose
glucose
What is another name for fructose
levulose and fruit sugar
What is another name for maltose
malt sugar
Where is lactose found
milk and milk products
What is another name for lactose
milk sugar
What is the simplest carbohydrate
monosaccharides
What are the most common disaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
What is a glycosidic bond?
when two monosaccharide rings are bonded using a C-O-C bond (ether bond)
