Cardiology
101) Analysis of the electrocardiogram can reveal all of the following except A) heart rate.B) stroke volume.C) the condition of the conducting system. D) the effects of drugs and poisons.E) the duration of the ventricular action potential.
b
107) The structures responsible for distributing excitation to the contractile cells are A) contractile cells.B) conducting cells.C) intercalated cells. D) pacemaker cells.E) intermodal cells.
b
108) A slower-than-normal heart rate is called A) tachycardia.B) bradycardia.C) hypercardia. D) hypocardia.E) procardia.
b
112) Gradual drifting of membrane potential toward threshold in autorhythmic cells is termed a A) receptor potential.B) pacemaker potential.C) gated potential. D) ligand-gated potential.E) action potential.
b
22) As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.A) pulmonary veinsB) conus arteriosus C) aortaD) inferior vena cavaE) superior vena cava
b
24) There are ________ pulmonary veins. A) 2B) 4C) 6 D) 8E) 12
b
25) Rupture of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle may result in A) pulmonary valve regurgitation.B) mitral valve prolapse.C) tricuspid regurgitation. D) tricuspid prolapse.E) aortic valve prolapse.
b
35) The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the A) heart.B) lungs.C) brain. D) intestines.E) liver.
b
39) The first blood vessels to branch from the aorta are the ________ arteries. A) pulmonaryB) coronaryC) circumflex D) carotidE) subclavian
b
41) The circumflex branch and the anterior interventricular artery are branches of the A) right coronary artery.B) left coronary artery.C) interventricular artery. D) coronary sinus.E) aorta.
b
48) Muscular ridges on the inner surface of the ventricles are called A) coronary sinuses.B) trabeculae carneae.C) intercalated discs. D) papillary muscles.E) chordae tendineae.
b
50) The ________ circuit carries blood from the aorta to the right ventricle. A) pulmonaryB) systemicC) oxygen D) portalE) primary
b
51) The ________ carry blood away from the heart. A) arteriolesB) arteriesC) veins D) venulesE) capillaries
b
54) The muscle layer of the heart is the A) epicardium.B) myocardium.C) endocardium. D) parietal pericardium.E) mediastinum.
b
60) A procedure in which a length of the patient's vein or artery is used to create a detour around an obstruction in a coronary artery is calledA) balloon angioplasty.B) coronary artery bypass graft. C) intravenous catheterization. D) ablation.E) atherectomy.
b
61) A fine tubular wire mesh called a ________ may be inserted into a coronary vessel, holding it open.A) angioplastB) stent C) angiogramD) keyholeE) catheter
b
62) The coronary sinus drains the ________ into the ________. A) coronary arteries; left ventricleB) cardiac veins; right atriumC) interventricular artery; left ventricle D) right atrium; right ventricleE) cardiac vein; right ventricle
b
66) The endocardium consists of this type of tissue. A) cardiac muscleB) simple squamous epitheliumC) dense irregular connective tissue D) reticular connective tissueE) stratified squamous epithelium
b
72) Which valve(s) contains 2 cusps? A) right AV valveB) left AV valveC) right and left AV valves D) left AV and aortic valvesE) right AV and pulmonary valves
b
73) Which valve(s) cusps open up toward the base of the heart? A) right and left AV valvesB) aortic and pulmonary valvesC) left AV and aortic valves D) right AV and pulmonary valvesE) right AV, left AV, aortic and pulmonary valves
b
91) The normal pacemaker of the heart is located in A) the Purkinje fibers.B) the sinoatrial node.C) the atrioventricular node. D) the wall of the left ventricle.E) both the left and right ventricles.
b
95) If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked, A) the ventricles will beat faster.B) the ventricles will beat more slowly.C) the ventricular beat will remain unchanged. D) cardiac output will increase.E) the atria will contract more forcefully.
b
4) The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known asA) cardiac tamponade.B) mitral valve prolapse. C) pleural effusion.D) cardiomyopathy.E) pericarditis.
A
5) The structure that permits blood flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in the fetal circulation is theA) foramen ovale.B) interatrial septum. C) coronary sinus.D) fossa ovalis.E) ligamentum arteriosus.
A
7) The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow A) in one direction only.B) in both directions.C) in many directions. D) in opposite directions on the right and left. E) from a ventricle to an atrium.
A
8) Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the A) right atrium.B) right ventricle.C) left atrium. D) left ventricle.E) conus arteriosus.
A
10) The earlike extension of the atrium is the A) ventricle.B) coronary sinus.C) coronary sulcus. D) auricle.E) interatrial septum.
D
102) Pacemaker cells isolated from the SA node generate action potentials at ________ beats per minute.A) 20-40B) 40-60 C) 80-100D) 100-140E) 140-180
c
103) ________ is to slow heart rate as ________ is to fast heart rate. A) Tachycardia; bradycardiaB) Bradycardia; cardiomyopathyC) Bradycardia; tachycardia D) Cardiac tamponade; bradycardia E) Angina; infarction
c
106) The property of heart muscle to contract in the absence of neural or hormonal stimulation is calledA) intrinsic.B) extrinsic. C) automaticity.D) self-replicating.E) self-starting.
c
110) Collectively, the conducting cells that carry the impulse from the SA node to the AV node is known as theA) conducting system.B) AV block. C) internodal pathway. D) bundle branches. E) pacemaker cells.
c
13) The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to A) papillary muscles.B) trabeculae carneae.C) chordae tendineae. D) interatrial septa.E) coronary sulci.
c
15) The visceral pericardium is the same as the A) mediastinum.B) parietal pericardium.C) epicardium. D) myocardium.E) endocardium.
c
20) When a blood clot forms on a ruptured plaque in a coronary artery, the condition is referred to as a(n)A) coronary spasm.B) myocardial infarction. C) coronary thrombosis. D) angina pectoris.E) pulmonary embolism.
c
23) Coronary veins empty into the A) left atrium.B) left ventricle.C) right atrium. D) right ventricle.E) conus arteriosus.
c
26) Blood is supplied to the muscular wall of the left atrium by the A) brachiocephalic artery.B) right coronary artery.C) left coronary artery. D) phrenic arteries.E) pulmonary arteries.
c
29) The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium. A) semicavalB) semilunarC) bicuspid D) tricuspidE) pulmonic
c
31) Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except A) has a thicker wall.B) is round in cross section.C) pumps a greater volume. D) works harder.E) produces about four to six times more pressure when it contracts.
c
32) Which of the following are involved in the pulmonary circuit? A) superior vena cava, right atrium, left ventricleB) right ventricle, pulmonary veins, aortaC) right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, left atrium D) inferior vena cava, right atrium, aortaE) left ventricle, pulmonary veins, right atrium
c
34) The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?1. right atrium2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk8. pulmonary veinsA) 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5B) 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5C) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6D) 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6E) 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6
c
38) Blood is supplied to the myocardium byA) the coronary sinus.B) contact with blood in the pumping chambers.C) the coronary arteries.D) arteries that branch from the pulmonary arteries. E) arteries that branch off the subclavian arteries.
c
42) The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood into the A) superior vena cava.B) inferior vena cava.C) coronary sinus. D) coronary sulcus.E) aorta.
c
44) The superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit is the A) apex.B) hilum.C) base. D) septum.E) mediastinum.
c
46) Pericardial fluidA) provides oxygen to the heart muscle.B) is located between the myocardium and the endocardium. C) is a lubricant between the heart and the pericardial sac. D) consists of plasma that has leaked out of whole blood.E) flows through the four chambers of the heart.
c
52) The ________ carry blood toward the heart. A) arteriolesB) arteriesC) veins D) lactealsE) capillaries
c
55) The ________ lines the chambers of the heart, covers the heart valves, and is continuous with the endothelium.A) epicardiumB) myocardium C) endocardiumD) visceral pericardiumE) mediastinum
c
57) The term ________ refers to blockage in the coronary circulation. A) congestive heart failureB) atherosclerosisC) coronary artery disease D) embolismE) phlebitis
c
68) Thick projections of muscle in the ventricles that anchor chordae tendineae are called A) pectinate muscles.B) conus arteriosus.C) papillary muscles. D) trabeculae carneae.E) auricles.
c
76) Which chamber has the thickest wall? A) left atriumB) right atriumC) left ventricle D) right ventricleE) left auricle
c
79) Rheumatic fever causes generalized inflammation of the heart called A) rheumatoid arthritis.B) coronary thrombosis.C) carditis. D) coronary ischemia.E) myocardial infarction.
c
97) The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from A) the SA node.B) depolarization of the AV node.C) depolarization of the atria. D) repolarization of the atria.E) depolarization of the ventricles.
c
74) These structures keep the aortic valve cusps from sticking to the wall of the aorta. A) auriclesB) chordae tendineaeC) papillary muscles D) pectinate musclesE) aortic sinuses
e
11) The coronary sulcus is a groove thatA) marks the border between the atria and ventricles.B) marks the boundary line between the right and left ventricles. C) marks the boundary line between the right and left atria.D) separates the atrioventricular valves from the atria.E) separates the coronary arteries from the coronary veins.
A
2) The heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day. A) 8,000B) 15,000C) 20,000 D) 50,000E) 100,000
A
3) The adult heart is roughly the size of A) the liver.B) a man's clenched fist.C) the gallbladder. D) the hand of a 10-year-old.E) the brain.
B
6) Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the A) aortic valve.B) pulmonary valve.C) mitral valve. D) tricuspid valve.E) bicuspid valve.
B
1) The heart beats approximately ________ times each day. A) 1,000B) 10,000C) 100,000 D) 1,000,000E) 10,000,000
C
12) In the middle of the thoracic cavity is a region occupied by the heart, great vessels, thymus, esophagus, and trachea called theA) pleural space.B) pericardial space. C) mediastinum.D) cardiac notch.E) ventral cavity.
C
9) Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the A) right atrium.B) right ventricle.C) left atrium. D) left ventricle.E) conus arteriosus.
C
104) Depolarization of the atria corresponds to the EKG's A) P wave.B) QRS complex.C) QT interval. D) T wave.E) S-T segment.
a
109) A faster-than-normal heart rate is called A) tachycardia.B) bradycardia.C) hypercardia. D) hypocardia.E) procardia.
a
16) Most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of A) cardiac muscle cells.B) chondrocytes.C) epithelial cells. D) fibrocytes.E) smooth muscle cells.
a
17) The right ventricle pumps blood to the A) right and left lungs.B) left ventricle.C) left atrium. D) aorta.E) right atrium.
a
36) The pulmonary veins carry blood to the A) heart.B) lungs.C) brain. D) intestines.E) liver.
a
40) The marginal branch and posterior interventricular branch are branches of the A) right coronary artery.B) left coronary artery.C) circumflex artery. D) coronary sinus.E) aorta.
a
45) The inferior point of the heart is called the A) apex.B) hilum.C) base. D) septum.E) mediastinum.
a
49) The ________ circuit carries blood to and from the lungs. A) pulmonaryB) systemicC) oxygen D) portalE) primary
a
53) The ________ covers the outer surface of the heart. A) epicardiumB) myocardiumC) endocardium D) parietal pericardiumE) mediastinum
a
56) Oxygen is added to blood as it flows through the ________ circuit. A) pulmonaryB) systemicC) oxygen D) portalE) primary
a
58) ________ is the symptom generally brought on by coronary ischemia. A) Angina pectorisB) Memory lossC) A rash D) HematuriaE) Fluid in the lungs
a
59) In a procedure known as ________, an inflatable balloon at the end of a catheter is used to press plaque back against the vessel wall.A) balloon angioplastyB) coronary arterial bypass graft C) intravenous catheterization D) ablationE) atherectomy
a
69) Prominent muscular ridges in the anterior atrial wall and auricles are called A) pectinate muscles.B) conus arteriosus.C) papillary muscles. D) trabeculae carneae.E) fossa ovalis.
a
78) One possible consequence of untreated strep throat is a disease causing inflammation of heart calledA) rheumatic fever.B) rheumatoid arthritis. C) coronary thrombosis. D) coronary ischemia. E) angina pectoris.
a
105) Which of the following statements is true regarding cardiac muscle? A) Its main source of ATP production is glycogen.B) The actin and myosin myofilaments are not arranged in sarcomeres. C) Cardiac muscle preferentially metabolizes anaerobically. D) There are specialized gap junctions in cardiac muscle not found in skeletal or smooth muscles.E) Cardiac muscle goes into sustained contractions faster than skeletal muscle.
d
111) Which of the following describes what is directly measured by an ECG? A) the force of contractionsB) blood vessel resistanceC) end-systolic volume D) electrical conductionE) neural stimulation of cardiac myocytes
d
113) The basic heartrate established by the SA node is called the A) pacemaker potential.B) action potential.C) vagal tone. D) sinus rhythm.E) SA potential.
d
14) Contractions of the papillary muscles A) close the atrioventricular valves.B) close the semilunar valves.C) eject blood from the ventricles. D) prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria. E) eject blood from the atria into the ventricles.
d
18) The left ventricle pumps blood to the A) lungs.B) right ventricle.C) right atrium. D) aorta.E) pulmonary circuit.
d
27) The pulmonary valve prevents backward flow into the A) aorta.B) pulmonary trunk.C) pulmonary veins. D) right ventricle.E) left atrium.
d
47) The ________ is shared by the two ventricles. A) vena cavaB) bicuspid valveC) chordae tendineae D) interventricular septumE) trabeculae carneae
d
65) Cardiac muscle layers form this distinct pattern. A) inner longitudinal layerB) outer longitudinal layerC) outer circular layer D) figure eightE) weave
d
70) Which of the following is not true regarding the right atrioventricular valve? A) It has 3 cusps.B) It is also called the tricuspid valve.C) It prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium. D) The valve closes when the right atrium contracts. E) The cusps provide one-way flow of blood.
d
71) The ________ is an important ridge of muscle extending horizontally around the right ventricle from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle containing part of the conducting system.A) auricleB) pectinate muscleC) trabeculae carneaeD) moderator bandE) conus arteriosus
d
75) Which statement correctly describes the term left atrioventricular valve? A) Its cusps open into the left atrium.B) Its cusps open into the superior vena cava.C) Its cusps open into the aorta. D) Its cusps open into the left ventricle.E) Its cusps open into the pulmonary trunk.
d
77) An MI that affects the ________ side of the heart is more severe because it has to pump blood with ________ force.A) right; lessB) right; more C) left; lessD) left; moreE) right; equal
d
80) The connective tissues of the heart are important for all of the following reasons except A) they help distribute the forces of contraction.B) they prevent overexpansion of the heart.C) they provide support for blood vessels and nerves. D) they produce the pericardial fluid.E) they provide elasticity to help the heart return to its original shape after contraction.
d
96) The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers2. AV bundle3. AV node 4. SA node5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is A) 1, 4, 3, 2, 5.B) 3, 2, 4, 5, 1.C) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1. D) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1.E) 4, 2, 3, 5, 1.
d
99) Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the A) P wave.B) T wave.C) S wave. D) QRS complex.E) PR complex.
d
19) The right atrium receives blood from all of the following structures except the A) coronary sinus.B) superior vena cava.C) inferior vena cava. D) systemic circuit.E) pulmonary veins.
e
21) Cardiac cells damaged by infarction will show all of the following except A) a switch to anaerobic metabolism.B) release of enzymes into the circulation.C) release of troponin T and I into the circulation. D) release of CK-MB into the circulation. E) an increase in metabolic activity.
e
28) The bicuspid or mitral valve is locatedA) in the opening of the aorta.B) in the opening of the pulmonary trunk.C) where the venae cavae join the right atrium. D) between the right atrium and right ventricle. E) between the left atrium and left ventricle.
e
30) The function of an atrium is toA) store blood for use by the myocardial cells. B) pump blood to the lungs.C) pump blood into the systemic circuit.D) pump blood to the ventricle.E) collect blood then pump it to the ventricle.
e
33) The right pulmonary veins carry ________ blood to the ________. A) deoxygenated; left atriumB) oxygenated; right lungC) deoxygenated; superior vena cava D) deoxygenated; right atriumE) oxygenated; left atrium
e
37) The foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the A) right atrium.B) left atrium.C) right ventricle. D) left ventricle.E) interatrial septum.
e
43) The heart lies within the ________ cavity. A) peritonealB) pleuralC) orbital D) dorsalE) pericardial
e
63) The ________ is a remnant of an important fetal blood vessel that once linked the pulmonary and systemic circuits.A) fossa ovalisB) ductus arteriosus C) foramen ovaleD) ductus venosusE) ligamentum arteriosum
e
64) Which of the following statements is true concerning differences between the right and left ventricles?A) The right ventricle pumps with more force compared to the left.B) The left ventricles pumps twice as much blood as the right ventricle. C) The right ventricles pumps blood to the body, whereas the left ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.D) The right ventricle is conical-shaped while the left ventricle is half-moon shaped.E) The efficiency of the right ventricle is increased by the left ventricle because the wall of the left ventricle pushes into the right ventricle.
e
67) A hole in the interventricular septum in an infant may cause all of the following symptoms except A) mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.B) a murmur to be heard.C) the heart to work harder.D) the individual to have low peripheral oxygen saturation. E) build-up of atherosclerotic plaque.
e
87) Cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells differ in a few ways. Which of the following is not one of them?A) Cardiac muscle cells are smaller in size.B) Cardiac muscle cells have a single, centered nucleus. C) Cardiac muscle cells branch.D) Skeletal muscle cells lack intercalated discs. E) Cardiac muscle cells lack transverse tubules.
e
98) If there is a complete block between the SA node and the AV node, how would the ECG be affected?A) The P-R interval will be shorter.B) The QRS duration will be longer. C) There will be much bigger P waves.D) The ventricles will stop beating.E) The rate of P waves will be faster than the rate of QRS complexes.
e