Cardiology

Electrical activity that serves as the pacemaker in the heart originates from what specific area? Bundle of His in the right ventricle Sinoatrial node in the left atrium Atrioventricular node in the left atrium Bundle of His in the left ventricle Sinoatrial node in the right atrium Atrioventricular node in the right atrium

Sinoatrial node in the right atrium In health, the pacemaker of the heart is the sinoatrial node within the right atrium. This impulse is transmitted to the atrioventricular node located at the top of the interventricular septum, followed by the bundle of His (within the walls of the interventricular septum) and through the Purkinje system.

Stimulation of the Vagus nerve results in which of the following?

Slowed heart rate

An animal that has been diagnosed with underlying cardiac insufficiency may need to be restricted on intake of?

Sodium Water follows salt, so an animal consuming more sodium is likely to retain more water. This may be detrimental to an animal with underlying heart disease.

What type of muscle is the heart? Smooth muscle, involuntary Striated muscle, involuntary Smooth muscle, voluntary Striated muscle, voluntary

Striated muscle, involuntary The three muscle types are cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart. This is striated muscle that is under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart and are spindle-shaped. This type is also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers are striated and are in muscles attached to the skeleton. They are under voluntary control.

What type of muscle is the heart?

Striated muscle, involuntary Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the heart. This is striated muscle that is under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart and are spindle-shaped. This type is also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers are striated and are in muscles attached to the skeleton. They are under voluntary control.

Chordae Tendinae ?

Tendons which link the papillary muscles to the valves and aid in opening and closing of the valves . ( string like in appearance)

What chamber receives *oxygenated blood* from the lungs ?

The (**left atrium**) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein.

What vessel in the body carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body?

The *aorta* is the largest vessel in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

What vessel brings de-oxygenated blood and Empties into the right atrium ?

The *vena cava * brings de-oxygenated blood from the body to the heart and empties into the right atrium.

What represents depolarization from the SA node through the atria on an electrocardiogram (ECG)? P wave T wave ST segment QRS complex

The P wave represents depolarization spreading from the SA node through the atria. (The PR segment on the ECG represents the delay at the AV node and partial atrial repolarization. The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the ventricular rate can be calculated by the time interval between the QRS complexes. The ST segment comes after the QRS and is when the ventricle is depolarized. The ST segment can help to diagnose ischemia or hypoxia because it will become either depressed or elevated. The T wave represents ventricular repolarization).

What is the function of the coronary arteries ?

The coronary arteries branch off of the aorta near the top of the heart and (** Cary oxygen to the cardiac muscle tissue **)

What vessel transports *de-oxygenated blood* from the right ventricle to the lungs ?

The pulmonary artery

What vessel transports *oxygenated blood * from the lungs to the left atrium ?

The pulmonary vein

a pulse deficit occurs when ?

The pulse rate lags behind the heart rate

The valve that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole is the ? A. Aortic B.Mitral C.Pulmonary D. Tricuspid

A. Aortic valve (Left ventricular outflow valve)

A dog has ruptured a chordae tendinae. What condition can this lead to?

Congestive heart failure The chordae tendinae are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart. If this structure ruptures, the valves can no longer function properly, and this can lead to congestive heart failure.

Papillary muscles?

Contract to open the valves . Connected to chordae tendinae

Which of the following is not a feature of the right side of the heart ? A. atrium B. Chordae tendineae C. pulmonary valve D. Mitral valve

D. Mitral valve ( left atrioventricular valve )

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Deoxygenated blood goes from body to heart via Vena Cava, empties into right atrium, through tricuspid valve into right ventricle, through pulmonic valve into pulmonary artery, to the lungs through the pulmonary circulation, gas exchange occurs in the to oxygenated blood, to the pulmonary vein, into the left atrium through the mitral valve into left ventricle , through the aortic valve into the aorta, then to the body were gas exchange occurs in the capillaries.

What is the name for the blood pressure measurement when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed?

Diastolic pressure

Hyperthyroidism in cats can be associated with which condition?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a thickening of the heart muscle (myocardium) and is often associated with hyperthyroidism or hypertension.

What chamber receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium during contraction?

Left Ventricle

Heart murmurs are often referred to in terms of "grade". What does this refer to?

Loudness Murmurs are graded according to the loudness/severity. They are typically graded on a scale of 1 through 6 (with 6 being the loudest). A description of the grades is: Grade 1: very soft murmur, only heard when carefully ausculted Grade 2: soft murmur but is evident Grade 3: moderate murmur but not associated with a palpable vibration/thrill Grade 4: loud murmur but a palpable vibration or thrill is not present or intermittent Grade 5: loud murmur that has a palpable thrill but is not heard when stethoscope is lifted away from the chest Grade 6: loud murmur with palpable thrill and can be heard even when the stethoscope is lifted off the chest

During contraction, blood passes from the left atrium through the _________ valve into the left ventricle.

Mitral valve

The left atrioventricular valve is The ?

Mitral valve

What heart valve is responsible for separating blood between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral valve The mitral valve is also known as the bicuspid valve and is responsible for separating blood between the left atrium and left ventricle. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava. This blood is then pumped into the right ventricle (passing through the tricuspid valve) which then gets pumped into the lungs (passing through the pulmonary valve) via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation. The newly oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. Once in the left atrium, the blood is pumped into the left ventricle (passing through the mitral valve) from which it is then pumped into circulation via the aorta (passing through the aortic valve).

A patient in ventricular fibrillation needs to be defibrillated, and you are assisting. Someone yells "clear" before the defibrillation. What do you do?

Move away from the patient and table Defibrillation delivers an electrical shock to the heart to try to re-establish a normal sinus rhythm. When this occurs, you should not touch either the patient or the table, or you could be shocked as well.

An irregular heart rhythm that results from variations in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration in dogs is ?

Normal sinus arrhythmia

Which phase of the electrocardiogram (ECG) Represents the depolarization of the atria ?

P Wave

What represents depolarization from the SA node through the atria on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

P wave The P wave represents depolarization spreading from the SA node through the atria. The PR segment on the ECG represents the delay at the AV node and partial atrial repolarization. The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the ventricular rate can be calculated by the time interval between the QRS complexes. The ST segment comes after the QRS and is when the ventricle is depolarized. The ST segment can help to diagnose ischemia or hypoxia because it will become either depressed or elevated. The T wave represents ventricular repolarization.

Where do adult heartworms live?

Pulmonary arteries Most adult heartworms reside in the pulmonary arteries.

Oxygenated blood returning from the lungs travels in which blood vessel?

Pulmonary vein Vessels that contain blood moving toward the heart are known as veins despite their oxygenation status. The pulmonary vein is responsible for returning oxygenated blood to the heart (via the left atrium) for distribution the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery contains deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle that is moving toward the lungs for oxygenation.

______ atrium receives de-oxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava

Right Atrium

During contraction blood passes from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and into the________.

Right Ventricle

Which ventricle receives (**de-oxygenated blood**) from the right atrium during contraction ?

Right Ventricle

Where is the sinoatrial node located?

Right atrium The sinoatrial node provides automaticity to the heart and is located on the right atrium. The impulse then travels to the atrioventricular node which then conducts the impulse down the Bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers. This pattern of depolarization results in a very coordinated contraction of the heart, allowing for smooth blood flow.

Which is the correct direction through the heart in which blood flows?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, left atrium, mitral valve

You are reading a cardiologist report discussing tricuspid valve insufficiency and grade 3 murmur. The mitral valve is said to be normal. If you listened to this patient, where would you expect to hear the murmur the loudest?

Right side The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Mitral murmurs are usually left-sided holosystolic murmurs.

You are reading a cardiologist report discussing tricuspid valve insufficiency and grade 3 murmur. The mitral valve is said to be normal. If you listened to this patient, where would you expect to hear the murmur the loudest? Left side caudal portion of the chest Right side Sternal Left side

Right side Explanation The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle. (*Mitral murmurs are usually left-sided holosystolic murmurs.*)

Name the heart chamber responsible for pumping blood toward the lungs.

Right ventricle The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava. This blood is then pumped into the right ventricle (passing through the tricuspid valve) which then gets pumped into the lungs (passing through the pulmonary valve) via the pulmonary artery for oxygenation. The newly oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein. Once in the left atrium, the blood is pumped into the left ventricle (passing through the atrioventricular valve) from which it is then pumped into the circulation via the aorta (passing through the aortic valve).

In what order does an electrical impulse travel through the heart?

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

mitral valve?

Separates left atrium from left ventricle

Aortic valve ?

Separates left ventricle from the aorta

Tricuspid valve ?

Separates right atrium from right ventricle

Pulmonary valve ?

Separates right ventricle from the pulmonary artery .

Electrical activity that serves as the pacemaker in the heart originates from what specific area?

Sinoatrial node in the right atrium

What is a pulse deficit?

When some heart beats do not result in a palpable pulse A pulse deficit is the condition in which a peripheral pulse rate is less than the ventricular contraction rate because some heart beats do not create a palpable pulse. This can be indicative of a lack of peripheral perfusion.

Which ICU patient on fluids needs to be watched closely for jugular distention? A patient with history of seizures A patient with a heart murmur A patient in renal failure An aggressive patient

A patient with a heart murmur A patient with underlying cardiac disease is at the highest risk of pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) from fluid overload. An indication of possible fluid overload is jugular distention. A good way to monitor hydration status of patients like this in the ICU is via central venous pressure readings.

The most common arrhythmia associated with use of thiobarbiturates in dogs during induction of anesthesia is ?

Bigeminy