Cardiac Disorders & Testing

What is the outcome for many aortic aneurysms? a. early diagnosis and repair b. thrombus formation and pulmonary embolus c. rupture and hemorrhage d. pressure on adjacent organs or structures

c. rupture and hemorrhage

Why is myocardial ischemia usually reversible within 20 minutes of interruption of coronary blood flow?

Anaerobic metabolism maintains myocardial cell integrity for approximately 20 minutes.

What is the underlying pathophysiology of coronary heart disease?

Atherosclerosis

What is a thrombus? A) A foreign floating structure in the blood B) A stationary blood clot C) A fatty deposit in the wall of an artery D) A rupture in the wall of a vessel

B) A stationary blood clot

In the condition known as ________, the wall of an artery becomes thicker and stiffer. A) arthritis B) arteriosclerosis C) multiple sclerosis D) stenosis E) atherosclerosis

B) arteriosclerosis

What would indicate decompensated acidosis related to shock? a. serum bicarbonate level below normal b. PCO2 above normal c. serum pH below normal range d. urine pH of 4.5

c. serum pH below normal range

A person with hypertension should carefully regulate their intake of a. calcium. b. vitamin A. c. sodium. d. vitamin B12.

c. sodium.

Blood pressure is expressed as two numbers and measured in millimeters of mercury. What is the first number? a. diastolic blood pressure b. hypertensive blood pressure c. systolic blood pressure d. systemic blood pressure

c. systolic blood pressure

Which drug is indicated within 60 minutes of the onset of stroke symptoms? a. digoxin b. lasix c. tPA d. cozaar

c. tPA

Which of the following is a type of arrhythmia that causes the heart to be ineffective in pumping blood? a. coronary heart disease b. hemorrhagic stroke c. ventricular fibrillation d. hypertension

c. ventricular fibrillation

Which of the following is considered to be the most dangerous arrhythmia? a. tachycardia b. bradycardia c. ventricular fibrillation d. second-degree heart block

c. ventricular fibrillation

Sudden cardiac death, or cardiac arrest, is most often caused by a. angina pectoris. b. ischemic stroke. c. ventricular fibrillation. d. atrial fibrillation.

c. ventricular fibrillation.

When does shock follow myocardial infarction? a. The stress response causes general vasodilation. b. Fluid is lost into ischemic tissues. c. Heart valves are damaged. d. A large portion of the myocardium is damaged

d. A large portion of the myocardium is damaged

How does a dissecting aortic aneurysm develop? a. A dilation or bulge develops at one point on the aortic wall. b. Thrombus accumulates at a point in the aortic wall. c. A section of the aorta weakens and dilates in all directions. d. A tear in the intimal lining allows blood flow between layers of the aortic wall.

d. A tear in the intimal lining allows blood flow between layers of the aortic wall.

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true? a. Both angina and MI cause tissue necrosis. b. Angina often occurs at rest; MI occurs during a stressful time. c. Pain is more severe and lasts longer with angina than with MI. d. Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.

d. Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; the pain of MI is not.

Aspirin is a....? a. antipyretic - reduce fever b. anticoagulant - blood thinner c. analgesic - pain d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Antihypertensives include which of the following/ a. ACE inhibitors b. calcium channel blockers c. beta blockers d. both A and B

d. both A and B

What does the term cardiac arrest mean? a. cardiac output is less than the demand b. decreased circulating blood volume c .missing a ventricular contraction d. cessation of all cardiac function

d. cessation of all cardiac function

What is the condition in which there is damage to or death of the heart muscle caused by a lack of blood through the coronary arteries? a. congestive heart failure b. stroke c. atherosclerosis d. heart attack

d. heart attack

High triglyceride levels have been linked to a. cerebral palsy. b. shingles. c. cancer. d. heart disease.

d. heart disease.

What is considered to be the basic pathophysiologic change in essential hypertension? a. development of lipid plaques in large arteries b. recurrent inflammation and fibrosis in peripheral arteries c. degeneration and loss of elasticity in arteries d. increased systemic vasoconstriction

d. increased systemic vasoconstriction

Valve insufficiency occurs in patients with a. pericardial effusion b. rheumatic heart disease c. aneurysms d. poor cardiac output

d. poor cardiac output

The flow of blood to the brain is important because it a. carries plaque through the body. b. produces blood cells that fight disease. c. filters carbon dioxide from spinal cord. d. provides oxygen to that area.

d. provides oxygen to that area.

Which change results from total heart block? a. a prolonged PR interval b. periodic omission of a ventricular contraction c. a wide QRS wave d. spontaneous slow ventricular contractions, not coordinated with atrial contraction

d. spontaneous slow ventricular contractions, not coordinated with atrial contraction

Your 40-year-old patient is hospitalized for a myocardial infarction, but her lipid levels are normal. She says that she would like to have a genetic test to see why she was affected at such a young age. What do you say?

"Heart attacks seem to be caused by a combination of many affected genes working together as well as environmental factors. There is no single gene test that will be able to identify why this happened to you."

Hyperlipidemia

"high cholesterol" a group of metabolic abnormalities resulting in combinations of elevated cholesterol.

Mrs. Newmom has just spoken with the physician about her new infant, who turned a very dusky, blue color after an episode of crying this morning. "The doctor says my baby has a 'cyanotic defect.' What does that mean?" Choose the best reply.

A cyanotic defect is an abnormal opening in the heart that allows blood without oxygen to be pumped out of the heart into the blood vessels. This means that the body does not get enough oxygen.

The condition known as ________ is characterized by the formation of fatty plaques within the wall of arteries. A) atherosclerosis B) multiple sclerosis C) arthritis D) stenosis E) arteriosclerosis

A) atherosclerosis

Right heart failure in adults causes what clinical manifestation(s)? A. Distended neck veins B. Orthopnea C. Pulmonary edema D. All of the other answers are characteristic of right heart failure

A. Distended neck veins

Systolic left heart failure causes which hemodynamic change? A. Increased left ventricular preload B. Increased ejection fraction C. Decreased right ventricular preload D. Decreased right ventricular end-diastolic pressure

A. Increased left ventricular preload

Which problems are pathophysiological consequences common to all shock states? A. Tissue hypoxia and acidosis B. Tachycardia and vasoconstriction C. Pulmonary edema and bronchospasm D. Hypertension and aneurysms

A. Tissue hypoxia and acidosis

High blood pressure is best described as ________ A. a controllable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and a disease itself. B. a side effect of cardiovascular disease C. an end result of cardiovascular disease D. an uncontrollable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and a disease itself.

A. a controllable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and a disease itself.

Two main causes of diastolic and systolic heart failure are: A. ischemic heart disease and hypertension B. cardiomyopathy and anemia C. hyperthyroidism and coronary artery disease D. hypertension and valvular heart disease.

A. ischemic heart disease and hypertension

Early compensation for hypovolemic shock includes: A. release of epinephrine from adrenal glands. B. decreased heart rate C. shunting of blood from the brain to the extremities D.decreased systemic vascular resistance

A. release of epinephrine from adrenal glands.

What is unique about the EKG of an individual who is having a myocardial infarction? The ST segment can be elevated The ST segment can be depressed The T wave can invert All of the above are signs of MI on EKG

All of the above are signs of MI on EKG

If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to except one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A) increasing vasomotor tone B) decreased heart rate C) increases peripheral resistance D) a weak, thread pulse

B) decreased heart rate

What is a pericardial effusion? A. Inflammation of the pericardium B. A collection of fluid in the pericardial sac C. A type of cardiomyopathy D. Distress caused by cardiac tamponade

B. A collection of fluid in the pericardial sac

What distinguishes atherosclerosis from arteriosclerosis? A. Arteriosclerosis can lead to blood clots. B. Atherosclerosis is characterized by plaque buildup. C. Arteriosclerosis results in inefficient blood flow. D. Atherosclerosis is a general term for artery hardening.

B. Atherosclerosis is characterized by plaque buildup.

Infective endocarditis most frequently is caused by what type of microorganism? A. Viruses B. Bacteria C. Fungi D. Autoimmunity

B. Bacteria

What is abnormal in the heart with left bundle branch block? A. Sinus rate B. Conduction C. Impulse site D. Ion distribution

B. Conduction

What type of cardiomyopathy typically occurs from alcohol abuse? A. Hypertrophic B. Dilated C. Restrictive D. Obstructive

B. Dilated

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system in shock causes: A. vasodilation B. Fluid retention C. Sodium shifts D. Glucogenesis

B. Fluid retention

Which type of shock manifests with increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and movement of interstitial fluid into the vascular compartment? A. Anaphylactic B. Hypovolemic C. Neurogenic D. Septic

B. Hypovolemic

Which mechanism can cause pulmonary edema soon after a myocardial infarction? A. Impaired right ventricular contractility B. Impaired left ventricular contractility C. Increased extracellular fluid volume D. Pericarditis

B. Impaired left ventricular contractility

What occurs with hypoventilation? A. The amount of air entering the alveoli increases. B. The PaCO2 exceeds 45 mmHg C. It is a normal response to high altitude D. Hypocapnia occurs

B. The PaCO2 exceeds 45 mmHg

Transient ischemic attacks A. produce permanent paralysis B. are also known as "ministrokes" C. usually occur after a major stroke D. can be cured with bed rest

B. are also known as "ministrokes"

High levels of cholesterol can first lead directly to __________. A. strokes B. arteriosclerosis C. heart attacks D. heart failure

B. arteriosclerosis

In a patient with mitral stenosis, cardiac catheterization findings would indicate: A. increased pressure in the right ventricle. B. increased pressure in the left atria C. increased pressure in the left ventricle D. increased pressure in the right atria.

B. increased pressure in the left atria

Thrombus

Blood clot in an artery

Mr. Mendoza has mitral stenosis. "Why are you listening to my lungs?" he says. "My heart valve is the problem!" Choose the best response.

Blood from your lungs empties into the left side of your heart. If your mitral valve gets too narrow and your heart cannot pump through the valve effectively, then blood can back up into your lungs.

Which of the following is most likely to result from an aneurysm in a brain artery? A) hypotension B) quadriplegia C) stroke D) myocardial infarction E) pulmonary embolism

C) stroke

Most deaths from heart attacks occur within _____________ of the onset of symptoms A. 1/2 hour B. 1 hour C. 2 hours D. 1 day

C. 2 hours

Infant Jacob has a congenital heart defect. He lies in the crib with his arms and legs spread out and limp. When he nurses or cries, he turns blue. The nurse who is taking over his care asks you what causes these signs and symptoms. Choose the best description of his pathophysiology that you should explain to your colleague. A. He sustained peripheral nerve damage in arms and legs during delivery. B. He has some oxygenated blood recirculating through his lungs. C. He has some unoxygenated blood entering his aorta. D. He has multiple sclerosis as well as a heart defect.

C. He has some unoxygenated blood entering his aorta.

What is abnormal in the heart with ventricular tachycardia? A. Sinus rate B. Conduction C. Impulse site D. Ion distribution

C. Impulse site

Which is the underlying problem common among all types of shock? A. Generalized vasodilation B. Cardiac failure C. Inadequate cellular oxygenation D. Faulty compensatory mechanisms

C. Inadequate cellular oxygenation

The lipoprotein that carries cholesterol out from the liver to other parts of the body and leads to cholesterol deposits on the artery walls ( when there is too much of it) is ________ A. HDL B. omega-3 C. LDL D. triglyceride

C. LDL

Stenosis of which valve would cause the left atrium to work harder during systole? A. Pulmonary B. Aortic C. Mitral D. Tricuspid

C. Mitral

A patient with heart failure complains of awakening intermittently during the night with shortness of breath. Which of the following terms is appropriate for this clinical manifestation? A. Dyspnea B. Orthopnea C. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea D. Cyanosis

C. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A patient is admitted to the hospital with left-sided heart failure. Which of the following clinical manifestations would the nurse not expect the client to exhibit? A. Crackles in lungs B. Cough C. Peripheral edema D. Dyspnea

C. Peripheral edema

What circumstance causes cardiac tamponade to occur? A. The venous return is too low to fill the heart. B. Myocardial infarction causes death of most of the left ventricle wall. C. The heart is compressed externally and is unable to fill adequately. D. A pericardial friction rub causes pericardial pain and hypotension.

C. The heart is compressed externally and is unable to fill adequately.

Elevated blood levels of which marker indicate an acute myocardial infarction? A. Albumin B. Sodium C. Troponin I D. LDL

C. Troponin I

Angina pectoris is caused by A. the complete blockage of a coronary artery B. a disruption of the electrical system of the heart C. a need for oxygen in the heart that exceeds supply D. sustained high blood pressure

C. a need for oxygen in the heart that exceeds supply

Atherosclerosis probably contributes to hypertension by ___________ A. dilating arteries B. influencing cholesterol levels C. causing arteries to become narrower D. affecting sodium balance in the body

C. causing arteries to become narrower

Atherosclerosis of the large arterioles can cause isolated systolic hypertension by: A. promoting thrombus formation. B. stimulating increased cardiac output. C. decreasing arterial distensibility. D. increasing lumen diameter.

C. decreasing arterial distensibility. Atherosclerosis decreases arterial distensibility, which increases arterial pressure during systole.

A wandering clot that causes a stroke is called A. vascular accident B. thrombosis C. embolus D. hemorrhage

C. embolus

Older adults who have chronic orthostatic hypotension are at high risk for: A. aneurysm rupture. B. heart failure. C. falls. D. atherosclerosis.

C. falls.

Hypertension is called "the silent killer" because __________. A. it kills people while they sleep B. there is no treatment for it C. it generally has no symptoms D. if affects the voice box first

C. it generally has no symptoms

Which of the following values is consistent with acute respiratory failure? A. PaO2 of 100 mmHg B. PaCO2 of 40 mmHg C. pH less than 7.3 D. Hypocapnia

C. pH less than 7.3

Atherosclerosis is ____________ A. sustained abnormally high blood pressure B. the heart's inability to maintain its regular pumping force C. the thickening of artery walls by plaque deposits D. severe chest pain caused by insufficient blood supply to the heart.

C. the thickening of artery walls by plaque deposits

The primary cause of sudden cardiac death is usually due to: A. cardiomyopathy B. heart failure C. ventricular dysrhythmia D. myocardial infarction

C. ventricular dysrhythmia

Mr. Patterson says, "I had chest pain when I came in, and the doctor told me that it was my heart but that I did not have a heart attack. I thought that chest pain meant you were having a heart attack. What is going on?" Choose the best response.

Chest pain occurs when a part of the heart muscle does not get enough oxygen. If it goes on long enough, that part can die, which is what happens with a heart attack. If the heart muscle gets more oxygen soon enough, the heart muscle survives, like yours did.

What is an aneurysm? A) A clot that forms in brain arteries B) A rupture of an artery C) A structure in a fetus that disappears after birth D) A ballooning out of the wall of an artery

D) A ballooning out of the wall of an artery

What is the difference between myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction? A. Myocardial ischemia potentially is reversible, but myocardial infarction is not. B. In ischemia, the myocardium uses anaerobic metabolism, but in infarction, myocardial cell metabolism has ceased. C. Myocardial ischemia causes angina, but myocardial infarction does not. D. All of the other answers are correct.

D. All of the other answers are correct.

Heparin exerts its anticoagulant effect by binding to which of the following substances? A. Fibrin B. Factor VII C. Protein S D. Antithrombin

D. Antithrombin

Which of the following types of shock is not characterized by generalized vasodilation and peripheral pooling of blood? A. Anaphylactic shock B. Neurogenic shock C. Septic shock D. Cardiogenic shock

D. Cardiogenic shock

Aortic stenosis causes the incomplete emptying of which cardiac chamber? A. Right atrium B. Right ventricle C. Left atrium D. Left ventricle

D. Left ventricle

A person who has secondary hypertension has an elevated blood pressure caused by: A. prolonged primary hypertension. B. high sodium intake. C. genetics plus environmental factors. D. an identified systemic disease.

D. an identified systemic disease. Secondary hypertension is caused by a systemic disease such as renal failure.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cardiomyopathy? A. bloating B. fatigue C. dizziness D. fever

D. fever

When the heart lacks the ability to adequately supply the body with the blood, the patient has a. congestive heart failure b. pericardial effusion c. hypertensive heart disease d. increased cardiac output

a. congestive heart failure

Mr. Vieubos has infective endocarditis. "What are these strange lines in my fingernails?" he says. "My physician said they are 'splinter hemorrhages' caused by my heart infection. That does not make sense to me! How could a heart infection cause me to get splinters? I have not been working with wood."

Due to the infection in your heart, little pieces of clots, scar tissue, and bacteria can break off and circulate in the blood. If they land in the nail beds, it can look like splinters.

Arteriosclerosis can lead to A) hypertension. B) stroke. C) coronary artery disease. D) myocardial infarction. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following diseases affects the inner lining of the heart and heart valves? Answers: Endocarditis Myocarditis Pericarditis All of the above affect the inner lining of the heart

Endocarditis

Which of the following is used to assess the electrical activity of a patient's heart over a 24 hour period of normal activity?

Holter monitor

Ischemia

Inadequate blood flow through the arterial system, producing tissue hypoxia

Unstable angina

Not predictable. Plaque ruptures and obstructs flow. In unstable angina, the obstruction to coronary blood flow resolves before death of myocardial cells. Reverses ischemia and restores blood flow.

"My uncle died of shock after an accident on his construction job," says Mrs. James. "Does that mean he was scared to death?" Choose the best response.

Not really. If he bled a lot from injuries and the emergency responders could not reach him in time, his blood volume could drop so low that he could go into shock.

Why does shock develop in patients with severe burns? a. extensive hemorrhage b. pain and loss of plasma c. direct damage to the heart d. extensive hemolysis of erythrocytes

b. pain and loss of plasma

Mr. Hart had a myocardial infarction after having stable angina for several years. "I do not understand," he says. "I know my heart arteries have those atherosclerotic plaques, but they have had them for years. What happened to make the heart attack right now?" Choose the best response.

One of the atherosclerotic plaques probably ruptured and a clot formed and blocked one of your heart arteries.

A ___ is a beat that originates from the ventricles of the heart, occurs early in the cycle and is followed by a pause before the next cycle.

PVS's

Which of the following dysrhythmias is due to a heartbeat originating in the ventricles that occurs early in the cycle an dis followed by a pause before the next cycle?

PVS's

Stable Angina

Predictable as to when it will occur (eg. with stress). events that increase myocardial demand, stenosed arteries, responds to nitroglycerine

Which of the following measures and evaluates a patient's lung capacity and volume?

Pulmonary function test

What is the difference between stable angina and unstable angina?

Stable angina is caused by stable atherosclerotic plaques; unstable angina is caused by plaque rupture and thrombosis that is cleared by the body's thrombolytic mechanisms.

"My doctor said my ejection fraction is getting very low," says Mrs. Knowles, who has biventricular heart failure. "I know my heart is weaker because I get more short of breath, but what exactly is an ejection fraction?" Choose the best response.

The amount of blood that your heart can pump out in one beat divided by the amount of blood that remains in a portion of your heart after it beats

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. Results in an imbalance between oxygen supply to the heart and oxygen demand.

Not all murmurs are abnormal, but most indicate, but most indicate what?

a valve disorder

In which pathology is the hemoglobin level of blood lower than normal? a) Anemia b) Angina c) Clotting disorder d) Phlebitis

a) Anemia

_____________________ is the condition in which a patient can develop heart failure due to dead cardiac tissue forming following a myocardial infarction. a) Ischemic cardiomyopathy b) Viral pericarditis c) Viral myocarditis d) Bacterial endocarditis

a) Ischemic cardiomyopathy

A 20-year-old college student, with no past medical history, arrives at the emergency room complaining of severe palpitations and dizziness that started this morning following a night of studying. The student is very upset that this is happening because the final exams are the following day. The cardiac monitor shows a heart rate of 110, regular rhythm with occasional premature ventricular complexes. The nurse explains to the student that this can happen in healthy hearts and is usually caused by stimulation of which of the following? a) Parasympathetic nervous system b) Vagal nerve c) Sympathetic nervous system d) Atrial ectopic foci

a) Parasympathetic nervous system

What are the symptoms of congestive heart failure? a. trouble breathing when lying down b. swelling in the legs and ankles c. seizures d. unexplained weight loss

a,b

What happens when plaque accumulates on the artery walls?. a. The arteries lose their elasticity. b. Cholesterol levels increase. c. Blood pressure is lowered. d. Blood flow is restricted.

a,d

_______ begins with an intimal tear in the aorta. a. Dissection b. Traumatic rupture c. Aneurysm d. Atherosclerosis

a. Dissection

Which drug is taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion? a. acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) b. streptokinase c. acetaminophen d. heparin

a. acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)

Coronary artery disease results in...? a. an imbalance in the supply and demand for oxygen in the heart muscle b. delivery of blood to the heart muscle during systole c. increased pulse pressure d. a decreased workload on the heart

a. an imbalance in the supply and demand for oxygen in the heart muscle

Atherosclerosis occurs when the endothelial cells, which are located in the ______, become damaged. a. arteries b. gums c. liver d. venules

a. arteries

What is the most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction? a. cardiac arrhythmias b. ruptured ventricle c. congestive heart failure d. cerebrovascular accident

a. cardiac arrhythmias

What is a prolonged period of shock likely to cause? a. damage and increased permeability of pulmonary capillaries b. increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys c. increased pH of blood and body fluids d. Increased systemic vasoconstriction

a. damage and increased permeability of pulmonary capillaries

Blood pressure is expressed as two numbers and measured in millimeters of mercury. What is the second number? a. diastolic blood pressures b. systemic blood pressure c. hypertensive blood pressure d. systolic blood pressure

a. diastolic blood pressures

Where is uncontrolled hypertension most likely to cause ischemia and loss of function? a. kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye b. peripheral arteries in the legs c. aorta and coronary arteries d. liver, spleen, and stomach

a. kidneys, brain, and retinas of the eye

Fatty deposits in the artery cause a. plaques b. hemorrhages c. ruptures d. tears

a. plaques

High blood pressure is dangerous because it can contribute to several conditions, including a. the damage of vital organs like the kidneys. b. deafness and other hearing loss. c. chicken pox and shingles. d. rickets and calcium deficiencies.

a. the damage of vital organs like the kidneys.

Angina pectoris is a condition similar to a heart attack because in both conditions a. the heart does not receive enough oxygen. b. the liver is overloaded. c. there are no symptoms. d. the heart receives too much oxygen.

a. the heart does not receive enough oxygen.

What will a partial obstruction in a coronary artery likely cause?

angina attacks

A patient with atrial fibrillation lacks what part of the cardiac cycle? Answers: a) Early diastole b) Late diastole c) Early systole d) Late systole

b) Late diastole

Which pathology is an inflammation of the wall of a vein? a) Anemia b) Phlebitis c) Deep vein thrombosis d) Epitaxis

b) Phlebitis

In this pathology, there is a blockage in the flow of blood to the brain in a cerebral blood vessel through a blood clot (embolus). a) Angina b) Stroke c) Gangrene d) Tachycardia

b) Stroke

What is atherosclerosis in the iliac or femoral arteries likely to cause? 1. gangrenous ulcers in the legs 2. strong rapid pulses in the legs 3. intermittent claudication 4. red, swollen legs a. 1, 2 b. 1, 3 c. 2, 3 d. 2, 4

b. 1, 3

Which of the following would confirm the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction? 1. specific changes in the ECG 2. marked leukocytosis and increased ESR 3. elevation of cardiac isoenzymes in serum 4. pattern of pain a. 1, 2 b. 1, 3 c. 2, 4 d. 3, 4

b. 1, 3

Why does anaphylactic shock cause severe hypoxia very quickly? a. Generalized vasoconstriction reduces venous return. b. Bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema reduce airflow. c. Heart rate and contractility are reduced. d. Metabolic rate is greatly increased.

b. Bronchoconstriction and bronchial edema reduce airflow.

Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest? a. Delayed conduction through the AV node blocks ventricular stimulation. b. Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium. c. The ventricles contract before the atria. d. Parasympathetic stimulation depresses the SA node.

b. Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium.

Calcium channel blockers are effective in treating angina because they...? a. prevent any cardiovascular exercise, preventing any strain on the heart b. block strong muscle contraction and cause vasodilation, decreasing the work of the heart c. alter the electrolyte balance of the heart and prevent arrhythmias d. increase the heart rate, making it more efficient

b. block strong muscle contraction and cause vasodilation, decreasing the work of the heart

Which of the following effects may be expected from a beta-adrenergic blocking drug? a. increasing systemic vasoconstriction b. decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart c. blockage of an angiotensin receptor site d. increased release of renin

b. decreased sympathetic stimulation of the heart

Which of the following are significant sings of right-sided congestive heart failure? a. severe chest pain and tachycardia b. edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly c. frequent cough with blood-streaked frothy sputum d. orthopnea, fatigue, increased blood pressure

b. edematous feet and legs with hepatomegaly

Arrhythmia is a disruption of the a. metabolizing of sugar. b. electrical impulses that control the heart. c. movement of the joints. d. digestion of lipoproteins in the intestines.

b. electrical impulses that control the heart.

For which of the following would a cardiac pacemaker likely be inserted? a. angina pectoris b. heart block c. congestive heart failure d. ventricular fibrillation

b. heart block

Which is the best definition of congestive heart failure? a. cessation of all cardiac activity b. inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body c. insufficient circulating blood in the body d. the demand for oxygen by the heart is greater than the supply

b. inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body

Which of the following occur as compensation mechanisms for decreased cardiac output in cases of congestive heart failure? a. slow cardiac contractions b. increased renin and aldosterone secretions c. decreased erythropoietin secretion d. fatigue and cold intolerance

b. increased renin and aldosterone secretions

With shock, anaerobic cell metabolism and decreased renal blood flow cause: a. metabolic alkalosis b. metabolic acidosis c. decreased serum potassium d. increased serum bicarbonate

b. metabolic acidosis

An echocardiogram is used to demonstrate any abnormal: a. activity in the conduction system b. movement of the heart valves c. change in central venous pressure d. blood flow in coronary arteries

b. movement of the heart valves

When coronary vascularization is occluded, the area of myocardium loses its blood supply, causing a. rheumatic heart disease b. myocardial infarction c. hypertensive heart disease d. congestive heart failure

b. myocardial infarction

Which of the following are typical early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction? a. brief, substernal pain radiating to the right arm, with labored breathing b. persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse c. bradycardia, increased blood pressure, and severe dyspnea d. flushed face, rapid respirations, left-side weakness, and numbness

b. persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse

More extensive permanent damage is likely when a myocardial infarction is caused by: a.a hemorrhage b.an embolus c.a thrombus d.an arrhythmia

b.an embolus

Heart block, in which a conduction delay at the AV node results in intermittent missed ventricular contractions, is called: a. first-degree block b. second-degree block c. bundle-branch block d. total-heart block

b.second-degree block

In which pathology are abnormally shaped red blood cells produced? a) Anemia b) Angina c) Sickle cell anemia d) Clotting disorder

c) Sickle cell anemia

Which type of blood cell plays a role in clotting? a) Erythrocyte b) Leucocyte c) Thrombocyte

c) Thrombocyte

What does the term PVC mean? a. Atrial muscle cells are stimulating additional cardiac contractions. b. The ventricles contract spontaneously following a period without a stimulus. c. Additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle. d. Increased heart rate causes palpitations

c. Additional contractions arise from ectopic foci in the ventricular muscle.

Why does pericarditis cause a reduction in cardiac output? a. Delays in the conduction system interfere with cardiac rhythm. b. Due to friction rub, the myocardial contractions are weak. c. Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity decreases ventricular filling. d. Incompetent valves allow regurgitation of blood.

c. Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity decreases ventricular filling.

__________ refers to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissue. a. Pulmonary emboli b. Pulmonary effusion c. Pulmonary edema d. Hypertensive heart disease

c. Pulmonary edema

Which of the following best describes the basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction? a. Cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the heart and body. b. Temporary vasospasm occurs in a coronary artery. c. Total obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial necrosis. d. Heart rate and force is irregular, reducing blood supply to coronary arteries.

c. Total obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial necrosis.

What will a partial obstruction in a coronary artery likely cause? a. pulmonary embolus b. hypertension c. angina attacks d. myocardial infarction

c. angina attacks

Which statement describes a coronary artery bypass procedure? a. removing the section of an artery containing plaque and thrombus b. compressing the thrombus with an inflated balloon to provide a larger lumen c. attaching a section of vein to the coronary artery proximal and distal to the obstruction d. adding a piece of vein to the end of each coronary artery

c. attaching a section of vein to the coronary artery proximal and distal to the obstruction

Which of the following could be the source of an embolus causing an obstruction in the brain? a. femoral vein b. pulmonary vein c. carotid artery d. coronary artery

c. carotid artery

Which of the following confirms the presence of a myocardial infarction? a. a full description of the pain b. the presence of elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides c. characteristic patterns for serum isoenzymes and the ECG d. leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein

c. characteristic patterns for serum isoenzymes and the ECG

How is shock defined? a. failure of the heart to supply sufficient blood to body cells b. general hypoxia causing damage to various organs c. decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion d. loss of blood causing severe hypoxia

c. decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion

What would an incompetent mitral valve cause? a. increased blood to remain in the right atrium b. hypertrophy of the right ventricle c. decreased output from the left ventricle d. decreased pressure in the left atrium

c. decreased output from the left ventricle

What does the term arteriosclerosis specifically refer to? a. development of atheromas in large arteries b. intermittent vasospasm in coronary arteries c. degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries d. ischemia and necrosis in the brain, kidneys, and heart

c. degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries

Nitrates are commonly used anti-anginal drugs that at to...? a. increase the preload on the heart b. increase the after load on the heart c. dilate coronary vessels to increase delivery of oxygen through these vessels d. decrease venous return to the heart, thereby decreasing the myocardial withdrawals

c. dilate coronary vessels to increase delivery of oxygen through these vessels

High blood pressure does what to arteries? a. enlarges them b. makes them more elastic c. hardens them d. reduces plaque deposits

c. hardens them

A saccular aneurysm is defined as a(n) a. inward vascular growth b. enlarged vessel circumference c. outpouching only on one side of the artery d. fatty deposit

c. outpouching only on one side of the artery

What is the primary reason for amputation of gangrenous toes or feet in patients with peripheral vascular disease? a. promotes more rapid healing of ulcerated areas b. improves circulation to other areas c. prevents spread of infection and reduces pain d. reduces swelling in the peripheral areas

c. prevents spread of infection and reduces pain

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because smoking: a. reduces vasoconstriction and peripheral resistance b. decreases serum lipid levels c. promotes platelet adhesion d. increases serum HDL levels

c. promotes platelet adhesion

Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in: a. reducing the risk of blood clotting b. decreasing the attraction of cholesterol into lipid plaques c. reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions d. decreasing all types of cardiac arrhythmias

c. reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions

Congestive heart failure is an accumulation of bodily fluids due to a. a defective filtration system in the liver. b. the body's inability to produce insulin. c. a complete lack of ventricles in the heart. d. the heart's inability to pump properly.

d. the heart's inability to pump properly.

Which of the following is most likely to cause left-sided congestive heart failure? a .incompetent tricuspid heart valve b. chronic pulmonary disease c .infarction in the right atrium d. uncontrolled essential hypertension

d. uncontrolled essential hypertension

Rheumatic heart disorders

damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria

The type of echocardiography in which the speed and direction of blood flow through the heart can be assessed is _____ echocardiography

doppler

Which of the following is the process by which a graphic pattern is created from the electrical impulses generated in the heart as it pumps?

electrocardiography

Stenosis causes _____

hypertrophy

Ischemia causes

hypoxia and may wekaen the myocardial cells

Which of the following results from increased secretion of epinephrine?

increased heart rate and force of contraction

When abnormal pace of the ♥ develops it can be fixed by

inserting an artificial pacemaker

Reduced blood flow through the coronary arteries may cause

ischemia (deficiency of blood flow to an organ)

Congenital heart disorders

malformations of heart structure existing at birth

A complete obstruction of flow in a coronary artery may cause

myocardial infarction ( ♥ attack )

Which test is utilized to measure the heart's conduction system during exercise, when the demand for oxygen is increased?

stress test

Murmurs are caused by what?

turbelent blood flow around valves due to abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow