Cardiovascular MEGA
What's phonation?
Production of sound by vibration of vocal chords
Fibrinogen
Responsible for blood clot formations.
Which of the following is a first-class lever?
The atlanto-occipital joint
Is the left atrium oxygen rich or oxygen poor?
The left atrium is oxygen rich.
Fossa ovalis
The shallow depression in the highlighted structure is called the ________.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the stomach?
The stomach releases enzymes that digest carbohydrates.
Is the superior vena cava oxygen rich or oxygen poor?
The superior vena cava is oxygen poor.
Peripheral Resistance (PR)
Total resistance against which the blood must be pumped
Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis. True False
True
T/F When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
True
The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins.
True
The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow.
True
The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin. True False
True
The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals. True False
True
True/False: Branches of the subclavian arteries carry blood on the way to the brain, neck and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands.
True
True/False: Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure.
True
The cyclical process of contracting and relaxing of the precapillary sphincters is called
Vasomotion
Define blood pressure
Volume, rate, and diameter of vessels
Define Eosinophil
White blood cell containing granules that stain red
Which of the following observations would only be found in the right lung?
a horizontal fissure -Only the right lung should have a horizontal fissure.
The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel is called _______ ___________.
blood pressure
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow and thymus
metabolic acidosis
compensated for by increased breathing rate and depth
What region of the lymph node contains follicles filled with dividing B cells?
cortex
Which of the following corresponds to blood pressure during ventricular relaxation?
diastolic pressure
Where are Peyer's patches located?
distal portion of the small intestine
The __________ is not found in the elbow.
distal radioulnar joint
how does the act of drinking water curb the desire for water
distention of stomach
A drop in blood pH is likely to cause a slower breathing rate.
false
A graft from a monkey to a human is an example of an allograft.
false
A growing child is likely to exhibit negative nitrogen balance.
false
Adaptive immunity is provided only by lymphocytes that secrete antibodies.
false
Bacteria that reside in the large intestine make vitamin C.
false
Labored breathing is termed hypercapnia.
false
The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the lumbar trunks draining the upper limbs and from the intestinal trunk draining the digestive organs.
false
How do the lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?
- (Although similar to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries differ structurally in the following ways: (1) The endothelial cells forming the walls of lymphatic capillaries are not tightly joined. Their edges loosely overlap one another, forming flaplike minivalves. (2) Bundles of fine filaments anchor the endothelial cells to surrounding structures so that any increase in interstitial fluid volume separates the cell flaps, exposing gaps in the wall rather than causing the lymphatic capillary to collapse.)
A 36-year-old man enters the hospital in an extremely debilitated condition. He has purple-brown skin lesions (a symptom of Kaposi's sarcoma) and a persistent cough. A physical examination reveals swollen lymph nodes, and laboratory tests find a very low lymphocyte count. Information taken during the personal history reveals that he has multiple sex partners with whom he frequently engages in unprotected sex. What is likely to be the man's problem and what is his outlook?
- (He is probably suffering from AIDS. His outlook is poor once the disease has progressed to this advanced stage. There is no cure and drug therapy has had limited short-term success.)
What is the function of the endothelial minivalves in lymph capillaries?
increase permeability
A woman comes into the hospital emergency room complaining that she is having problems swallowing and her neck is swelling. She has a history of radiation treatment to her neck as a child for acne. What could be the problem?
- (The woman is suffering from Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The radiation injured the thyroid gland and released thyroidglobulin into the bloodstream. The immune system has recently become sensitized and mounted an attack on the thyroid gland.)
In which animals are blood and interstitial fluid (lymph) mixed together?
insects
When a chamber contracts......
its pressure increases; pushes blood out
When cardiac output is low b/c too little blood is returning to the heart, it is called ___
low venous return shock
Tendons and ligaments have a______ degree of vascularization, therefore _____ __________ and ______ healing.
low, low perfusion, slow
Stenosis
narrowing or abnormal constriction
What two factors can cause a reduction in Cardiac Reserve?
1- Cardiovascular Disease 2- Lack of exercise
Sympathetic stimulation increases what two aspects?
1-Heart Rate (HR) 2- Force of muscular contraction
Pulse point
place where pulse is easily detected
Location of the heart in the thorax
posterior to the sternum and costal cartilages & rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm.
glomerular filtration produces ____ liters of fluid
180
up to ___ of urea is filtered and recycled
80
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A) natural killer cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis
A
Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells B) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized
A
Each heme ring in the hemoglobin encloses at atom of _____ a. iron b. magnesium c. calcium d. copper e. sodium
A
The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is ____ a. albumin b. gammaglbulin c. alphaglobulin d. fibrinogen
A
The term used for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is a. angina pectoris b. ischemia c. myocardial infarct d. paracarditis
A
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.
A
Systemic Circuit:
supplies blood to every organ of the body (left side)
Which lymphoid organ or tissue lacks a reticular fiber stroma?
thymus
Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes.
true
Some immunocompetent cells will never be called to service in our lifetime.
true
Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth.
true
Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antigens.
true
T/F Lymphoid tissue is mainly reticular connective tissue.
true
The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation.
true
Once collected, lymph is ultimately transported into __________.
venous circulation
The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.
ventilation-perfusion coupling
Define QT interval
ventricles contract and begin to relax
QRS complex
ventricular depolarization (spread of impulse to ventricles)
Which of the following is not correctly matched in regard to BMR (basal metabolic rate)?
younger age: lower BMR -The younger a person is, the higher the BMR should be. As a person ages, the BMR declines.
Which of the following findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation?
A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder. -Restrictive diseases, such as tuberculosis, decrease FVC but do not affect flow, so FEV1 stays the same.
Which of the following is a direct result of antidiuretic hormone? A. Decreased urine volume B. Decreased urine molarity C. Increased urine volume D. Increased urine salinity E. Increased urine acidity
A. Decreased urine volume
___________ employ a "respiratory burst" to produce bactericidal chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypochlorite (HClO). A. Neutrophils B. Basophils C. Cytotoxic T cells D. Natural killer cells E. Suppressor T cells
A. Neutrophils
Which organ system excretes nitrogenous wastes? A. The urinary system B. The cardiovascular system C. The integumentary system D. The digestive system E. The respiratory system
A. The urinary system
Among its other purposes, how is the Valsalva maneuver used? A. To aid in defecation and urination B. As part of the procedure for giving CPR to a person in respiratory arrest C. To ventilate the lungs during eupnea D. To expel more than the usual tidal volume from the lungs E. To clear carbon monoxide from the body and replace it with oxygen
A. To aid in defecation and urination
The __________ innervation of the kidneys reduces urine production, while the function of its __________ innervation is unknown. A. sympathetic; parasympathetic B. parasympathetic; sympathetic C. central; peripheral D. peripheral; central E. enteric; somatic
A. sympathetic; parasympathetic
What is the QRS wave on an ECG?
AV node to vent. myocardium.
S1- Lub:
AV valves close
The formation of new blood vessels is a process known as
Angiogenesis
Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins.
B
__________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected. A. Complement system globulins B. Interferons C. Granzymes D. Pyrogens E. Perforins
B. Interferons
Vaccination stimulates __________ immunity. A. natural active B. artificial active C. natural passive D. artificial passive E. innate
B. artificial active
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the _____________. A. blood plasma B. lymph nodes C. thymus D. red bone marrow E. liver
B. lymph nodes
The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is __________. A. chemotaxis B. margination C. diapedesis D. phagocytosis E. opsonization
B. margination
The __________ show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age. A. lymph nodes B. thymus C. spleen D. pharyngeal tonsils E. appendix
B. thymus
The largest factor that promotes reabsorption of fluids, into blood, from the interstitial fluids is
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Blood exerts pressure called, _______, on the walls of the __________.
Blood exerts pressure called, Systolic, on the walls of the arteries.
During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?
Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.
Coronary sinus
Blood in the highlighted vessel drains into the _________.
What is deoxygenated blood>
Blood low in O2 and high in CO2
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall a. the fibrous skeleton forms the bulk of the heart b. the heart chambers are lined by the endomycium c. the myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts d. connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of action potential
C
Select the incorrect statement regarding blood cell formation a. lymphocytes are formed from lymphoblasts b. eosinophils are formed from myeloblasts c. platelets are formed from myeloblasts d. erythrocytes are formed from normoblasts
C
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the livers ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would die of a. anemia b. starvation c. hemorrhage d. thrombocytopenia e. acidosis
C
Complement fixation cannot lead to __________. A. enhanced inflammation B. opsonization C. endogenous pyrexia D. bacterial phagocytosis E. cytolysis
C. endogenous pyrexia
The upper respiratory tract extends from the nose through the _________. A. trachea B. pharynx C. larynx D. alveoli E. lungs
C. larynx
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the a. left ventricle b. right atrium c. right ventricle d. left atrium
D
Which of the following forces does not help lymph to flow? A. Rhythmic contractions of lymphatic vessels B. The thoracic pump C. The skeletal muscle pump D. The lymphatic node pump E. Arterial pulsations squeezing lymphatic vessels
D. The lymphatic node pump
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate? A. Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole B. A drop in oncotic pressure C. Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole D. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole E. An increase in osmotic pressure in the glomerular capsule
D. Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar.
False
An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow.
False
Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants. True False
False
Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate.
False
T/F: The body can break down and re-make any nutrient molecule.
False
Your patient has had her spleen removed after it was ruptured in a motorcycle accident. Which of the following is your greatest concern for her future health status?
Infection
What is the function of plasma and what is the lifespan?
Initiates immune response, defends against potentially harmful substances. Life span varies from hours to years.
The fluid found in the lymphatic system, that sometimes contain leukocytes is called:
Lymph
CAD
* coronary artery disease * leading cause of death * heart muscle doesn't get enough blood due to obstruction
endocardium
* endothelium and CT * chamber lining and valves
epicardium
* mesothelium and CT * visceral layer or serous pericardium
autonomic regulation of the heart
* proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors monitor factors that influence heart rate * nervous controls (medulla)
Heart Chambers and valves
*4 Chambers* = right & left atria superiorly; right & left ventricles inferiorly.
Differentiate a stenotic valve from an incompetent valve.
*Stenotic* = narrowed opening due to fusion/stiffening of cusps. doesn't open properly *Incompetent* = leaky; doesn't close completely. *Both disorders reduce effeciency of the heart
baroreceptors
(pressure receptors) detect change in BP and send info to cardiovascular center
Select the correct statement about complement. A) An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target. B) Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. C) The membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5. D) Complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the classical pathway.
A
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) reactivity with an antibody B) contain many repeating chemical units C) inhibit production of antibodies D) small molecules
A (reactivity with an antibody)
Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?
A 22- year-old soccer player
Vessels carrying oxygenated blood?
-right & left pulmonary veins -aorta
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A) juvenile diabetes B) hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy
A
Define Erythropoietin
A hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.
Which cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
Accessory
During exercise, what causes End Diastolic Volume (EDV) to increase?
An increase in venous return
End Diastolic Volume (EDV) normally increases to...?
Approximately 120 mL
Increasing _______ will increase after load, and decrease _______.
Arterial Pressure; Stroke Volume (SV)
This vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries?
Arterioles
The study of joint structure, function, and dysfunction is called
Arthrology
A person whose platelet count is 40,000/mL is suffering from a. hemocytosis b. thrombocytopenia c. leukopenia d. leukocytosis e. thrombocytosis
B
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________. A) T lymphocytes B) plasma cells C) lymph nodes D) medullary cords
B
If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked, a. the ventricles will beat faster b. the ventricles will beat more slowly c. cardiac output will increase d. the ventricular beat will remain unchanged e. both A and D
B
Define Pericardial cavity
Encloses the heart
Define Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the heart
While sitting at your desk, you drop your pencil onto the floor. You bend over to pick up the pencil. In order to straighten up and continue your exam you must use which of the following muscles?
Erector spine
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________. A) lymph follicles B) lymph nodes C) axillary nodes D) cisterna chyli
B
The thymus is most active during ________. A) fetal development B) childhood C) middle age D) old age
B
Which of the following is not a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue? A) tonsil B) thymus C) Peyer's patch D) appendix
B
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory
B
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A) multiple sclerosis B) type II diabetes C) systemic lupus erythematosus D) glomerulonephritis
B
Activated by Helper T-cells and then differentiate into plasma cells
B cells
Lymphatic vessels recover about __________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries. A. 5% B. 15% C. 25% D. 50% E. 85%
B. 15%
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all of the following except the _________. A. pharynx B. epiglottis C. oral cavity D. tongue E. lips
B. epiglottis
Blood plasma is filtered in the __________. A. renal tubule B. renal corpuscle C. renal capsule D. renal column E. renal calyx
B. renal corpuscle
Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both __________. A. secrete interferons B. secrete granzymes and perforin C. participate in the immune response D. participate in innate immunity E. secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
B. secrete granzymes and perforin
Hypocalcemia stimulates __________. A. a decrease in aldosterone production B. secretion of parathyroid hormone C. secretion of renin D. an increase in blood urea nitrogen E. vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles
B. secretion of parathyroid hormone
Circulatory Functions of the Heart:
*Transport* -respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones *Protection* -blood clotting, immunity
Layers of the heart wall
*epicardium* -visceral layer of serous pericardium. often infiltrated w/ fat in old people. *myocardium* - forms bulk of heart; cardiac muscle tissue and is the layer that contracts. *endocardium*- sheet of simple squamous epithelium resting on thin layer of CT. lines heart chambers and covers heart valves.
What is the hearts largest organ?
*mediastinum* - region between the 2 lungs (and pleural cavities)
Valves closing at different times giving them different sounds through a stethoscope
-*Aortic valve* at 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin -*Pulmonary valve* in 2nd intercostal at left sternal margin -*Mitral valve* heard over heart apex, in 5th intercostal in line with middle of clavicle -*Tricuspid valve* right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space
What is the pacemaker of the heart? Where is it located? What type of tissue forms the structures of the conducting system of the heart?
-Pacemaker = *sinoatrial (SA) node* -in right atrium -specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiate electrical signal for heart rate -all other conducting system structures are composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells.
Right Atrium:
-receives oxygen-poor blood from systemic circuit -receives blood through superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
Left Atrium:
-receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs trough two right and two left *pulmonary veins* -opens into left ventricle through *mitral valve*
Pulmonary circuit:
-right side receives oxygen-poor blood from the body tissues -pumps this to lungs -picks up oxygen and CO2 -blood vessels that carry blood to and from lungs = *pulmonary circuit*
What is oxygenated blood
Blood rich in o2 and low in Co2
What does blood help to regulate?
Body temperature, Body pH, fluid balance, transportation
Define Megakaryocyte
Bone marrow cell that produces platelets
Define Ascending aorta
Branches off the left ventricle; carries oxygen rich blood to parts of the body above the heart
A(n) __________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint.
Bursa
What artery is the femoral artery supplied by? where?
By the descending aorta, leg.
_______ muscle makes up the myocardium.
Cardiac
Where would you find large veins and elastic arteries?
Closest to the heart
When a skeletal muscle lengthens, its __________ helps resist excessive stretching and subsequent injury to the muscle.
Collagen
Hormonal Regulation
Comes from epinephrine and norepinephrine
What artery is the internal iliac artery supplied by and were does it go?
Common iliac artery, legs
Define Tunic
Composed layers in the vessel wall.
What type of tissue is blood?
Connective
Which of the following is the most stable joint?
Coxal Joint
The transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP is catalyzed by __________.
Creatine kinase
Parasympathetic stimulation has an inhibitory influence on the heart, resulting in _____.
Decreased Heart Rate (HR)
An increase in Heart Rate (HR) during exercise results from ____ stimulation.
Decreased parasympathetic stimulation
Heart Rate (HR) _____ because the hyperpolarized membrane takes longer to _____ and cause an _____.
Decreases; Depolarize; Action Potential
In humans, normal chewing involves ___________ and __________ of the mandible.
ELEVATION; DEPRESSION
Which of the following is not a major joint category?
Elastic
what produces hormones that promote the maturation of t cells?
Thymus gland
Which vessels supply blood to the brain?
common carotid arteries and subclavian arteries
Define Tendinous cords
connect valve cusps to papillary muscles, preventing flipping or bulging of the cusps
anastomoses
connections between arteries supplying blood to the same region, provide alternate routes if one artery becomes occluded
What is the most important capillary exchange method?
diffusion
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does NOT ________.
directly fight antigens
The heart acts as a _____ ______, sending out blood to both circuits at once.
double pump
conducting (large) arteries: three sizes of arteries
elastic fibers in the tunica media reduce fluctuations in bp
. Radial (lateral) and ulnar (medial) collateral ligaments restrict side-to-side movements of the __________ joint.
elbow
a recording of the electrical changes that accompany each cardiac cycle (heartbeat) is an
electrocardiogram or EKG or ECG
Tunica Interna: three layers of tissue
endothelium that lines inside of vessel, controls permiability
Epinephrine will cause vasoconstriction of many blood vessels in the body. How might widespread vasoconstriction affect overall blood pressure?
epinephrine ultimately raises bp
heart rate is also affected by which hormones
epinephrine, norepinepherine, throid hormones
The talocrural joint is formed by the union of the __________, the _________, and the _________.
Tubia; fibula; talus
cardiac muscle
exhibit branching involuntary striated intercalated discs (desmosomes + gap junctions)
Where can pulse not be felt?
Ventral artery
When doing a pushup, your shoulders __________ as your body is pushed upward.
Extend
Left pulmonary artery
Which branch of this vessel distributes blood to the left lung?
Left ventricle
Which chamber of the heart ejects into the highlighted vessel?
A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both. True False
F
how many pulmonary veins empty into the left artium
FOUR (2 left and 2 right)
True/False: The azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae.
False
Virus infected cells secrete complement to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus. True False
False
Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?
Femoral, popliteal, anterior tibial, dorsalis pedis
_________________ capillaries have pores within each endothelial cell.
Fenestrated
Which of the following would be caused by a contraction of smooth muscle?
Goose bumps
During quite breathing, inhalation is ________ and exhalation is _________.
active; passive
When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints __________ to lift your body weight.
extend
Which of the following processes is NOT properly matched with its description?
external respiration: CO2 diffuses into the blood stream
Define Skeletal muscle pump
Helps blood return to the heart through compression of veins
Peyer's patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine.
false
Residual volume can be measured with a spirometer.
false
True/False: An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow.
false
The alveolar ducts are part of the conducting zone.
false -respiratory zone*
The aponeurosis of the external oblique forms the ________ at its inferior margin.
Inguinal ligament
Exhalation begins with __________
Inspiratory muscles relax
The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the
anterior cerebral arteries
Define Tunica intima
Internal layer in a vein or artery
What are the heart valves?
Paired atrioventricular (AV) and Semilunar vales
Flow of lymph through a lymph node is slowed due to ________.
fewer efferent vessels draining it compared to many afferent vessels feeding it
T-cell activation requires ________. antibody production and co-stimulation antigen binding, antibody production, and co-stimulation antigen binding and co-stimulation antigen binding and antibody production
antigen binding and co-stimulation
Destroy any pathogen and then display an epitope in an MHC-II
antigen presenting cell
Pulmonary
Is the highlighted chamber part of the systemic or pulmonary circuit?
Define Ductus arteriosis
It bypasses the lungs also, it is an opening between the pulmonary artery & aorta in the fetus.
Systolic blood pressure is recorded in _________ (arteries/veins) and is the __________ (maximal/minimal) pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.
arteries, maximal
Acetylcholine wings to ligand-gated channels that causes cardiac plasma membranes to become more permeable to _____. Causing the membrane to ______.
K+ (Potassium); Hyperpolarize
Extrinsic Regulation
Keeps blood pressure, blood oxygen levels, blood carbon dioxide levels, and blood pH levels within their normal range values
What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?
as a bicarbonate ion in plasma
Where is the Anterior interventricular sulcus found?
Located on the anterior of the heart
Posterior interventricular sulcus
Located on the posterior side of the heart
The vessel that arises from the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins.
the superior vena cava
What is acetylcholine?
Neurotransmitter produced by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Does norepinephrine or epinephrine increase the rate and degree of cardiac muscle depolarization?
Norepinephrine
Systolic Pressure
Peak pressure due to ventricular ejection
All of the following are digestive processes except
gas exchange
The ratio of RBC to plasma volume depends mostly on what?
blood viscosity
isovolumetric contraction
blood volume within the heart remains the same until SL valves open
how may stenosed valves be repaired
by ballooned valvuloplasty, surgical repair, or valve replacement
A skateboarder falls and lands directly on his buttocks and lower back. He does not feel much pain and continues skating. After a couple of days he begins experiencing right hip pain and notices his right foot and leg are rotated to the right. A doctor diagnoses a muscle spasm. Which of the following muscles is most likely causing the leg and foot rotation?
Piriformis
Norepinephrine
Postganglionic sympathetic neurotransmitter
What controls blood flow through Capillary Beds?
Precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow into true capillaries. Regulated by local chemical conditions and vasomotor nerves.
define Antibodies
Proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body
All arteries, with the exception of the ___________, contain oxygen rich blood
Pulmonary Artery
Name the four valves of the heart
Pulmonary and Aortic semilunar valves, and the Right and left AV valves
Four cardinals signs of inflammation.
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain
What is the function of the spleen?
Removes worn out blood cells
Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system?
Secrestion
Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system?
Secretion
S2- Dub:
Semilunar valves close
The relationship between preload and Stroke Volume (SV) is commonly known as..?
Starling Law of the Heart
Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?
Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery
Where does the Interventricular artery supply blood to the heart?
Supplies the left ventricle and most of the interventricular septum
Where does the Right coronary artery supply blood to the heart?
Supplies the right atrium and sinoatrial node
A baseball pitcher who injures one of his SITS muscles most commonly sustains tears to the tendon of which muscle?
Supraspinatus
Does parasympathetic stimulation or sympathetic stimulation influence the heart more?
Sympathetic
Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine are controlled by ___ in the ____.
Sympathetic stimulation; Adrenal Medulla
The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a __________.
Symphysis
The blood testis barrier is to newly formed sperm cells as the blood thymus barrier is to ________.
T lymphocyte precursors
Which of the following muscles of mastication would be responsible for mandibular elevation?
Temporalis
Blood Pressure
Tension within the blood vessels; Measured in mmHg
Which of the following is not an anatomical component of a synovial joint?
The interosseous membrane
Which of the following is not a factor that determines the range of motion of a joint?
The lenghth of the bone
Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction?
The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant.
Which of the following is predominately made up of myosin?
The thick filament
between the parietal and visceral layer is the _____.
pericardial cavity-potential space filled with pericardial fluid that reduces friction between the two membranes
The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _____ and _____ arteries.
radial, ulnar
whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are
reabsorbed by passive transport
describe aldosterone functions
reabsorbtion of sodium
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.
secrete surfactant
Define Atrioventricular valves
separate the atria from the ventricles
cardiac muscle in comparison t skeletal muscle
shorter in length. larger in diameter. squarish rather than round. less sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)__________, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
simple pathway
The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is______, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.
slow
Define mediastinum
space between the lungs
Define Lumen
space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
Which of these lymphoid organs is organized with trabeculae and compartments containing white pulp and red pulp?
spleen
Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can ___________ release of nitric oxide, a ____________.
stimulate, vasodilation
The azygos vein merges with the _____________ vena cava.
superior
Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.
synaptic vesicles
When a heart chamber relaxes, ____.
the chamber's internal pressure decreases
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose?
the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae
When the left ventricle is in systole, ____
the right ventricle is in systole
Tunica Media: three layers of tissue
thickest, made of smooth muscle;controls diameter
Lymph from the right leg ultimately is delivered to which duct in the thoracic region?
thoracic duct
Which lymphoid organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood in addition to storing some of the breakdown products for later reuse?
thymus
Which lymphoid organ(s) appear(s) before the others?
thymus
What is the primary function of the overall reactions of cellular respiration?
to generate ATP -Cellular respiration takes energy from our food nutrients during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and transfers that energy into a usable form of energy in ATP.
Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________ that trap bacteria and particulate matter.
tonsillar crypts
Of the following lymphoid organs, which is/are structurally simplest and lack(s) a complete capsule? -spleen -thymus gland -tonsils -lymph nodes
tonsils
Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.
true
Lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body.
true
Most digestion occurs in the small intestine.
true
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
true
The division between the upper and lower respiratory system is at the nasopharynx.
true
The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air for greater efficiency.
true
To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
true
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.
true
The triads of a muscle fiber consist of __________.
two terminal cisternae and one T tubule
Ammonia, which is a byproduct of protein metabolism, is converted to __________ primarily in the __________.
urea; liver
how d you loose most of your water
urine
The majority of the food we eat is ultimately ___.
used to synthesize ATP
What do veins have that arteries lack?
valves
endocarditis usually involves not only the endocardium but also the
valves
Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.
Dilated cardiomyopathy
ventricles stretch and become flabby
which two rigid structures compress to pump the heart during CPR
vertebral column and sternum
Peripheral resistance is directly related to ________ _______ and inversely related to _______ ________.
vessel length, vessel radius
As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins ?
get larger
The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the
inferior vena cava.
metabolic alkalosis
ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate (prolonged vomiting)
The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.
inspiratory reserve volume
what separates the 2 atria
interatrial septum
Internally, the heart is divided longitudinally by a partition called the ____ _____ between the atria, and the ____ ______ between the ventricles.
interatrial septum; interventricular septum.
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Define Capillary bed
interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
The __________ phase of gastric secretion begins as chyme enters the duodenum.
intestinal
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?
intrapleural pressure
Define Hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells
In the lungs, the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli ____ that in the blood, and hence O2 travels into the ___.
is greater than; blood
The pericardium ________
is the double layered, membranous sack around the heart
what is the composition of glomerular filtrate
larger protein molecules
The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system empties into the ________.
left subclavian vein
Which heart chamber has the thickest walls?
left ventricle
Which of the following is not catabolic?
lipogenesis -Lipogenesis is the synthesis, or anabolic process, of building triglycerides.
Bile is secreted by the __________ under hormonal influence of __________.
liver; secretin
What heart chamber contains the pectinate muscles?
located in both atria
Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?
lung
Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed ________.
lymph nodes
Which of the following distinguishes lymphatic vessels from veins?
lymphatics collect larger materials
Within buboes, bacteria are directly attacked by ______.
macrophages
Where in the body would you find continuous capillaries?
muscles, skin, lungs, thymus, and CNS
________ cells can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells before the immune system is activated.
natural killer
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. T lymphocytes pinocytosis B lymphocytes natural killer cells
natural killer cells
Used in the non-specific response to cause apoptosis in cells with intracellular pathogens
natural killer cells
Which of these cells kills foreign cells either by phagocytosis or with a respiratory burst
neutrophil
Most common leukocyte, can use respiratory burst to kill many extracellular pathogens at one time
neutrophils
Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?
nitric oxide
What is the circulation time in a resting person?
normally1 minute
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
number of red blood cells
Right ventricle
Identify the highlighted structure
Bicuspid valve
Identify the highlighted structure.
Left atrium
Identify the highlighted structure.
Left ventricle
Identify the highlighted structure.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Identify the highlighted structure.
Pulmonary trunk
Identify the highlighted structure.
Tricuspid valve
Identify the highlighted structure.
Trabeculae carneae
Identify the highlighted structures.
Anterior interventricular artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Aortic arch
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Basilic vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Common iliac vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Coronary sinus
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Dorsal venous arch
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Dorsalis pedis vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Inferior vena cava
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Left common carotid artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Middle cardiac vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Posterior intercostal vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
an increase in osmotic concentration of the tubuolar fluid reduces the amount of water reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. what will this result in?
...
hyperkalemia is
...
functions of coronary veins
1) collects wastes from cardiac muscle 2) drains into a large sinus on posterior surface of heart called the coronary sinus 3) coronary sinus empties into the right atrium
The deciduous dentition consists of __________ teeth.
20
Which of the following contains overlapping thick and thin filaments?
A band
Define Deep vein thrombosis
A blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs.
What is plasma considered
A colloid, which means it's mixed with protein
B lymphocyte
A lymphocyte that produces antibodies
Splenic vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
T lymphocyte
A type of lymphocyte associated with cell-mediated immunity
Define Vasodilation
A widening of the diameter of a blood vessel.
Which of the following muscles is in the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor longus
If the fluid bond between the peristalsis and visceral pleura is broken, the lung collapses, it results in what condition?
Atelectasis
During diastole, blood flows from _____ into the _____.
Atria; Ventricles
Where is dystrophin, the protein that is defective in muscular dystrophy, normally found?
Between the outermost myofilaments and the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber
Which of the following muscles inserts on the head of the fibula?
Biceps femoris
Which muscle(s) of respiration is(are) innervated by the phrenic nerve?
Diaphragm
Where does the right common carotid artery send blood?
From the heart to the brain
Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?
Hepatic veins
One example of a multiaxial joint is the __________ joint.
Humeroscapular
This class pf antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions.
IgA
Which statement is correct?
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white
Lipids
What is parasympathetic stimulation effect on Stroke Volume (SV)?
Little effect
80% of the lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvic acid by the __________.
Liver
Define Aortic semilunar valve
Located between the left ventricle and the aorta
Define Pericardial sac
Membranes around heart
Define Tunica Media
Middle layer in a vein or artery
Diastolic Pressure
Minimal pressure during ventricular diastole
Name the conduction systems of the heart
Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundles, purkinje fibers
Preload
The degree of stitch of cardiac muscle cells before contraction
Define Valvular insufficiency
The inability of a heart valve to close properly
The what carries oxygen poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium?
The inferior vena cava carries oxygen poor venous blood from below the diaphragm from areas of the lower body and extremities into the right atrium.
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system returns leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream to the blood.
The synaptic knob releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?
The neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle
What are venules and arterioles?
The smallest of veins and arteries.
Stroke Volume (SV)
The volume of blood pumped during each heartbeat (cardiac cycle)
Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes? -They produce lymph. -They return lymph to circulation. -They produce red blood cells. -They filter lymph.
They filter lymph.
What do arteries do?
Transport blood away from the heart
What do veins do?
Transport blood toward the heart
Define Aorta
Transports from the left ventricle
Define Pulmonary trunk
Transports from the right ventricle
What is the function of erythrocytes what is the lifespan?
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, 120 days
Which of the following muscles is not externally visible on the trunk of the body?
Transverse abdominal
what are the two circuits?
pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________.
a cardiac notch
Monocyte
a type of granular leukocyte that functions in the ingestion of bacteria
not all murmurs are abnormal, but most indicate, but most indicate what?
a valve disorder
components of the conductin system:
a) sinoatrial node (SA node) b) atrioventricular node (AV node) c) bundle if His d) right and left bundle branches e) Purkinje fibers
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
__________ can result if food passes too slowly through the large intestine.
constipation
Which is the most common type of capillary?
continuous
The sympathetic autonomic nervous system dominates control of _______
contraction strength
Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________.
crypts
used by the immune system for short range communication
cytokines
EKG can determine
if the heart is enlarged, if the conduction pathway is abnormal, and if certain regions are damaged
When B and T cells are fully developed and mature, they are know to be
immunocompetent
an increase in glomerular osmotic pressure will _________ the rate of glomerular filtration.
increase
reduced blood flow through the coronary arteries may cause
ischemia (deficiency of blood flow to an organ)
What does it mean to say that a T or B cell is "naive"
it has not contacted foreign antigens yet
the serous pericardium is composed of what?
it is a delacate thin membrane with two layers: a parietal and visceral layer (epicardium)
why does the SA node set the pace
it is the fastest
When a chamber relaxes.....
its pressure decreases; draws blood in
The appendix, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are examples of ________.
malt
The prefix ----- means middle.
med-
prolonged vomiting in which only the stomach contents are lost can lead to
metabolic alkalosis
Fever ________. production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
how does the level of adh aid in regulation nephron functioning
regulates water ouput by causing distal tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water
The filtration membrane includes all except ___________.
renal focus
if the reabsorbtion of sodium by the renal tubule is inhibited what are the effects
...
in what parts of the nephron is water actively transported
...
infants are more likely to become dehydrated than adults because
...
list the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron
...
The average lifespan of a RBC is a. many years b. 4 months c. 24 hours d. 1 month e. about a year
B
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Identify the highlighted structure.
One example of a multiaxial joint is the __________ joint
humeroscapular
ischemia causes
hypoxia and may wekaen the myocardial cells
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of __________. A. diabetes insipidus B. acute glomerulonephritis C. diabetes mellitus D. renal calculus E. pyelitis
C. diabetes mellitus
Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________. A. creatinine B. urobilin C. glucose D. ammonia E. magnesium
C. glucose
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the ?
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure
Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the
net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.
The role of villi in the intestinal mucosa is to enhance
nutrient absorption
the pericardium consists of which 2 layers
outer fibrous pericardium inner serous pericardium (epicardium)
Define Papillary muscles
Enlarged muscles in ventricles that are attached to chordae tendinae.
Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea?
Epiglottis
As venous return increases, _____ increases.
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system?
pulmonary ventilation and external respiration -Pulmonary ventilation and external respiration take place in only the respiratory system.
which venticle has thicker walls
the left walls are thicker because they pump blood through the body where the resistance to blood flow is greater
Which of the following vessels delivers lymph into the junction of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein?
thoracic duct
A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.
vasa vasorum
Define QRS complex
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
respiratory alkalosis
...
what allows for water balance and electrolyte balance to be interdependent
...
what is it that makes caffeine a diuretic
...
A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.
false
All lymphoid organs develop from mesoderm.
false
Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin.
false
Peritoneal organs are completely covered in a serous membrane and have a dorsal and ventral mesentery.
false
The Heimlich maneuver is a procedure in which air in the lungs is used to expel a piece of food lodged in the esophagus.
false
Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in the local changes of buildup of carbon dioxide and _________ ______ will cause vasodilation.
hydrogen ions
Which brain region is the main integrating center for thermoregulation?
hypothalamus -The hypothalamus is the main homeostatic integration center for thermoregulation.
where are baroreceptors located?
in the aorta arch and common carotids
In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show an __________ in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a __________ in the relative amount of elastic fibers.
increase, decrease
list some sources for the filtration rate in the glomerulus to increase
increased blood pressure
As blood viscosity increases, resistance to blood flow ___
increases
For a marathon runner, what benefit is there to eating a diet of 75% complex carbohydrates and reducing the workout for 3-4 days before competition?
muscle cells will store more glycogen
Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?
muscular arteries
The study of the muscular system is known as
myology
Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?
restrictive disease
inferior surface
rests on the diaphragm
Which of the following is NOT a structural modification of the small intestine that increases surface area?
rugae
list the function of the kidney
...
After the ventricles partially empty during systole, what does the End Systolic Volume normally increase to?
55 mL.
What are the 4 blood types?
A, B, AB, O
The __________ muscle is located in the urinary bladder. A. detrusor B. distractor C. pubococcygeus D. corpus spongiosum E. corpus cavernosum
A. detrusor
Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?
ATP
Define Left AV Valve
Also known as the Bicuspid Valve, is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D) targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
B
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? neutralizing antigen direct cell lysis agglutinating and precipitating antigen enhancing phagocytosis
B
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A) neutralizing antigen B) activating cytokines C) enhancing phagocytosis D) agglutinating and precipitating antigen
B
Which of the following is not a type of T cell? helper antigenic regulatory cytotoxic
B
Which of the following is true about blood plasma? a. it is the same as serum but without the clotting proteins b. it is about 90% water c. the main protein component is hemoglobin d. it contains about 20 dissolved components
B
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes. -T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue. -B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood. -T cells are the precursors of B cells. -The two main types are T cells and macrophages.
B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.
Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication
C
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut the result would be that ___ a. the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart b. the heart would stop since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract c. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats/minute d. parasympathetic stimulation would increase causing a decrease in heart rate
C
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ____ a. basophils b. eosinophils c. monocytes d. neutrophils
C
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine
C
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? incapable of being transferred from one person to another three binding sites per antibody monomer composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains carbohydrate structure
C
Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes? A) act as lymph filters and activate the immune system B) produce lymphoid cells and granular WBCs C) produce lymph fluid and cerebro-spinal fluid D) serve as antigen surveillance areas
C
Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph? A) water B) plasma proteins C) red blood cells D) ions
C
Name a heart beat disorder
Cardiac arrhythmia - Any abnormal electrical activity in the heart.
In adults the only site of RBC production and the primary site of WBC formation is the a. thymus b. yellow bone marrow c. liver d. red bone marrow e. spleen
D
Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis
D
Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ________. A) inguinal region B) cervical region C) axillary region D) lower extremities
D
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
D
Select the correct statement about antigens. A) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
D
Select the correct statement about lymph transport. A) Under normal conditions, lymph vessels are very high-pressure conduits. B) Lymph transport is faster than that occurring in veins. C) Lymph transport is only necessary when illness causes tissue swelling. D) Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.
D
Which of the following does not contribute to water conservation? A. The collecting duct B. The countercurrent multiplier C. The countercurrent exchange system D. Diuretics E. The length of the nephrons
D. Diuretics
__________ participate in both innate immunity and the immune response. A. Memory T (TM) cells B. Regulatory T (TR) cells C. Natural killer (NK) cells D. Helper T (TH) cells E. Cytotoxic T (TC) cells
D. Helper T (TH) cells
Aldosterone acts on the __________. A. proximal convoluted tubule B. medullary portion of the collecting duct C. descending limb of the nephron loop D. distal convoluted tubule E. glomerulus
D. distal convoluted tubule
The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.
Dalton's law
Purkinje fibers
Distributes impulses to the ventricles.
Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
T/F Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.
False
True/False: Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes.
False
True/False: Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure.
False
True/False: Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate.
False
Raising your hand and placing it on the shoulder of a person standing in front of you, requires __________ of the shoulder
Flexion
A monoaxial joint, like the elbow, is capable of which one of the following movements?
Flexion and extension
Define Pulmonary circulation
Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
This is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume.
Functional residual capacity
The semitendinosus is an example of what muscle shape?
Fusiform
Norepinephrine and B(beta)-adrenergic receptors combine, causing _____ in the cytoplasm of cardiac muscle cells,
G protein-mediated synthesis and accumulation of cAMP
__________ is the primary hormonal regulator of the postabsorptive state.
Glucagon
Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization?
High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.
Showing your palm to someone who is in front of you, as if to tell them "Stop," requires __________.
Hyperextension of the wrist
Define Endocardium
Inner lining of the heart
What is type O and surface antigen and antibodies
No antigens and A and B antibodies.
Define Tunica Externa
Outer layer of a vein or artery
The rectus abdominis is a __________ muscle, while the rectus femoris is a __________ muscle.
Parallel; bipennate
Which muscle acting on the arm assists in deep inspiration?
Pectoralis major
Which of the following lymphoid organs is NOT matched with its function? -thymus: site of T cell maturation -bone marrow: form lymphocytes -spleen: remove old red blood cells -Peyer's patches: site of B cell maturation
Peyer's patches: site of B cell maturation
Hypoventilation leads to?
Respiratory acidosis
The joint between the left and right parietal bones is called the __________.
Sagittal suture
Define Interatrial septum
Separates the two atria
Define Interventricular septum
Separates the two ventricles
Which of the following is NOT a function of the large intestine?
synthesis of intrinsic factor
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?
systemic veins
Where are the three large clusters of superficial lymph nodes?
the cervical, inguinal, and axillary regions
the second sound (dupp) is
the closing of the semilunar valves close to the end of the ventricular systole
Define Descending aorta
the descending part of the aorta that branches into the thoracic and abdominal aortae
Venous Return
The amount of blood returning to the heart from the systemic circulation
Which of the following structures prevents knee hyperextension?
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Is the aorta oxygen rich or oxygen poor?
The aorta is oxygen rich.
What is the aortic arch supplied by and where does the blood go?
The aorta, the upper body
What is the mediastinum?
The compartment between the lungs; enclosed in the paricardium
Heart Rate (HR)
The number of times the heart beats (contracts) per minute
Which of the following structures is not found in the shoulder?
The radioulnar ligament
The ________ pulp of the spleen forms cuffs around the central arteries.
White
Fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic if consumed in large quantities.
true
Glycogenesis occurs when ATP levels are high and glucose is abundant.
true
Henry's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure.
true
If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate itself.
true
Most of the ATP synthesized during cellular respiration is the result of substrate level phosphorylation.
true
Nasal conchae heat and moisten inhaled air, and reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation.
true
Short-term regulation of food intake involves neural signals from stretch receptors in the GI tract.
true
Smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia.
true
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis
true
The lingual tonsil is found on the posterior surface of the root of the tongue.
true
The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue).
true
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall.
true
The respiratory burst produced by some macrophages releases free radicals.
true
Define Aortic Arch
a curved blood vessel from which arteries branch to the head and neck.
sick sinus syndrome
abnormally functioning SA node that initiates irregular heart beats
left border
aka pulmonary border faces left lung
symptoms of addisons disease
aldosterone deficiency loss of extracellular sodium
________ is the most common type of immediate hypersensitivity.
allergy
Pancreatic juice does NOT contain __________.
amylase
Redox reactions __________.
are characterized by one substance's gaining an electron while another substance loses an electron
P wave
atrial depolarization (spread of impulse over atria)
water intoxication is
causes low blood sodium
High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate _______________ to activate the vasomotor center.
chemoreceptors
The prefix ---- means juice.
chyl-
Define Systemic circulation
circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
the hormone adh functions to promote water reabsorbtion through the of the
distal convoluted tubule and connecting duct
What is another name for epicardium?
epicardium is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
right border
faces right lung
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.
friction
As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins
get larger.
The __________ circulation collects nutrient-rich venous blood draining from the digestive viscera.
hepatic portal
While standing, looking up at the stars requires __________.
hyperextension of the neck
the technical term for water intoxication
hyponatremia
circumflex branch
in coronary sulcus, supplies blood to left atrium and left ventricle *PART OF LEFT CORONARY ARTERY
marginal branch
in coronary sulcus, supplies right ventricle *PART OF RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY
The aponeurosis of the external oblique forms the ________ at its inferior margin.
inguinal ligament
drinking alcohol
inhibits release of adh
what makes alcohol a diuretic
inhibits release of adh
When you kick a soccer ball, you contract your quadriceps femoris. Because the attachment on the tibia moves towards the attachment on the femur, it is considered the __________.
insertion
How does the hormone angiotension II affect blood pressure?
it raises blood pressure
Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the __________.
jejunum and ileum
where is the opening to the coronary arteries
just above aortic semilunar valve
Excess acetyl CoA that accumulates during fat breakdown is modified in the liver by which of the following pathways?
ketogenesis -Ketogenesis is the conversion of acetyl CoA into ketone bodies whenever acetyl CoA accumulates because it is unable to be oxidized by the citric acid cycle.
Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have
low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
medulla and pons
what part of nervous system regulates heart rate
medulla oblongata
Circular and spiral arrangement of cardiac muscle bundles in the _________ of the heart.
myocardium
The __________ tonsil(s) is/are referred to as the adenoids if enlarged.
pharyngeal
what changes during the cardiac cycle
pressure and volume- forcing blood from areas of high pressure to areas of lower pressure
Which of the following are NOT correctly matched?
protease: lipid digestion
proteins released by infected leukocytes to alert other cells are _____
pyrogens
When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle __________.
relaxes
Define Fossa Ovalis
remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covered the foramen ovale during fetal development.
Define T wave
repolarization of ventricles
obstruction of the airways leads to what condition
respiratory acidosis
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?
rising blood pressure
what is aldosterone and what is its primary stimulus for the secretion
rising potassium concentration
The __________ bursa is not an accessory structure of the glenohumeral joint.
subpatellar
anterior interventricular artery
supplies both ventricles *PART OF LEFT CORONARY ARTERY
cardia cycle consits of
the systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of both atria, rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventricles
The larynx contains ________.
the thyroid cartilage
Define fibrous pericardium
tough, white fibrous connective tissue that is the outer layer of the pericardium
What heart chamber contains trabeculae carnae?
trabeculae carnae are muscle ridges in both ventricles
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the
transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
blood floes from the right artia into the right ventricle via the _____
tricuspid valve
At a capillary bed, a _____________ stimulates precapillary sphincters and __________ local blood flow.
vasoconstrictor, decreases
The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates the filtration rate by _____ and by _____
vasodialation of afferent, rennin angiotensin II
When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate
vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.
In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus ______________.
venosus
hyponatremia is
water intoxication
when is blood pushed into the coronary arteries
when the ♥ relaxes high pressure of blood in the aorta pushes blood into the coronary vessels
Max is bitten by a rattlesnake while on a camping trip. His friends immediately apply ice packs to the bitten area to slow the spread of the protein-based toxin; they then rush him to an emergency facility. What treatment would be given and why?
- (Max could be given an immune serum to the rattlesnake venom, thereby conferring passive immunity. The reason for passive immunization is that the venom could kill the person before active immunity could be established. The passive immunity would last until the "borrowed" antibodies naturally degraded in the body. No immunological memory would be established because B cells are not activated.)
List the functions of the spleen.
- (The spleen's main functions are to remove aged or defective blood cells and platelets from the blood and to store or release some of the breakdown products of RBCs to the blood for processing by the liver. Other functions include acting as a blood filter and reservoir, serving as a site for erythrocyte production in developing embryos, storing blood platelets, and providing a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.)
The brachiocephalic trunk (which branches off the arch of aorta) branches into:
- Right common carotid artery which supplies the right side of the head & neck - Right subclavian artery which supplies the right arm
Which statement is accurate?
-Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. ---->Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure. -Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure. -Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
Left Ventricle"
-forms apex; dominates heart's inferior surface -pumps blood into systemic circuit -like right ventricle, contains trabeculae carnae, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, and mitral valve. -superiorly, opens into stem artery of systemic circulation (aorta) through *aortic semilunar valve*
Right Ventricle:
-receives blood from right atrium and pumps it into pulmonary circuit via an artery called *pulmonary trunk* -walls with ridges of muscle called *trabeculae carnae* -*papillary muscles* -*chordae tendinae* - "heart strings"
hypokalemia
...
what metabolic process is likely to serve as a source of hydrogen ions in body fluids
...
why is prolonged diarrhea in which the intestinal secretion are most likely lost excessively, detrimental to life
...
How many muscle fibers stimulate one somatic motor neuron?
0
In response to intense sympathetic stimulation, the limit of the heart's ability to increase volume of blood pumped is ____.
170 to 250 bpm
Strong parasympathetic stimulation can decreases the heart rate below resting levels by at least ____ bpm.
20 to 30 bpm
How high can venous return increase to?
24 L/min
Strong sympathetic stimulation, can increase Heart Rate (HR) to?
250 or 300 bpm
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be
50 mmHg
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be
50 mmHg.
Sympathetic stimulation can increase Cardiac Output (CO) by _____% over resting values.
50-100%
What is the average Stroke Volume (SV)?
70 mL/beat
What is the normal heart rate?
70 to 75 beats per minute (BPM)
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be
80 mmHg
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be
80 mmHg.
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the a. right atrium b. left ventricle c. right ventricle d. cones arteriosis e. left atrium
A
Each hemoglobin molecule contains a. 4 iron molecules b. one heme group c. 4 alpha chains d. 1 alpha and 1 beta chain e. B and C only
A
Graft rejection may be caused by ________. A) using a xenograft B) use of immunosuppressive drugs C) treatment with antilymphocyte serum D) total body irradiation
A
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply damage would primarily result from ___ a. decrease delivery of oxygen b. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production c. inadequate supply of lactic acid d. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways
A
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement
A
Interferons ________. interfere with viral replication within cells are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus act by increasing the rate of cell division
A
James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16g/100mL blood this is _____ a. within the normal range b. above normal c. normal only if James is an infant d. abnormally low
A
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________. A) efferent lymphatic vessels B) afferent lymphatic vessels C) the cortical sinus D) the subscapular sinus
A
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________. A) tonsil B) thymus C) Peyer's patch D) appendix
A
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Isografts are between identical twins. B) Allografts are between different species. C) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. D) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals.
A
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies C) ions D) reagins
A
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B) vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) production of complement and interferon
A
The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the a. coronary arteries b. coronary veins c. coronary sinus d. fossa ovales
A
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________. A) lingual tonsils B) palatine tonsils C) pharyngeal tonsils D) Peyer's tonsils
A
The visceral pericardium is the same as the a. epicardium b. mediastinum c. endocardium d. parietal pericardium e. myocardium
A
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to attract white blood cells to the scene. A) cytokines B) histamine C) prostaglandins D) complement
A
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the inflammatory process
A
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) a second exposure to an allergen B) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present C) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
A
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure? A) pancreas B) spleen C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches of the intestine
A
Whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from a a. superficial vein b. superficial artery c. capillary d. the heart e. an arteriole
A
Define coronary sulcus
A deep groove that separates the atria and the ventricles that extends around the circumference of the heart
1. A physician orders Tylenol for a temperature greater than 101 degrees F. The patient's temperature is 100.4 F. Explain the rationale for not medicating a fever of 100.4 F and why Tylenol would be prescribed for temperatures greater than 101 F.?
A mild or moderate fever is an adaptive response that seems to benefit the body. Bacteria need large amounts of zinc and iron to multiply. During fever, the liver and spleen make them less avilable which helps reduce the bacterial population.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens. The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
Which of the following is an intrinsic muscle of the hand?
Adductor pollicis
Define the parietal layer of the serous pericardium
Adheres to the inner surface of the fibrous perocardium
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine effect what?
Adrenal Medulla; Heart's pumping effectiveness
Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin?
Anemic hypoxia
Hormones that would cause an increase in blood pressure?
Angiotension II
Systemic circuit:
-left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs -pumps this blood through body to supply oxygen and nutrients to tissues -vessels that transport blood to and from tissues and back to heart = *systemic circuit*
Vessels carrying deoxygenated blood?
-superior vena cava -left & right pulmonary artery -pulmonary trunk -inferior vena cava
How do the autonomic nerves that innervate the heart influence heart function?
-sympathetic innervation increases heart rate and contraction strength -parasympathetic only influences heart rate; it decreases it
During ventricular systole, are the AV valves open or closed? Are the semilunar valves open or closed during this period?
AV valves closed during ventricular systole. Semilunar valves open.
Name all the layers from superior to deep of the pericardium to the heart.
Fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, pericardial cavity, epicardium the visceral layer of serous pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and heart chamber.
The vessel that carries oxygen rich blood to tissues is what?
The aorta is the vessel that carries oxygen rich blood to tissues.
The structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle is what?
The aortic semilunar valve is the structure that is located anatomically between the aorta and the left ventricle.
Is the right atrium oxygen rich or oxygen poor?
The right atrium is oxygen poor.
Is the right ventricle oxygen rich or oxygen poor?
The right ventricle is oxygen poor.
Heart assumes oblique position in the thorax, with its pointed _______ lying to the left of the midline and anterior to the rest of the heart.
apex
The left common cartoid artery which supplies the left side of the head & neck and the left subclavian artery which supplies the left arm both branch directly out of the
arch of the aorta
where is the heart situated
between the lungs in the mediastinum with about two-thirds of its mass to the left of midline
Each heart valve consists of 2 or 3 _________, which are flaps of endocardium reinforced by cores of dense connective tissue.
cusps
mediastinum
from the sternum, to vertebral column and between the lungs
What heart chamber contains the papillary muscles?
papillary muscles in both ventricles
Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavas?
right atrium receives unoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit.
The role of the coronary arteries is to
supply blood to the heart tissue
Blood supply to the walls and tissues of the heart is delivered by
the right and left coronary arteries
Know the components of a closed circulatory system
-Vertebrates -blood in confined tubes -blood is seperate from intersitial fluid that directly bathes (surrounds) in tissues
Precapillary sphincters will
-control blood flow into the true capillaries. -cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule. -open when the tissue needs nutrients. -close when the tissue's needs have been met. ---->All of the answers are correct.
Functions of the Cardiovascular system
-distribution of oxygen -removal of co2 from the body
The pericardium has *3* layers:
1 layer - *Fibrous pericardium* (outer dense CT. holds heart in place & keeps it from overfilling w/ blood) 2 layers - *serous pericardium* -parietal (inner) -visceral (on surface of heart; part of heart wall)
functions of fibrous skeleton of heart (rings around valves)
1) support structure for heart valves 2) insertion point for cardiac muscle bundles 3) electrical insulator between atria and ventricles (prevents direct propagation of action potentials to ventricles)
4. A person who travels to a mountainous region will experience difficulty in breathing even if he or she is in good athletic shape. Explain why a person can be breathing faster than normal yet still feel like he can't catch his breath. How may this fast breathing affect blood pH?
1. Airflow is governed by pressure. The normal atmospheric pressure is 760mmHg but at high elevations it is lower. Since pO2 diffuses from high to low pressure, not as much O2 will diffuse across the respiratory membrane. At low pressure, there is also low oxygen levels so a person will breathe faster in order to compensate for the lower oxygen levels. 2. Hyperventilation would cause an excess of CO2 to be excreted, which means that there is less H+ ions in the blood. The blood pH will rise
AV valves open; atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure
1. blood returning to heart fills atria, pressing against AV valves 2. as ventricles fill, AV valve flaps hang limply into ventricles 3. atria contract, forcing additional blood into ventricle
What is the pathway of depolarization in the heart?
1. sinoatrial node 2. atrioventricular node 3. AV bundles 4. purkinje fibers
How low can venous return decrease to?
2 L/min
According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, PO2 in the lungs of 100 mm Hg results in Hb being 98% saturated. At high altitude, there is less O2. At a PO2 in the lungs of 80 mm Hg, Hb would be ________ saturated.
95%
when activated, starts reactions to cause inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis & cytolysis
C3
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ____ a. atrial depolarization b. atrial repolarization c. ventricular repolarization d. ventricular depolarization
A
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. A) disulfide B) hydrogen C) amino acid D) sodium
A
The lymphatic capillaries are ________. A) more permeable than blood capillaries B) less permeable than blood capillaries C) as permeable as blood capillaries D) completely impermeable
A
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? type II diabetes multiple sclerosis systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis
A
________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. A) Cytokines B) Perforins C) Interleukin 1 proteins D) Interleukin 2 proteins
A
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) phagocytes B) keratin C) gastric juice D) cilia
A (phagocytes)
The only lymphatic organ(s) with afferent lymphatic vessels is(are) the __________. A. lymph nodes B. thymus C. spleen D. red bone marrow E. tonsils
A. lymph nodes
The smooth, connective tissue lining that covers the opposing bony surfaces of a synovial joint is called __________.
Articular cartilage
acid base buffer systems minimize ph changes how
converting strong acids to weak acids
chorrdae tendonae
cords between valve cusps and papillary muscles
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? a. platelet plug formation b. coagulation c. fibrinolysis d. vascular spasm
C
The addition of CO2 to the blood generates __________ ions in the RBCs, which in turn stimulates RBCs to unload more oxygen. A. sodium B. potassium C. nitrogen D. hydrogen E. chloride
D. hydrogen
----------- have many appendages like tree branches, and collect antigens to deliver to lymph nodes for recognition by immune cells.
Dendritic cells
Which of the following is true of basophils? a. constitute about 1% of WBC's b. granules contain histomine c. attract other defense cells d. granules contain heprin e. all of the above
E
Some people suffer involuntary urination due to incompetence of what muscle?
External urethral sphincter
What is the effect on norepinephrine on action potentials?
Increase the amplitude and frequency
Stronger heart contractions result in Stroke Volume (SV) _____ and Cardiac Output _____.
Increase; Increase
Neural Regulation
Of the heart results from sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes
If blood pressure suddenly decreases, how do extrinsic mechanisms react?
Once detected, initiated responses increase Cardiac Output (CO) and bring blood pressure back to normal range
The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the
brachiocephalic artery
The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child are bound by a
Synchondrosis
The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child are bound by a __________.
Synchondrosis
How do you calculate cardio output?
heart rate x stroke volume
Which of the following correctly states the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
Sternal manubrium and medial one-third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line
To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.
Synaptic Vesicles
The most movable joints are ___________ joints
Synovial
Which of the following statements about the pleurae is NOT true?
The pleurae create one continuous cavity for both lungs.
Define Base
The postero-superior surface of the heart
__________ reflects the energy the body uses (kilocalories consumed) to perform only its most essential activities.
Total metabolic rate
Which of the following determines lung compliance?
alveolar surface tension
Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with one of its functions in the body?
carbohydrates: can serve as hormones
Which type of nutrient functions primarily as an energy source for cells?
carbs -Carbohydrates are needed in relatively large amounts to supply glucose, the main energy source for body cells.
myocardium
cardiac muscle layer is the bulk of the heart
The __________ is the first segment of the small intestine.
duodenum
The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies).
one; two
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
when do semilunar valves open and closed
open when ventricles are contracted and close when ventricles are relaxed
Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.
opposite
An infected lymph gland is called a bubo.
true
Cardio Output (CO)
"Minute Volume"; The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
Semilunar valves open
as ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, blood is pushed up against semilunar valves, forcing them open
The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum, is a __________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by __________ joints
Synchondrosis; synovial
Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?
Systemic veins
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) margination D) phagocytosis
B
Define Basophil
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.
Define Anemia
A condition in which the red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin
Which of the following types of drugs would NOT be appropriate for a patient with chronic asthma?
A cough suppressant, such as dextromethorphan
Define Atrium
A heart chamber that receives blood.
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
Where is Hormonal Regulation secreted from?
Adrenal Medulla
Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?
Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except ________. A) Peyer's patches B) palatine tonsils C) lingual tonsils D) islets of Langerhans
D
Atrioventricular node
Gatekeeper for ventricles, all current going to ventricles must pass through here
Name a bleeding disorder
Hemophilia
Which of the following is INCORRECT? a) Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance. b) Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance. c) Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow. d) The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.
Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.
Natural killer cell
Immune system cell responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells
Respiratory pump
Involves pressure changes during breathing to pull blood up
The rectus femoris is an example of what muscle shape?
Pennate
Which of the following statements is true?
Rapid shallow breathing can reduce the amount of gas exchange without changing the total amount of gas moved in a minute. -Minute ventilation, the total amount of gas moved in a minute, might not be reduced during rapid shallow breathing, but because much of that gas remains in the dead space, less gas is available for gas exchange.
A clinician induces contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus and notices that the foot does not plantar flex as expected. Which of the following would be a logical diagnosis?
Raptured calcaneal tendon
What does the left side of the heart do?
Received oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.
Define Left atrium
Receives blood from the lungs
Define Right atrium
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Name a quality of erythrocytes
Red and most abundant, they transport respiratory gasses in the blood.
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Red bone marrow
Intrinsic Regulation
Results from the heart's normal functional characteristics
Which heart chamber sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
What is the Stroke Volume (SV) is the End Diastolic Volume (EDV) is 125 mL and the End Systolic Volume (ESV) is 55 mL?
SV= EDV - ESV SV= 125 mL - 55 mL SV= 70 mL
Cardiac muscle has very little capacity for regeneration because it lacks __________.
Satellite Cells
Which muscle is innervated by the tibial nerve?
Semimembranosus
Which of the following muscles is responsible for medially rotating the tibia on the femur when the knee is flexed?
Semitendinosus
atrioventricular bundle
Sends impulse to bundle branches, reinforces heart beat
Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of __________.
Serrate sutures
cardiac muscles have self-excitable cells or
autorhythimic cells
the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule are adapted for reabsorbtion by
microscopic projections called microvilli
Valves in veins
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
What is the unique structural modification in lymphatic capillaries that increases their permeability?
minivalves
Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries to vasodilate. How do you suppose these drugs work?
They prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax
Drugs called calcium channel blockers may be used to lower blood pressure by causing arteries to vasodilate. How do you suppose these drugs work?
They prevent calcium from entering smooth muscle, thus allowing the muscle to relax.
What do capillaries do?
They serve as sites of exchange (oxygen and nutrients) between blood and body tissue.
the micturition reflex can be voluntarily controlled how
cerebral cortex inhibiting the external urethral sphincter valve
the bodies principal mechinism of short-term control over cardiac output is and BP is ___
changing the heart rate
All of the following are important functions of pancreatic juice except ___.
chemically digest simple sugars
After childbirth, a woman begins experiencing tremendous pain in her groin, making it difficult for her to walk. An X-ray shows a fracture extending from her symphysis pubis to the inferior ramus of the pubis. As a result of the fracture, which group of muscles might be impaired?
Thigh adductors
Define Angina pectoris
chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self." Tolerance is developed during fetal life. Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only. Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues.
Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
What is located anterior the the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi.
Trachea
Pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant are called ________ antibodies.
monoclonal
__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
Transpulmonary
Which of the following extensors of the head is the most superficial?
Trapezius
Somatic recombination by B cells allows each B cell to form its own unique antibody genes. True False
True
T/F Lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body.
True
True/False: Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked.
True
Carbohydrates are digested into __________.
monosaccharides
True/False: Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart.
True
True/False: The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein.
True
Which artery wall is responsible for vasoconstriction
Tunica Media
What cells of the alveoli produce surfactant?
Type 2 alveolar cells
The what carries oxygen poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium
The coronary sinus carries oxygen poor venous blood of the coronary circulation into the right atrium
Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC?
chloride shifting
kidney stones are least likely to be composed of
cholesterol
What is the renal artery supplied by and where does the blood go?
The descending aorta, kidneys
What is the gonadal artery supplied by and where does it go?
The descending aorta, the gonads
Cardiac Reserve
The difference between cardiac output when a person is at rest and maximum cardiac output
Michael Jordan was arguably the best player in professional basketball history. Scientifically, one would expect him to have highly developed
White
coronary sulcus
encircles the heart and marks the boundary between the artia and ventricles
Diapedesis
movement of WBC through vessel wall into tissues
Subclavian vein
The highlighted vein drains directly into which vessel?
Internal jugular vein
The highlighted vessel joins with which vein to form the brachiocephalic vein?
ventricular filling
The pressure that builds up in the ventricle as the ventricle is being filled with blood
Are the pulmonary veins oxygen rich or oxygen poor?
The pulmonary veins are oxygen rich.
Define Apex
The inferior, conical end of the heart
Organs of the Immune system?
The key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system include the thymus and bone marrow, as well as secondary lymphatic tissues including spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver
From what vessel do the left and right coronary arteries arise?
The left and right coronary arteries arise from the aorta.
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
Is the left ventricle oxygen rich or oxygen poor?
The left ventricle is oxygen rich.
Define leuokocytes
These defend the body against pathogens
Where are parasympathetic nerve fibers found?
Vagus Nerves
Define right auricle
Wrinkled, flap-like portion that is the most noticeable part of the atrium
What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?
arterial blood carbon dioxide level -Of all the chemicals influencing respiration, CO2 is the most potent and the most closely controlled. As CO2 is hydrated in brain tissue, liberated H+ acts directly on the central chemoreceptors, causing a reflexive increase in breathing rate and depth. Low PCO2 levels depress respiration.
Heart valves open to _______ and close to _____.
allow blood flow; block blood flow
The _________ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein.
basilic vein
what is the correct location of the kidneys
behind the parietal peritoneum
study of the heart and diseases associated with it
cardiology
What prevents the AV valves from opening during ventricular systole?
chordae tendenae
Which of the following is NOT an end product of the citric acid cycle?
citric acid
The pressure driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called
filtration
Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to reabsorb excess _______ from the ________ _________.
fluid, interstitial fluid
After blood becomes oxygenated,
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
The popliteal artery supplies the
knee joint
which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration
osmotic pressure of blood plasma is decreased
Angina Pectoris:
pain or heaviness in chest from temporary ischemia
valves open and close in response to
pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes
Blood flow is directly related to both ______ _______ and ___________.
pressure gradient, resistance
What anatomical area(s) is/are protected by the tubal tonsils?
the passage from the pharynx to the middle ear
Capillaries _____
Are where blood exchange actually occurs
These are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior and superior border of the cricoid cartilage.
Arytenoids Cartilage
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
Artery is to ____ as vein is to _____ a. afferent; away b. efferent; afferent c. afferent; efferent d. toward; away e. none of the above
B
Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on ________. A) the pumping action of the heart B) skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement C) contraction of the vessels themselves D) two-way valves
B
Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs in the secondary immune response
B
Delayed hypersensitivities ________. A) are mediated by B cells B) include allergic contact dermatitis C) include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues D) do not involve T cells
B
Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________. A) removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood B) forming crypts that trap bacteria C) storage of blood platelets D) storage of iron
B
Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C) prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen
B
Peyer's patches are found in the ________. A) duodenum of the small intestine B) ileum of the small intestine C) large intestine D) jejunum of the small intestine
B
Plasma composes about _____ % of whole blood and water composes ___% of the plasma volume? a. 45%; 55% b. 55%; 92% c. 92%; 7% d. 50%; 50% e. 92%; 55%
B
Regulatory T cells ________. decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases may function in preventing autoimmune reactions release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells aid B cells in antibody production
B
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease.
B
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes. A) The two main types are T cells and macrophages. B) B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood. C) T cells are the precursors of B cells. D) T cells are the only form of lymphocyte found in lymphoid tissue.
B
The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called ________. A) islets of Langerhans B) Peyer's patches C) rugae D) villi
B
The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart 1. purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through the system is a. 1, 4,3,2,5 b. 4,3,2,5,1 c. 4,2,3,5,1 d. 3,5,4,2,1 e. 3,2,4,5,1
B
When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________. A) shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph B) severe localized edema distal to the blockage C) increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockage D) abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal region
B
Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones? A) basophils B) lymphocytes C) macrophages D) monocytes
B
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T cell D) APC
B
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? infusion of weakened viruses passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus exposure to an antigen booster shot of vaccine
B
Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? A) carbohydrate structure B) composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains C) three binding sites per antibody monomer D) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
B
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C) contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies
B
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the stage for repair processes
B
Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D) cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
B
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides. Antigens only come from microbes. Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants.
B
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B) Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
B
Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins? a. pancreas b. liver c. brain d. heart e. kidney
B
Systolic pressure
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A) thymus B) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes
C
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ___ a. cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells b. has more nuclei per cell c. have gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium d. lacks striations
C
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis
C
Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
C
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the most active phagocyte
C
Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) are the most thoroughly understood T cells
C
Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A) Autografts are between two genetically identical individuals. B) Xenografts are between individuals of the same species. C) Isografts are between identical twins. D) Allografts are between different species.
C
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue. A) Once a lymphocyte enters the lymphoid tissue, it resides there permanently. B) Lymphoid macrophages secrete antibodies into the blood. C) Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue. D) T lymphocytes act by ingesting foreign substances.
C
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders." B) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together. C) Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. D) The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
C
Select the correct statement about the heart valves a. the mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle b. aortic anf pulmonary valves control the flow of blood into the heart c. the AV valves are supported by chordae tendonaie so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur d. the tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left vnetricle
C
The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ___ a. paracarditis b. myocardial infarction c. cardiac tamponade d. angina pectoris
C
The disease sickle cell anemia is an example of what can happen if a. there is an insufficient heme in the hemoglobin b. the diet is deficient in iron c. the gene for adult hemoglobin is abnormal d. hemolysis is prevented by a bad gene e. RBC's bind to too much oxygen
C
The ear-like extensions of the atrium is the a. coronary sulcus b. ventricle c. auricle d. atricle e. coronary sinus
C
The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ________. A) regulatory cells B) helper cells C) cytotoxic cells D) plasma cells
C
When viewing a dissected heart it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by a. tracing out where the auricles connect b. locating the apex c. noticing the thickness of the ventricular walls d. finding the papillary muscles
C
Which of the following is a characteristic of all leukocytes? a. they have cytoplasmic granules b. they are phagocytic c. they are nucleated d. they are the most numerous of the formed elements in blood
C
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus D) booster shot of vaccine
C
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis B) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C
Which of the following statements concerning RBC's is false? a. they are specialized for carrying oxygen b. they are biconcave disks c. they are about 18 mm in diameter d. they lack mitochondria e. they can form stacks called rouleaux
C
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur. D) T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent when they bind with recognized antigens.
C
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.
C
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. NK cells are a type of neutrophil. NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
C
Which of the following statments does not describe blood a. blood is denser and more viscous than water b. blood pH is normally between 7.34-7.45 c. blood carries body cells to injured areas for repair d. blood varies from bright red to a dark red color
C
______ is to slow heart as ____ is to fast heart rate a. cardiac tamponade; bradycardia b. tachycardia; bradycardia c. bradycardia; tachycardia d. bradycardia; cardiomyopathy e. none of the above
C
________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections. A) Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Macrophages D) B cells
C
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
C-shaped cartilage rings
Which organ system does not excrete waste? A. The urinary system B. The cardiovascular system C. The integumentary system D. The digestive system E. The respiratory system
B. The cardiovascular system
Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life? A. There is reserve oxygen in Tom's lungs. B. There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood. C. The ambient PO2 can support life that long. D. The Haldane effect lasts up to 5 minutes. E. Tom's hypoxic drive will keep him alive for up to 5 minutes.
B. There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood.
The __________ is not an organ of the urinary system. A. urethra B. liver C. ureter D. urinary bladder E. kidney
B. liver
Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?
Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase.
Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. The reflex that results is that _________ decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center _________ firing, and ______ ______ will exhibit a compensatory increase.
Baroreceptors, increases, cardiac output
Albumin
Because these are so abundant they maintain blood volume and pressure, they also transport ions, proteins, hormones and lipids.
Name a hypercoagulation disorder
Deep vein throbosis
What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?
The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.
Why does one continue to breathe heavy after rigorous physical activity has stopped?
The body requires more oxygen to restore levels of ATP and creatine phosphate.
the ulnar artery supplied by? where?
The brachial artery, formarm
During exercise, what causes the End Systolic Volume (ESV) to decrease?
The heart is contracting more forcefully
Epicardium
The highlighted artery lies within which layer of the heart wall?
Aorta
The highlighted structure ejects into which vessel?
Ductus arteriosus
The highlighted structure is a remnant of which structure in the fetus?
Left ventricle
The highlighted vessel supplies blood to the posterior wall of which chamber of the heart?
Deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
The highlighted vessel supplies what type of blood to which region of the heart?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted in response to increased due to ____, _____, and _____.
Physical activity; Emotional excitement; Other stressful conditions
Which of the following is true regarding joints that are first-class levers?
Their mechanical advantage may be either greater or less than 1.0.
What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common?
These are all fibrous joints.
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? They include allergic contact dermatitis. They are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils. They are also called type IV hypersensitivities.
They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. What characteristic of the soleus muscles makes this so?
They make more use of aerobic respiration.
Define the visceral layer of the pericardium
This layer adheres directly to the heart
You hear a loud noise behind you and look back over your left shoulder. Which of the following is true?
This was a contralateral contraction of your right sternocleidomastoid muscle.
The left subclavian vein receives lymph from
Thoracic duct
The lymph from the right food empties into the?
Thoracic duct
A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells. True False
True
Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood. True False
True
Antibodies cn act both intracellularly and extracellularly. True False
True
Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
True
Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure.
True
It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. True False
True
Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport.
True
Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction.
True
T/F Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.
True
T/F Lymph arrives at the lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels.
True
T/F Lymph capillary permeability is due to minivalves and protein filaments.
True
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis. True False
True
True or False - Blood is a transport system?
True
True or False: Lymphatic capillaries are closed on one end
True
True/False: Angiogenesis allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.
True
True/False: Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.
True
True/False: Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.
True
True/False: Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport.
True
True/False: Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction.
True
True/False: The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins.
True
True/False: The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow.
True
True/False: The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava.
True
The __________ is not found in the elbow.
Distal radioulnar joint
Diastole
Does most ventricular filling occur when the highlighted structure is in systole or diastole?
Left upper limb
Does the highlighted vessel supply blood to the left upper limb or right upper limb?
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart 1. Right atrium 2. Left atrium 3. Right ventricle 4. Left ventricle 5. Vena Cava 6. Aorta 7. Pulmonary trunk 8. Pulmonary veins What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation a. 1,7,3,8,2,4,6,5 b. 1,2,7,8,3,4,6,5 c. 5,3,1,7,8,4,2,6 d. 5,1,3,8,7,2,4,6 e. 5,1,3,7,8,2,4,6
E
The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from a. destruction of hemoglobin b. excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma c. extensive breakdown of RBC's d. the yellow pigment carotene e. A, B, and C
E
Helper T (TH) cells do not __________. A. secrete cytokines that stimulate clonal selection of B cells B. secrete cytokines that stimulate clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells C. secrete cytokines that stimulate macrophage activity D. secrete inflammatory chemicals E. secrete fever-producing chemicals
E. secrete fever-producing chemicals
Micturition is another term for __________. A. the production of nitrogenous wastes B. glomerular filtration C. the countercurrent multiplier process D. inflammation of the urinary bladder E. the elimination of urine
E. the elimination of urine
Define Right Ventricle
Pumps blood to the lungs
Define Left ventricle
Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
Unilateral contraction of which muscle causes ipsilateral flexion of the lumbar vertebral column?
Quadratus
Define Rouleau
RBCs lined up single file as they pass through small vessels
Hb is more important to O2 transport than to CO2 transport because O2 is more soluble
False -CO2 is more soluble in the blood than in O2
True/False: The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood.
False??
What does the right side of the heart do?
Received deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.
What type of cells can lymphocytes recognize?
Foreign Cells
What is blood composed of?
Formed Elements
What is the function of a platelet and what it it's lifespan?
Forms clots at the site of damaged vessels, 8-10 days.
Assume blood is flowing from the coronary sinus to the lung capillaries. Place the anatomical items in order of flow.
From the coronary sinus, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries.
3. Gary hyperventilates for several minutes before diving into a swimming pool. After he enters and begins swimming underwater he black out and almost drowns. What caused this to happen?
Gary's hyperventilation resulted in abnormally low Pco2. This reduced his urge to breather so he stayed underwater longer unaware that his Po2 was dropping to the pint of loss of consciousness.
What is the order of fluid moving through the nephron?
Glomerular capsule, PCT, nephron loops, DCT
Which of the following pathways is incorrectly matched with a description?
Gluconeogenesis: using glucose to build noncarbohydrate structures -Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of this statement; noncarbohydrate substrates are used to build glucose.
Unlike other joints, a __________ does not join two bones to one another.
Gomphosis
Surface and External features
Great Cardiac Vein: Coronary Sinus:
In the thymus where is it speculated that t cells die?
Hassall's Corpuscle
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nerve fibers influence the pumping action of the heart by affecting _____ and _____.
Heart Rate (HR); Stroke Volume (SV)
Myocardial infarction
Heart attack or sudden and complete occlusion of a coronary artery.
Apex
Identify the highlighted part of the ventricle.
Mitral valve
Identify the highlighted structure.
Right auricle
Identify the highlighted structure.
Right ventricle
Identify the highlighted structure.
Chordae tendineae
Identify the highlighted structures.
Axillary vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Azygos vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
External iliac vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Femoral vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Great cardiac vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Great saphenous vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Internal jugular vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Left coronary artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Left pulmonary artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Left subclavian artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Marginal artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Median cubital vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Pulmonary artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Pulmonary veins
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Pulmonarytrunk
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Right coronary artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Right pulmonary artery
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Small cardiac vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Small saphenous vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Straight sinus
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Subclavian vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Superior mesenteric vein
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Superior sagittal sinus
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Superior vena cava
Identify the highlighted vessel.
Brachiocephalic veins
Identify the highlighted vessels.
Pulmonary arteries
Identify the highlighted vessels.
Pulmonary veins
Identify the highlighted vessels.
Right pulmonary veins
Identify the highlighted vessels.
Ligamentum arteriosum
It allows most of the blood from the right ventricle to bypass the fetus's fluid-filled non-functioning lungs. Upon closure at birth, it becomes the ligamentum arteriosum
What type(s) of regulation does Intrinsic Regulation depend on?
It functions whether the heart is in place in the body or is removed and maintained outside the body under proper conditions
Which of the following statements regarding the thymus is FALSE? -It does not directly fight antigens. -Its stroma consists of epithelial tissue. -It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation. -It has follicles similar to those in the spleen.
It has follicles similar to those in the spleen.
Which of the following best describes the insertion of the extensor digitorum?
It indirectly inserts on al digits of the hand except the thumb
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
What is the primary importance of the ductus venosus in the fetus?
It is a shunt that re-routes blood away from the portal system directly to the inferior vena cava.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? It is antigen-specific. It has memory. It is systemic. It is specific for a given organ.
It is specific for a given organ.
different names for the bicuspid valve
LAMB left artioventricular, mitral, bicuspid
__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are correlated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
LDLs
Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?
Left gastric artery
What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?
Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries
Which brooches is 5cm long, slightly narrower and more horizontal than the other?
Left main bronchus
Where would you find Small/medium sized veins and muscular arteries?
Legs and arms
Starting with the lung capillaries put in order of blood flow of oxygen-rich blood into the heart.
Lung capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral bicuspid valve.
Which statement correctly describes the origin of lymph fluid?
Lymph is excess tissue fluid formed from plasma that has leaked from capillaries
What does the blockage of the lymphatic vessel cause?
Lymphedema
T-Cells secrete this toxin that is used to fragment DNA.
Lymphotoxin
The appendix, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are examples of ________.
MALT
What is the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) equation?
MAP= CO x PR
Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections? Eosinophils B cells Basophils Macrophages
Macrophages
The jaw joint is the articulation of the __________ and the __________.
Mandible; temporal bone
Where is the cardiovascular center located
Medulla Oblongata
Define Neutrophil
Most abundant white blood cell; functions as a bacterial phagocyte
Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?
Muscular arteries
The study of the muscular system is known as __________.
Myology
Name a disease associated with increased blood resistance
Obesity
What is the PQ wave on an ECG?
SA to AV node
What is the Stroke Volume (SV) equation?
SV= EDV - ESV
What is the longest muscle in the human body?
Sartorius
How many times can Cardiac Output (CO) increase during exercise?
Several
Which muscle type depends solely on the sarcoplasmic reticulum as its calcium source?
Skeletal Muscle
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Slightly less than the average of systolic and diastolic pressures in the aorta
Strong forces of muscular contraction via sympathetic stimulation can also increase ____. Can also cause a lower ____ in the heart.
Stroke Volume (SV); End Systolic Volume (ESV)
Name three vessels that empty into the right atrium. Are these vessels arteries or veins?
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus are 3 major veins that empty into right atrium.
Epinephrine takes longer to act on the heart than ____ does, but effects lasts ____.
Sympathetic stimulation; Longer
Which term best describes the relationship of the deltoid and SITS muscles during shoulder abduction?
Synergists
The least movable joints are _____________ joints.
Synostosis
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A. Potassium B. Sodium chloride C. Hydrogen ions D. Urea E. Water
C. Hydrogen ions
One group of proteolytic enzymes secreted by natural killer (NK) cells is __________. A. selectins B. cytokines C. granzymes D. perforins E. interferons
C. granzymes
The majority of T cells of the naive lymphocyte pool wait for the encounter with foreign antigens in the __________. A. plasma B. thymus C. lymphatic tissues D. lymph E. blood plasma
C. lymphatic tissues
When an enemy cell is present, a(n) __________ secretes perforins, which bore a hole in the enemy cell membrane. A. interferon B. interleukin C. natural killer cell D. antibody E. opsonization
C. natural killer cell
Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into _________. A. stem cells B. antigen-presenting cells C. plasma cells D. T cells E. macrophages
C. plasma cells
Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish __________ from foreign ones. A. self-immunoglobulins B. self-antibodies C. self-antigens D. self-interleukins E. self-complement proteins
C. self-antigens
In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as __________. A. plasma B. glomerular filtrate C. tubular fluid D. renal filtrate E. medullary filtrate
C. tubular fluid
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. Interleukin 1 proteins Cytokines Perforins Interleukin 2 proteins
Cytokines
Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells. MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.
Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.
A moving blood clot is called a a. plaque b. thrombus c. procoagulant d. embolus e. platelet plug
D
A sentinel node is ________. A) a lymph node found in the intestinal lamina propria B) the first node at the junction of all the lumbar trunks C) a small node in the spleen D) the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
D
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except a. increased blood volume b. high blood pressure c. high hematocrit d. low blood viscosity
D
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. A) reducing its size B) immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell D) producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
D
Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized B) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations C) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function D) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
D
During contraction of heart muscle cells ____ a. the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions b. the action potential is initiated by voltage gated slow calcium channels c. calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated d. some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
D
Foramen ovale _____ a. is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close b. is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus c. is a shallow depression in the inter ventricular septum d. connects the two atria in the fetal heart
D
Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D) function in the adaptive immune system activation
D
Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following? A) bones and teeth B) bone marrow C) CNS D) digestive organs
D
Megan has an infected puncture wound to her foot. What type of white blood cell would you expect to be elevated in a differential white cell count? a. basophils b. eosinophils c. lymphocytes d. neutrophils e. monocytes
D
Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
D
Platelets ____ a. have a lifespan of about 120 days b. are the precursors of leukocytes c. have multiple nuclei d. stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
D
Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self." A) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only. B) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. C) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues. D) Tolerance is developed during fetal life.
D
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ____ a. sends blood through a smaller valve b. pumps a greater volume of blood c. expands the thoracic cage d. pumps blood against a greater resistance
D
The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
D
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not: A) have lymphocytes B) produce hormones C) have a cortex and medulla D) directly fight antigens
D
The tricuspid valve is closed ____ a. while the atrium is contracting b. while the ventricle is diastole c. by the movement of the blood from atria to ventricle d. when the ventricle is in systole
D
What effect does age have on the size of the thymus? A) The size of the thymus increases continuously from birth to death. B) The size of the thymus decreases continuously from birth to death. C) The thymus is not affected by age. D) The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age.
D
What is a bubo? A) a wall in a lymph node B) a lobe of the spleen C) an infected Peyer's patch D) an infected lymph node
D
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother? a. if the child is Rh positive b. if the child is Type O + c. if the father is Rh+ d. if the father is Rh-
D
Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue? A) house and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes B) house and provide a proliferation site for neutrophils C) furnish an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages D) A and C
D
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells B) some cancer cells C) foreign tissue transplants D) pathogens in the CNS
D
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C) gastric juice D) phagocytes
D
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? A) draining excess interstitial fluid B) carrying out immune responses C) transporting dietary fats D) transporting respiratory gases
D
Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow? A) skeletal muscle contraction B) breathing C) valves in lymph vessel walls D) smooth muscle contraction
D
Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.
D
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart? a. SA node b. bundle of his c. AV node d. AV valve
D
Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit? A) IgD contains 4 binding sites. B) IgA contains 6 binding sites. C) IgG contains 6 binding sites. D) IgM contains 10 binding sites.
D
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities? A) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities. B) They are are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. C) They include allergic contact dermatitis. D) They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
D
Which of the following proteins is or are found in plasma? a. insulin b. LH c. prolactin d. all of the above e. A and C only
D
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? A) immune complex hypersensitivity B) anaphylaxis C) cytotoxic hypersensitivity D) allergic contact dermatitis
D
________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist. A) The type of antigen B) Memory cell production C) Enzymes present at the time of the invasion D) Our genes
D
________ refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in an inactive state and are a major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body.
complement
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
Which type/size of artery has elastic fibers embedded in the tunica media so that it can withstand fluctuations in blood pressure?
conducting (large) artery
autorhythimic cells form the ____
conduction system (the route for propigating action potential through the ♥ muscle)
The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are ___________ joints.
condylar
papillary muscles
cone shaped trabeculae carneae (raised bundles of cardiac muscle)
Precapillary sphincters will ?
control blood flow into true capillaries
Where in the lymph node is a dendritic cell most likely associated with and activating a T lymphocyte?
cortex
Which hormone promotes protein catabolism?
cortisol -As one of the "stress" hormones, cortisol is involved in helping cope with turning to protein and fat breakdown in order to spare limited glucose available if one is injured and unable to eat (postabsorptive state).
what is the purpose of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron
creates a lot o interstitial fluid for urine
The transfer of phosphate from CP to ADP is catalyzed by
creatine kinase
Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched
The citric acid cycle occurs in the __________ of cells and is an __________ process.
cytosol; anaerobic
________ cells are the only T lymphocytes that can directly attack and kill other cells.
cytotoxic T
Bind to MCH-I & kill infected cells that have specific antigens
cytotoxic T cells
Define Hepatic portal vein
Vein that takes blood from the digestive system to the liver for detox
These vessels make up the largest blood reservoir?
Veins and venules
Which of the following statements is true regarding veins versus lymphatic collecting vessels?
Veins have fewer internal valves than lymphatic vessels.
What plays a major effect on preload?
Venous Return
Sympathetic stimulation of the ______ plays a significant role in regulating its contraction force when a person is ____.
Ventricular Myocardium; Resting
If heart rate becomes too fast, what happens?
Ventricular diastole does not last long enough to complete ventricular filling End Diastolic Volume (EDV) decreases Stroke Volume (SV) decreases
What is plasma composed of?
Water, albumins, globulins, fibrinogens, regulatory proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, respiratory gases, waste products
________ are grafts taken from another animal species.
Xenografts
Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere
Z discs
If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be ? a: regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. b: angiogenesis in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. c: regression of blood vessels in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. d: angiogenesis in adipose tissue and regression of blood vessels in skeletal muscle. e: changes in the diameter of blood vessels, but no angiogenesis nor regression.
a
Parasympathetic action on the heart will result in ___.
a decreased heart rate
Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood?
a drop in blood pH
Tendons and ligaments have
a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.
The venous end of a capillary bed has ___ than the arterial end
a lower blood pressure and higher re-absorption rate
Which of these best describes a lacteal?
a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood -Lacteals are lymphatic vessels located in the intestinal villi. Their ability to accept large materials makes them helpful in transporting large fat particles (called chylomicrons) into the lymph for eventual transport to the bloodstream.
stenosis
a narrowing of a heart valve which restricts blood flow
Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane
a, d, f a: Endothelium d: Intercellular clefts f: Basement membrane
Sinusoids are found in a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin
a,b,e
The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the a: Internal jugular veins b: Right sigmoid sinus c: Left sigmoid sinus d: Subclavian veins e: Traight sinus
a,d
Which are found in the capillary wall? a: Endothelium b: Subendothelial layer c: Internal elastic lamina d: Intercellular clefts e: External elastic lamina f: Basement membrane
a,d,f
Renin converts
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
Renin converts ______________ to _______________.
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
what binds to "specific" foreign antigens, neutralize them and mark them for destruction
antibodies
Arrhythmia:
any deviation from regular SA node driven rhythm of the heartbeat
water channels in cell membranes formed by _____ are a result of adh signaling in the kidneys
aquaporins
when sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone postassium ions do what
are secreted
Atherosclerosis involves a sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in _______ _________ to maintain adequate ________ ________.
arterial pressure, blood flow
Which of the following anchor(s) the vocal folds?
arytenoid cartilages
What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?
as a bicarbonate ion in plasma -About 70% CO2 is transported as bicarbonate. When dissolved CO2 diffuses into RBCs, it combines with water, forming carbonic acid (H2CO3). H2CO3 is unstable and dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate (HCO3-) ions. Once generated, bicarbonate moves quickly from the RBCs into the plasma, where it is carried to the lungs.
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.
as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
Semilunar valves closed
as ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, blood flows back from arteries, filling the cusps of semilunar valves and forcing them to close.
Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae?
assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called __________.
atrophy
Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
the act of listing to sounds within the body
auscultation (done with a stethascope)
Other signals from the _____ modify heartbeat, but do NOT establish the fundamental rhythm
autonomic nervous system and hormones
Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption? a: Filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure. b: Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood. c: Filtration happens at the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in feeder arterioles. d: The direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood.
b
when atria contract
blood fills ventricles through AV valves
What is the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period
blood flow
when ventricles contract
blood is pumped into aorta and pulmonary trunk through SL valves
the cardiovascular system consists of
blood, heart, and blood vessels
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. spleen bone marrow lymph nodes thymus
bone marrow
Lymphatic capillaries are NOT found in __________.
bone marrow
The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form ________ veins; all of these veins are _______ veins.
brachial, superficial
The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the _______ veins.
brachiocephalic
Concious control of micturition involves inhibiting the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the
brainstem and cerebral cortex
Define Left pulmonary veins
bring oxygen-rich blood from the left lung to the left atrium
the first sound (lubb) is created
by the closing of the atrioventricular valves soon after ventricular systole begins
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax? A) lumbar trunk B) thoracic duct C) right lymphatic duct D) cisterna chyli
c
Total blood flow equals ________ _________ and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.
cardiac output
The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the _______________ ________, from which __________ pathways extend.
cardioacceleratory center, sympathetic
The point where the trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi is a ridge called
carina
Define Pulmonary trunk
carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary circuit:
carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange & back to the heart (right side)
Arteries ____
carry blood away from the heart
Veins ____
carry blood to heart
In general metabolic terms, digestion of protein molecules by the GI tract is a form of ___ whereas building new protein molecules in the liver is a form of ___.
catabolism; anabolism
congestive heart failure
chronic or acute state that develops when the heart is not capable of supplying the body with the O2 it needs
Liquefied fat, called ------, is carried by lacteals from the small intestine to the blood stream.
chyle
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
With the elbow and wrist extended, painting a circle on a canvas requires __________ of the shoulder
circumduction
What is the name of the enlarged sac to which the lumbar trunks and the intestinal trunk return lymph?
cisterna chyli
a renal corpuscle is ______ whereas a renal tubule is ______
cluster of blood capillaries and glomerular capsule: coiled tubule exiting glomerular capsule
Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.
cm/sec, inversely
Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.
cm/second; inversely
The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the ?
common iliac arteries
The rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except _______________, which partly explains the nature of most shoulder dislocations.
inferiorly
when abnormal pace of the ♥ develops it can be fixed by
inserting an artificial pacemaker
proteins released by infected leukocytes to alert other cells are ____
interferons
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
Starling Law of the Heart
describes the relationship between the changes in the pumping effectiveness of the heart and changes in preload.
Distributing (medium arteries: three sizes of arteries
distribute blood to organs
an increase in urine volume is termed
diuresis
The function of the postcapillary venule is to ?
drain the capillary bed
What are the function of the valves?
enforce one-way flow of blood through the heart, from the atria to the ventricles and into the great arteries that leave the superior part of the heart.
The largest arteries of the body are classified as ?
elastic arteries
In humans, normal chewing involves ___________ and __________ of the mandible.
elevation; depression
Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation?
emphysema
Crude sounds are formed into intelligible speech by all except __________.
epiglotis
What structure prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea?
epiglottis
Gastric juice secretion is stimulated in the stomach by all of the following except:
falling pH
All lymphatic organs are composed of epithelial tissue.
false
All the lymphoid organs are well developed before birth.
false
As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ions to be generated (the Bohr effect).
false
Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.
false
Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen in order to prevent acid erosion inside of the chief cells.
false
Distension of the duodenum triggers the release of enterogastrones, a group of hormones secreted from the duodenal mucosa that inhibit gastric emptying and secretion.
false
During normal quiet breathing, males breathe 25% more than females.
false
Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.
false
In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree.
false
Lymph always flows away from the heart.
false
Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.
false
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic.
false
The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs.
false
The inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
false
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.
false
The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
false
The paired lungs occupy the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
false
The simplest lymphoid organs are the lymph nodes.
false
the first capillary bed associated with the nephron functions to
filter
A butcher who cuts the distal portion of his fingers may cut the __________ tendon.
flexor digitorum profundus
coronary circulation
flow of blood through the many vessels that flow through the myocardium of the heart
Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries, more ________ is filtered than reabsorbed.
fluid
Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close, causes closure of the _________ _______ at birth.
foramen ovale
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.
force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
right ventricle
forms the most anterior portion of the ♥
What heart chamber contains the fossa ovalis?
fossa ovalis in right atrium
Where does blood travel after passing through the aortic semilunar valve? Is this blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?
from aortic semilunar valve, blood enters aorta (the great artery that carries oxygenated blood to systemic circuit.)
All of the following are components of the alimentary canal (GI tract) except:
gall bladder
What is the significance of gap junctions in the intercalated discs?
gap junctions allow stimulus to contract to be passed from one muscle cell to an adjacent cell. This linkage allows all muscle cells in a heart chamber to contract at the same time.
The hepatic portal system allows for the processing of nutrients and toxins absorbed from the _____________ system into the blood.
gastrointestinal
As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries ?
get smaller
a renal corpuscle includes
glomerulus and bowmans capsule
whenever the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold
glucose appears in the urine
________ is an autoimmune disease that severely impairs renal function.
glumerulonephritis
Which of these processes is associated with the postabsorptive state?
glycogenesis in the liver
Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus?
goblet cells -Goblet cells, which secrete mucus and are found in several areas of the digestive tract, are located on the villi of the small intestine.
If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would be ________ than normal
higher
As the tension of vocal folds in the larynx increase, the voice becomes ________.
higher in pitch
A(n) ________ is a cell hybrid formed from the fusion of tumor cells and B lymphocytes.
hybridoma
the movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by what
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?
hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body
Insulin is considered a ____ hormone because it promotes storage of glucose during the ___ state of metabolism.
hypoglycemic; absorptive
the thirst center is located
hypothalamus
The thermoregulatory center is located in the __________.
hypothalamus -The body's "thermostat" is the hypothalamus.
In what form do fats first enter the bloodstream?
in the form of chylomicrons -Within enterocytes, fats are combined with phospholipids and cholesterol, and coated with proteins to form water-soluble lipoprotein droplets called chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are secreted first into lymphatic vessels where they are eventually emptied into the bloodstream.
sympathetic impulses
increase heart rate
the thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____ of the extracellular fluid and is inhibited by _____
increase in osmotic pressure: distention of stomach by water
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________.
increase of carbon dioxide
If blood pressure drops, what will the reticular formation of the brainstem stimulate?
increased heart rate
Excitation of the vasomotor center results in
increased sympathetic activity and predominantly more vasoconstriction than vasodilation.
Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure.
increases
During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases, blood flow to coronary vessels ___________ and flow to abdominal organs ____________.
increases, decreases
The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires, the intra-abdominal pressure__________ and intrathoracic pressure __________
increases, decreases
Which of the following promotes closure of the minivalves associated with lymph capillaries?
increasing pressure inside the lymph capillary
the sound of a heartbeat comes from
the turbulence in blood flow caused by the closure by the closure of the valves- not the contraction of heart muscle
Stroke Volume is
the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles
cardiac output (CO) is what
the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or right) into the aorta (or pulm. trunk) each minute
why are the atrial walls thinner than the walls of the ventricles?
they deliver blood just to the ventricles ventricle wall are thicker because they deliver blood greater distances
treatment of heart attack may include
thrombocytic agents, coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery byass grafts
To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as
thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.
To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as _____________ are released to trigger ___________________.
thromboxanes, vasoconstriction
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline?
thymus
Which of the following lymphoid tissues/organs do(es) NOT contain reticular connective tissue?
thymus
Which of these lymphatic organs contains reticular cells that test or train T-cells, ensuring that they will function properly in the immune system?
thymus
Which of the following would raise body temperature?
thyroxine
What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath?
tidal volume -A tidal volume is the amount of air in a normal breath under resting conditions. One way to remember this is to compare tidal breathing to ocean tides that go in and out, day and night, without ceasing.
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
What is the function of a carotid body?
to monitor blood pH, oxygen & carbon dioxide levels
What is the function of the left ventricle of the heart?
to pump blood to systemic circulation
Which of these is a function of the lymphatic system?
to recover fluid from tissues, remove any pathogens and return fluid to the blood
Define Hemostasis
to stop or control bleeding
The ________ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx.
tonsils
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
too little oxygen in the atmosphere
what are the effects of excessive secretion of pth
too much calcium into bloodstream
__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
transpulmonary
Which pressure actually keeps the lungs from collapsing?
transpulmonary pressure
The deepest muscle of the abdominal wall is the __________.
transverse abdominal
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is __________.
troponin
A transfusion reaction is a subacute hypersensitivity to foreign red blood cells.
true
About 3 liters of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph
true
Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.
true
Antigens can be complete or incomplete.
true
Atelectasis (lung collapse) renders the lung useless for ventilation.
true
Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics.
true
Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis.
true
Chyle is delivered to the blood via the lymphatic system.
true
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
true
If your core temperature becomes colder, it is more difficult for oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin at any PO2.
true
Lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins.
true
Lymphoid tissue is mainly reticular connective tissue.
true
The lymphatic capillaries function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream.
true
The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin.
true
Tracheal obstruction is life threatening.
true
Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli.
true
When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
true
intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli.
true
it is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
true
Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels.
trunks
The ________ is composed of an endothelium and a subendothelial layer made up of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.
tunica intima
In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the ?
tunica media
The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.
tunica media
murmurs are caused by
turbelent blood flow around valves due to abnormal anatomy or increased volume of flow
Which of the following is not an essential role of the liver?
urea disposal -Though the liver is involved in creating urea from ammonia released during amino acid deamination, it is up to the kidney to eliminate the urea thus formed.
Angiotensin II causes ___________ decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.
vasoconstriction
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. vasoconstriction complement production phagocyte mobilization vasodilation
vasodilation
When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate _________ so that they function as _______ __________.
vasodilation, blood reservoirs
Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates ____________increased urine output, and therefore _________ decreased blood pressure.
vasodilation, decreased
Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates
vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure.
Blood pressure is lowest in _______.
veins
Which type of blood vessel returns blood into the heart?
veins
Valves in veins cause ______ ________ ______ to go in only one direction.
venous blood flow
T wave
ventricular repolarization
What is the T wave on an ECG?
ventricular repolarization
Depolarization of the heart ventricles causes ___
ventricular systole
What is the ST wave on an ECG?
ventricular systole
The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the ?
vertebral arteries??
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
vital capacity
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
vitamin B
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
voluntary cortical control
Peyer's patches are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue located in the __________.
wall of the small intestine
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Semilunar valves
prevent backflow from the great arteries into the ventricles
The two atrioventricular (AV) valves
prevent backflow of blood into atria during contraction of ventricles.
Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? insertion of MAC and cell lysis prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions opsonization enhancement of inflammation
prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions
Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen? -remove and recycle old erythrocytes and platelets -store iron from hemoglobin -house B and T lymphocytes -produce new erythrocytes in adults
produce new erythrocytes in adults
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells reducing its size
producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
Which of the following functions is NOT correctly matched with its description?
propulsion: physical breakdown of ingested food in the GI tract
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses activates the complement mechanism protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria activates the inflammatory process
protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to __________ in the blood that promote readsorption
proteins
The stomach plays a role in the chemical digestion of
proteins
the reabsorbtion of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of what part of the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
list the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end
proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of henly, ascending limb of henly, distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
Name two pulse points
radial artery and common carotid artery
Define Opening for the coronary sinus
receives blood from the coronary veins and empties into the right atrium of the heart.
As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must __________.
recruit more muscle fibers
Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest?
restrictive disease
Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)
simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.
Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?
single layer of smooth muscle cells
when are AV valves closed?
when ventricles contract pushing valve cusps closed chordea tendoneae are taut and papillary muscles contract to pull cords and prevent cusps from everting
when do the atrioventricular valves open
when ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure, chordea tendoneae are slack, and papillary muscles are relaxed
Splenic ________ pulp is primarily concerned with immune functions of the spleen.
white
The ________ pulp of the spleen forms cuffs around the central arteries.
white
Which part of the spleen is its primary site of immune function?
white pulp
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes?
white pulp of the spleen
Intercalated disk
specialized connection between myocardium containing gap junctions and desomis
At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor
stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow.
Which other organ can affect small-intestine motility?
stomach -As the stomach releases its contents into the small intestines, enterogastric reflexes and gastrin released by the stomach affect the motility of the small intestine.
Hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
clot dissolving drungs
streptokinase or t-PA or heparin
Myocardial Infarction:
sudden necrosis of a patch of myocardium
The internal thoracic artery will become the _________, which carries blood to the superior abdominal wall.
superior epigastric artery
The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the _____ artery.
superior mesenteric
Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?
temporal
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?
terminal bronchiole
Which of the following is a way that the skin provides a barrier against bacterial growth?
the acid mantle
Cardiac Output is:
the amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute. (Bodys total volume is 4-6 L)
Cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in 1 minute
coronary arteries branch off the aorta above
the aortic semilunar valve
What part of the body receives information from proprioceptors and may respond by stimulating an increased cardiac output?
the brainstem
During inhalation,
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
Which of the following does NOT correctly describe basic regulation of digestive activity?
the enteric nervous system is under conscious control.
if the arteriole that supplies blood to the glomerulus becomes constricted what happens
the glomerular filtration rate decreases (filter pressure decreases)
During ketosis caused by inadequate ingestion of carbohydrates, ______.
the glycogen content of the liver is reduced -When blood glucose levels fall below normal, the liver breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose into the blood.
Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires,
intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.
Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.
intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
Which of the following is produced in the stomach and contributes directly to the absorption of vitamin B12?
intrinsic factor -Without the production of intrinsic factor by gastric parietal cells, the body would not be able to absorb vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
An __________ muscle is contained within a region whereas an __________ muscle acts upon one region but has an origin elsewhere.
intrinsic; extrinsic
Boyle's law states that gas volume is ____________.
inversely proportional to pressure
Sometimes a medical condition is visible to the naked eye even if it does not involve the skin. A lack of the mineral ______ can cause ______, which is such a disorder.
iodine; a goiter
what else affects heart rate
ions (NA+, K+, Ca+) age, gender, physical fitness, and temp
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
The event of external respiration (gas exchange in the lungs) depends on several attributes of the of the gas in question, EXCEPT
its molecular mass
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? a. kidney b. brain c. pancreas d. liver
kidney
In lifting a heavy weight from the floor, one should use the power of the __________ in order to avoid straining the lower back.
knee and hip extensors
Highly specialized lymph capillaries called ________ are present in the villi of the intestinal mucosa.
lacteals
Inferior vena cava
large vein that brings oxygen poor blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium
which chamber forms most of the base of the heart
left atrium
Where is the apex of the heart located in reference to the anterior thoracic wall?
left midclavicular line at intercostal 5 (ICS 5)
Where does the *left coronary artery* supply blood to the heart?
left side of the heart
what forms apex of heart
left ventricle
Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have ______ viscosity and ______ resistance
low, low
Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is ______ and blood flows very _______ through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.
low, slowly
Which of the following organs or locations do(es) not contain MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)? lymph nodes large intestines pharynx small intestines
lymph nodes
The prefix ---- means lymph, lymphatic tissue, or lymphocytes.
lymph-
What is the correct pathway of lymph?
lymphatic capillaries to lymphatic vessels to lymphatic trunks to lymphatic ducts
Vessels that collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the blood stream are called --------.
lymphatics
Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas monocytes as the most active phagocyte margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues
mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas
anterior interventricular sulcus
marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly
posterior interventricular sulcus
marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly
The ________ originates on the zygomatic arch and inserts on the angle of the mandible.
masseter
The branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _____ artery.
maxillary
Which of the following is the major process or function that occurs in the stomach?
mechanical breakdown -Mechanical breakdown occurs in the stomach by churning.
The fibrocartilage pad between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia is called the __________.
medial meniscus
At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the _______ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx.
median sacral
Hassall's corpuscles are always found in the lighter-colored ________ regions of the thymus.
medullary
Thymic corpuscles are always found in the lighter-colored ________ regions of the thymus.
medullary
Both types of lymphocytes are found in the -------- which are inward extensions of cortical lymphoid tissue in lymph nodes.
medullary cords,
diabetes milletus in which fatty acids are converted to ketone bodies what can this lead to
metabolic acidosis
ingestin of excessive amounts of sodium bicarbonate to relieve symptoms of ingestion may lead to
metabolic alkalosis
Whats "articulation" during sound emssion?
modification of sound by other structures
Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries,
more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.
The lymphatic capillaries are ________.
more permeable than blood capillaries
Which layer of the digestive tract contains the effectors for digestive propulsion?
muscularis externa -The smooth muscles in the muscularis work to make the propulsive movements called peristalsis.
a complete obstruction of flow in a coronaryartery may cause
myocardial infarction ( ♥ attack ) scar tissue is formed on distal end of heart attack
atherosclerosis
narrowing of vessels: cholesterol and triglycerides form plaque and accumulate in walls of arteries
Define Valvular stenosis
narrowing or stiffening of the heart valves
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. diapedesis chemotaxis opsonization agglutination
opsonization
if glucose is not reabsorbed in the tubular fluid what happens
osmotic concentration increases
if excessive amounts of water are taken into the body what is the term and what can happen
osmotic receptors in the brain swell
Which of the following is NOT correctly matched?
oxidative phosphorylation: net loss of ATP
The Bohr effect refers to the unloading of ________ in a RBC due to declining blood pH.
oxygen
Define Pectinate Muscle
parallel ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart
Which of these structures is/are NOT properly matched with one of its/their functions?
paranasal sinuses: house olfactory receptors
The __________ is the serous membrane that covers most digestive organs.
parietal peritoneum
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
partial pressure gradient
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?
partial pressure of oxygen
Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?
partial pressure of oxygen -Partial pressure of oxygen is the primary factor affecting the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin.
Which of the following is not a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?
partial pressure of oxygen in the air -Pulmonary ventilation is affected by pressure of air in various respiratory structures. Partial pressures of individual gases in the air affect the diffusion and dissolving of these gasses into and out of the blood.
The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it
passes above the inguinal ligament.
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms are called ________.
pathogens
Hematocrit
percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to
the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
cardiac reserve
the ratio between the maximum cardiac output a person can achieve and the cardiac output at rest
fossa ovalis
the remnants of fetal foramen ovale
Which body regions are supplied by the brachiocephalic artery?
the right side of the head and thorax and the right upper limb
Which side of the heart receives and pumps deoxygenated blood?
the right side of the heart receives and pumps deoxygenated blood
Lymph from what regions of the body is drained into the right lymphatic duct?
the right upper limb, the right side of the head, and the right thorax
Which of these structures causes an autorhythmic heart beat?
the sinoatrial node
cardiac output equals what?
the stroke volume (volume of blood ejected by the ventricle with each contraction, multiplied by the heart rate, number of beats per minute) CO=SV x HR
Inspiratory capacity is ________.
the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
Aerobic respiration produces approximately _________ more ATPs per glucose molecule than glycolysis does.
36
The union of the proximal and middle phalanges form __________ joints.
Hinge
What type of tissue maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system?
Hyaline cartilage
glomerular filtration produces ____ the total body water every 24 hrs.
4 times
Approximately, what is the total blood volume that passes through the heart per minute?
4 to 6 liters of blood
According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male?
4800 milliliters
Which nutrient molecule cannot be used in the oxidative pathways of cellular respiration?
cholesterol -Cholesterol is a stabilizing component of plasma membranes and is the precursor from which bile salts, steroid hormones, and other important molecules are formed. Unlike triglycerides, cholesterol is not used for energy.
Ischemia:
deficiency in blood flow
Define PR interval
delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles
Which of the following is not a post-absorptive function of the liver?
deliver bile into hepatic ducts
The prefix dendr- means resembling a tree.
dendr-
Which of the following lymphoid cells trap antigens and transport them to lymph nodes?
dendritic cells
fibrous skeleton of heart
dense CT around heart valves fuse and merge with in the interventricular septum
bind to MHC-II and release interleukins when activated
helper t-cells
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________.
helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
The serratus anterior is innervated by which nerve?
Long thoracic
The _________ deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint.
acetabular labrum
the largest quantity of hydrogen ions is secreted
actively into the entire renal tubule (proximal convoluted tubule)
Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands, this action would most likely require __________.
adduction of the fingers
what is hypocalcimia
administering high doses of vit. d and calcium salts
which of the following is a abnormal constituent of urine
all of these arenot: urea uric acid, creatine water
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction? immune complex hypersensitivity anaphylaxis cytotoxic hypersensitivity allergic contact dermatitis
allergic contact dermatitis
Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation?
alveolar fluid surface tension
Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
alveoli
Which of the following is/are part(s) of the respiratory zone structures?
alveoli -Alveoli are thin-walled air sacs that are the sites of gas exchange. Along with the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts, the alveoli make up the respiratory zone.
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?
alveolus
Which enzyme(s) is/are responsible for the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?
amylase -Amylases hydrolyze carbohydrate chains.
Define Heart murmur
an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.
an active process; a passive process
In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show
an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.
What is a bubo?
an infected lymph node
Lymphangitis is caused by ______.
an infection
Which of the following is not a secretion of the pancreas?
bile -Bile is secreted by the liver.
what are the three cusps of the tricuspid valves composed of?
dense irregular CT covered by endocardium
Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood.
deoxygenated
The pulmonary trunk carries ______________ blood from the right ventricle to the ________.
deoxygenated, lungs
Define P wave
depolarization of atria
What event results in the P wave on an ECG?
depolarization of the SA node
__________ are antimicrobial proteins. A. Bradykinins B. Interferons C. Cytokines D. Kinins E. Prostaglandins
B. Interferons
Increased preload causes the ______ to contract with a greater force, producing a greater _______.
Cardiac muscle cells; Stroke Volume (SV)
What factors can alter Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
Cardiac output and peripheral resistance
Ventricle
Chamber for pumping blood away from the heart
A physician orders Tylenol for a temperature greater than 101 degrees F. The patient's temperature is 100.4 F. Explain the rationale for not medicating a fever of 100.4 F.
- (A mild or moderate fever is an adaptive response that seems to benefit the body. Bacteria need large amounts of zinc and iron to multiply. During fever, the liver and spleen sequester these nutrients, making them less available, which helps to reduce the bacterial population.)
How does the structure of a lymph node allow lymphocytes and macrophages to perform their protective function?
- (Macrophages and lymphocytes are located in lymph nodes. Macrophages ingest microorganisms and cellular debris. Lymphocytes monitor the lymphatic stream for the presence of antigens and mount an immune response. Because there are fewer efferent vessels draining the node than afferent vessels that feed it, the flow of lymph through the node stagnates somewhat, allowing time for the lymphocytes and macrophages to work.)
How is the skeletal system tied to the lymphatic system?
- (1. The lymphatic system removes excess fluids in the periostea. 2. The lymphocytes protect the bones from pathogens. 3. Parts of the skeletal system produce the lymphocytes found in the lymphatic system.)
3 vessels that open into the right atrium
1) coronary sinus 2) superior vena cava 3) inferior vena cava
End Systolic Volume (ESV) is dependent upon...?
1- Arterial blood pressure 2- Force of ventricular contraction
Extrinsic Regulation has an effect on what two aspects?
1- Heart Rate (HR) 2- Contractility/Stroke Volume (SV)
What two ways can Stroke Volume (SV) be increased?
1- Increasing End Diastolic Volume (EDV) 2- Decreasing End Systolic Volume (ESV)
What two regulatory mechanisms control Cardiac Output (CO)?
1- Intrinsic Regulation 2- Extrinsic Regulation
End Diastolic Volume (EDV) is dependent upon...?
1- Length of ventricular diastole 2- Venous return due to increased venous pressure
What type(s) of regulation does Extrinsic Regulation depend on?
1- Neural Regulation 2- Hormonal Regulation
Postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers from the vagus nerve extend from the ganglia to the....
1- SA Node 2- AV Node 3- Coronary Blood Vessels 4- Atrial Myocardium
The postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers innervate the....?
1- SA Node 2- AV Node 3- Coronary blood vessels 4- Atrial & Ventricular Myocardia
Four corners of the heart
1. superior right - costal cartilage of 3rd rib joins sternum 2. superior left - costal cartilage of 2nd rib 3. inferior right 4. inferior left
Name the order of pulmonary circulation
1.) Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the venea cavea 2.) Right AV valve 3.) Right ventricle 4.) Pulmonary semilunar valve 5.) Pulmonary trunk 6.) right and left pulmonary arteries 7.) Pulmonary capillaries 8.) The blood which is now oxygenated enters the right and left pulmonary veins 9.) Left atrium of the heart
Name the order in which blood flows through systemic circulation
1.) Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium 2.) Left AV valve 3.) Left ventricle 4.) Passes through aortic semilunar valve 5.) Enters aorta 6.) systemic arteries 7.) systemic capillaries 8.) drains into the Inferior SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus 9.) Right atrium of heart
How does erythropoietin (EPO) regulate erythrocyte production. Name the cycle.
1.) Stimulus is received that there is decreased blood oxygen levels 2.) The kidney detects detects decreased blood oxygen 3.) The kidney then releases EPO into the blood 4.) EPO stimulates red bone marrow to increase production of eryhtrocytes 5.) Increased number of erythrocytes enter circulation and blood o2 levels increase, 6.) the increased blood oxygen levels are detected by the kidneys which inhibit EPO release by negative feedback.
Parasympathetic stimulation can cause a ____% decrease in Cardiac Output (CO).
10-20%
A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ____ micrometers.
100
In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A) antigen B) complement C) interferon D) antibody
A (antigen)
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A) chemotaxis B) margination C) diapedesis D) phagocytosis
A (chemotaxis)
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway? A) lactate pathway B) classical pathway C) lectin pathway D) alternative pathway
A (lactate pathway)
Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) results in the formation of plasma cells B) cannot occur in the presence of antigens C) only occurs in the secondary immune response D) occurs during fetal development
A (results in the formation of plasma cells)
Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. a) During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently. b) During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin returning to the lungs carries one molecule of O2. c) A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal. d) Increased BPG levels in the red blood cells enhance oxygen-carrying capacity.
A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood returning to the lungs might indicate an activity level higher than normal.
Define Interventricular sulcus
A groove between the ventricles that extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus toward the heart apex
Which of the following findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation?
A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder.
Foramen Ovale
A shunt that connects the right atrium to the left atrium in order to bypass the fetal lung.
Which of the following is common in the distal small intestine? A. Aggregated lymphoid nodule B. MALT C. Lymphatic nodules D. Macrophages E. Diffuse lymphatic tissue
A. Aggregated lymphoid nodule
Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air? A. An increase in membrane thickness B. An increase in alveolar surface area C. An increase in respiratory rate D. A decrease in membrane thickness E. A decrease in nitrogen solubility
A. An increase in membrane thickness
Which of these cellular agents does not participate in inflammation? A. Cytotoxic T cells B. Macrophage C. Eosinophils D. Neutrophils E. Endothelial cells
A. Cytotoxic T cells
Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium? A. The thin segment of the nephron loop B. The thick segment of the nephron loop C. The collecting duct D. The proximal convoluted tubule E. The distal convoluted tubule
A. The thin segment of the nephron loop
The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates __________ immunity. A. artificial passive B. artificial active C. natural passive D. natural active
A. artificial passive
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the __________. A. glomerulus B. medulla C. cortical radiate veins D. peritubular capillaries E. vasa recta
A. glomerulus
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly __________. A. helper T cells B. B cells C. plasma cells D. cytotoxic T cells E. natural killer cells
A. helper T cells
Lymph is similar to blood plasma, but very low in __________. A. protein B. carbon dioxide C. metabolic waste D. electrolytes E. sodium and potassium
A. protein
A byproduct of protein catabolism, __________ constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste. A. urea B. creatinine C. uric acid D. azotemia E. ammonia
A. urea
Site of primary gas exchange
Alveolus
Define Right AV valve
Also called the Tricupsid valve. Prevents back flow of deoxygenated blood
Define Left AV valve
Also called the bicuspid valve or mitral valve. Located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
Alveoli
Based on what you know about muscle attachments, which of the following is true?
An origin generally moves towards another origin in contraction.
Name a disease associated with increased viscosity
Anemia
What induces production of a specific antibody?
Antigen
What is TYPE A surface antigen, and antibodies?
Antigen A and B antibodies
What is TYPE AB surface antigen and antibodies?
Antigen AB and NO antobodies
What is TYPE B surface antigen and antibodies?
Antigen B and a antibodies
Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? A) IgA B) IgD C) IgE D) IgG E) IgM
B (IgD)
Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla? A. Cortical nephrons B. Juxtamedullary nephrons C. Collecting ducts D. Proximal convoluted tubules E. Distal convoluted tubules
B. Juxtamedullary nephrons
Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response? A. Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → differentiation → clonal selection → attack B. Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack C. Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → differentiation → attack D. Antigen presentation → antigen recognition → clonal selection → attack differentiation E. Antigen recognition → differentiation → antigen presentation → clonal selection → attack
B. Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack
Which of the following is the term for a deficiency of oxygen or the inability to utilize oxygen in a tissue? A. Apoxia B. Hypoxia C. Anoxia D. Cyanosis E. Eupnea
B. Hypoxia
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________. A. renal corpuscle B. proximal convoluted tubule C. distal convoluted tubule D. glomerular capillaries E. collecting duct
B. proximal convoluted tubule
The pigment responsible for the color of urine is called __________. A. monochrome B. urochrome C. cyanochrome D. multichrome E. pyuria
B. urochrome
An Olympic sprinter readies for a race. After the sound of the starting gun, he propels himself forward from the starting block and immediately grimaces in pain, grabbing for the back of his thigh. Within 48 hours he begins noticing extensive bruising on the back of his thigh extending into the back of the knee. He now has difficulty rising from a seated position and flexing his knee. Bending at the waist generates more pain. Which muscle is likely injured?
Biceps Femoris
Explain how epinephrine and norepinephrine travel to the heart.
Both travel through in the blood through the vessels of the heart to the cardiac muscle cells, where they bind to B(beta)-adrenergic receptors and stimulate cAMP synthesis.
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.
Boyle's law
Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?
Boyle's law
Pitch is controlled by what?
By the tension of the vocal cord
Which statement is true about T cells? A) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. B) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins. C) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. D) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells.
C (Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.)
The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. A) hydrogen B) sodium C) disulfide D) amino acid
C (disulfide)
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells B) some cancer cells C) pathogens in the lumen of the stomach D) foreign tissue transplants
C (pathogens in the lumen of the stomach)
Which of the following enzymes in an RBC breaks H2CO3 down to water and carbon dioxide? A. Hemoglobinase B. Carboxyhemoglobinase C. Carbonic anhydrase D. Bisphosphoglycerase E. Carbaminoreductase
C. Carbonic anhydrase
Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli? A. Cor pulmonale B. Pulmonary hemosiderosis C. Emphysema D. Atelectasis E. Collapsed lung
C. Emphysema
Which of the following cartilages is largest? A. Corniculate cartilage B. Epiglottic cartilage C. Thyroid cartilage D. Cricoid cartilage E. Arytenoid cartilage
C. Thyroid cartilage
The blood transports more CO2 in the form of ___________ than in any other form. A. carbaminohemoglobin B. carboxyhemoglobin C. bicarbonate ions D. dissolved CO2 gas E. bisphosphocarbonate
C. bicarbonate ions
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against __________. A. allergens B. venoms C. cancer cells D. extracellular viruses E. toxins
C. cancer cells
Memory T cells can be up to __________ old. A. weeks B. days C. decades D. years E. months
C. decades
What is the Cardiac Output (CO) equation?
CO= HR x SV
During exercise, say the Heart Rate (HR) is 190 and the Stroke Volume (SV) is 115. What is the Cardiac Output (CO)?
CO= HR x SV CO= 190 x 115 CO= 21850 mL/min (or 22 L/min)
If Heart Rate (HR) is 72 and Stroke Volume (SV) is 70, what is the Cardiac Output (CO)? *this is also the average cardiac output in individuals
CO= HR x SV CO= 70 x 72 CO= 5040 mL/min (or 5L/min)
Tunica Externa: three layers of tissue
CT that anchors vessel to other tissues
A heavyset middle-aged insurance salesman, who doesn't exercise often, accepts his friend's invitation to a pickup basketball game. When attempting a jump shot, he falls to the ground in pain, grasping at the calf of his leg. There is an enormous bulge in his leg immediately below the popliteal fossa, and he is unable to plantar flex that foot. Most likely he has injured his __________ and the bulge is __________.
Calcaneal tendon; his rectus femoris
Cyclic-AMP increases the permeability of the plasma membrane to Ca+2, primarily by opening ____ in the plasma membrane.
Calcium channels
Through which blood vessels do the red blood cells have to pass one at a time?
Capillaries
Sympathetic nerve fibers project into the heart as ____.
Cardiac Nerves
A decreased preload decreases _____.
Cardiac Output (CO)
An increased preload increases _____.
Cardiac Output (CO)
Define Superior Vena Cava
Carries blood from upper regions of the body to right atrium
What are two anion electrolytes?
Chloride (CI-) and Bicarbonate (HCO,3-)
Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure?
Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate.
The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called
Collateral Circulation
Define Pericardium
Collectively, the three layers the heart is enclosed in.
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies. Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause invading cells to clump together. Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders." The most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
Increased sympathetic stimulation causes coronary arteries to ____ to some degree.
Constrict
Define plasma
Contains plasma proteins and and dissolved solutes.
Which is the most common type of capillary?
Continuous
Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. B) Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. C) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease. D) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.
D (The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.)
Delayed hypersensitivities ________. A) include anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate blood delivery to all tissues B) do not involve T cells C) are mediated by B cells D) include allergic contact dermatitis
D (include allergic contact dermatitis)
Each hemoglobin molecule can transport up to __________ oxygen molecules. A. 6 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5
D. 4
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? A. Control of pH B. Promotes the flow of lymph and venous blood C. Helps regulate blood pressure D. Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators E. Aids in defecation
D. Assists in the synthesis of vasodilators
Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through? A. Glomerulus B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Distal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct E. Nephron loop
D. Collecting duct
__________ are the largest of the lymphatic vessels, and they empty into the __________. A. Lymphatic trunks; collecting ducts B. Lymphatic trunks; subclavian arteries C. Lymphatic trunks; subclavian veins D. Collecting ducts; subclavian veins E. Collecting ducts; subclavian arteries
D. Collecting ducts; subclavian veins
Which class of immunoglobulin provides passive immunity to the newborn? A. IgD B. IgE C. IgM D. IgA E. IgG
D. IgA
What day does the heart start to beat in fetal development?
Day 19
__________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas __________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future. A. Innate immunity; cytotoxicity B. Adaptive immunity; innate immunity C. A natural killer cell; a macrophage D. Innate immunity; adaptive immunity
D. Innate immunity; adaptive immunity
Which bronchus is about 5cm long and slightly narrower and more horizontal than the one on the opposite side? A. Left segmental bronchus B. Right segmental bronchus C. Right lobar bronchus D. Left main bronchus E. Right main bronchus
D. Left main bronchus
Which of the following is not an example of lymphatic tissue? A. Aggregated lymphoid nodule B. MALT C. Lymphatic nodules D. Macrophages E. Diffuse lymphatic tissue
D. Macrophages
Which of the following is caused by the chemical reactions of gases of the respiratory system? A. Regulation of blood pressure B. The synthesis of vasodilators C. Aids in defecation D. Regulation of pH
D. Regulation of pH
Which of the following does(do) not belong to the second line of defense? A. The macrophage system B. Natural killer cells C. Inflammation D. The gastric juices E. Interferon and the complement system
D. The gastric juices
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? A. They regulate osmolarity of the body fluids. B. They fight osteoporosis by synthesizing vitamin D. C. They help control blood pressure. D. They release waste into the bloodstream. E. They indirectly increase oxyhemoglobin.
D. They release waste into the bloodstream.
Total saturation of protein transporters for a given solute in the renal tubules would result in __________. A. reabsorption of all the solute B. a renal clearance of zero C. a net filtration pressure of 1.0 D. appearance of that solute in the urine E. absence of that solute from the urine
D. appearance of that solute in the urine
The innermost connective tissue layer protecting the kidney and assisting in staving off infection is known as the __________. A. perirenal fat capsule B. renal fascia C. hilum D. fibrous capsule E. renal medulla
D. fibrous capsule
Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called __________ and a vasodilator called __________. A. bradykinin; histamine B. selectin; prostaglandin C. histamine; heparin D. heparin; histamine E. prostaglandins; selectin
D. heparin; histamine
One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that __________. A. immunity starts in defined organs in the body B. immunity starts in specialized tissues in the body C. immunity is carried on by a specific group of cells of the immune system D. immunity is directed against a particular pathogen E. immunity is carried on by a specific group of tissues of the immune system
D. immunity is directed against a particular pathogen
Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n) __________. A. hapten B. immunoglobulin C. natural killer cell D. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein E. basophil
D. major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein
T cells achieve immunocompetence in the __________. A. bone marrow B. bloodstream C. spleen D. thymus E. liver
D. thymus
5. Renal failure patients constantly undergo dialysis. What is dialysis and why are they at risk of anemia and osteoporosis (thing about what renal failure and ALL the functions of the kidney). What medications or supplements could you give to prevent these problems?
Dialysis is the process by which blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane machine outside of the body instead of the kidneys (due to some injury) If the Kidneys are damaged, there are some hormones that will not be secreted They are at risk of anemia because less EPO will be secreted which makes red blood cells. You could stimulate the liver to They are at risk of osteoporosis because less PTH will be secreted which maintains blood calcium levels. Blood calcium can be stimulated
Which of the following muscles is the prime mover for inhalation
Diaphragm
Which one of these muscles helps to open the mouth (depress the mandible)?
Digastric
In a healthy kidney, very little __________ is filtered by the glomerulus. A. amino acids B. electrolytes C. glucose D. vitamins E. protein
E. protein
__________ are found especially in the mucous membrane, standing guard against parasites and allergens. A. Monocytes B. Lymphocytes C. Basophils D. Neutrophils E. Eosinophils
E. Eosinophils
Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure? A. Increasing glomerular filtration rate B. Inhibiting renin and aldosterone secretion C. Inhibiting the action of ADH on the kidney D. Inhibiting NaCl reabsorption by the collecting duct E. Preventing sodium loss in the urine
E. Preventing sodium loss in the urine
Which of the following cannot act as antigen-presenting cells? A. Reticular cells B. Dendritic cells C. Macrophages D. B cells E. T cells
E. T cells
A pyrogen is a substance that causes __________. A. inflammation B. opsonization C. complement fixation D. cytolysis E. fever
E. fever
Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract. A. squamous alveolar cells B. great alveolar cells C. the pleurae D. ciliated cells E. goblet cells
E. goblet cells
Special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary __________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries. A. water B. glucose C. vitamins D. amino acids E. lipids
E. lipids
Immune surveillance is a process in which __________ nonspecifically detect and destroy foreign cells and diseased host cells. A. T lymphocytes (T cells) B. reticular cells C. dendritic cells D. macrophages E. natural killer (NK) cells
E. natural killer (NK) cells
Your patient has several cracked ribs from a car accident, which of these would you expect from his or her blood gases?
Elevated PCO2 and decreased pH
A greater ______ increases the stretch of the ventricular walls.
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
What are the four formed elements?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma
All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are _________.
Excitable
How does exercise effect Cardiac Reserve?
Exercise can greatly increase cardiac reserve by increasing Cardiac Output (CO)
When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints __________ to lift your body weight.
Extend
A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed.
False
Both T cells and B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated. True False
False
T/F: Colon cancer presents a lose-lose choice, because even removal of the colon is life-threatening.
False
True/False: A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed.
False
True/False: Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar.
False
True/False; The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein.
False
The opening to the pharynx from the mouth (oral cavity) is called
Fauces
What artery is the popliteal artery supplied by?
Femoral artery
Some joints become synostoses by replacing __________ with __________.
Fibers; Bones
Define Atrial contraction
Fills the ventricles, P wave
The ligament that attaches the lateral femoral epicondyle to the fibula is called the __________.
Finular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)
__________ refers to reactions in which small molecules are combined to build larger molecules.
anabolism
What is the descending aorta supplied by and where does it go?
Heart, lower body
What is the aorta supplied by and where does it go?
Heart, upper body
Your patient has been transported to the emergency department by EMS after a motor vehicle accident with an endotracheal tube in place. You note that his breath sounds are louder on the right side. You are alerted to which of the following situations?
Hemorrhage into the left pleural space (hemothorax) has compressed the left lung, The endotracheal tube has been inserted too far, with its tip in the right main bronchus, preventing the left lung from receiving air. Your patient may have a left pneumothorax.
Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning? Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which principle explains why a hyperbaric chamber (containing high levels of oxygen) can treat carbon monoxide poisoning?
Henry's law
The antibody that becomes bound to mast cells and basophils and causes the cells to release histamine and other chemicals is ________.
IgE
Which of these antibodies functions to trigger rapid ejection of a parasite, but also triggers Type I hypersensitivity reactions in some people?
IgE
Sympathetic nerve fibers originate where? And as what?
In the thoracic region of the spinal cord; As preganglionic neurons
If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be __________.
Incomplete tetanus
If venous return remains constant while the heart is inhibited by parasympathetic stimulation, Stroke Volume can actually _____.
Increase
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium
Which of the lymph node does not contain any lymphatic nodules?
Inner Cortex
To tip the soles of the feet medially, so they face each other, requires __________. Tipping them out laterally so they face away from each other is __________
Inversion; eversion
Which of the following muscles of facial expression is not innervated by the facial nerve?
Levator palpebrae superioris
A point of convergence for several muscles of the lower face is the __________.
Modiolus
Which statement about CO2 is FALSE? a) CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood. b) Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation. c) Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH. d) More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs.
Is norepinephrine or epinephrine associated with cell surface B(beta)-adrenergic receptors?
Norepinephrine
Select the correct statement about antigens. One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody. The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
After taking their wedding vows, a bride and groom often ceremonially use which of the following muscles before walking away from the altar
Orbicularis oris
After taking their wedding vows, a bride and groom often ceremonially use which of the following muscles before walking away from the altar?
Orbicularis oris
What is Sinoatrial node also known as
Pacemaker of the heart
The heart is innervated by ___ and ___ nerve fibers.
Parasympathetic; Sympathetic
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine?
Peyer's patches
Protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages are found in __________.
Peyer's patches -Peyer's patches, which contain lymphocytes and macrophages, increase in number toward the end of the ileum.
This is a tube where air and food crosses
Pharynx
What is the passageway for air, food, and water?
Pharynx
The proximal radioulnar joint is a __________ joint
Pivot
Define Globulins
Plasma protein binds and transports certain water-insoluble molecules/hormones, as well as some metals and ions.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell?
Plasticity
What is the buffy coat composed of?
Platelets, Leuokocytes, Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, Basophils
Is the heart's pumping effectiveness more influenced by preload or after load?
Preload
The longer time between heartbeats allows the heart to fill to a greater capacity, resulting in an increased ____, which in turn increases _____.
Preload; Stroke Volume (SV)
Define platelets
Prevent blood loss of damaged vessels by clotting at the site of injury.
___________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial winning of the small intestine.
Preyer patched
Define Thrombopoiesis
Production of platelets
Define Erythropoiesis
Production of red blood cells
When a nurse draws blood, it is not uncommon for the needle to penetrate which muscle near the cubital region?
Pronator teres
Where in the body would you find sinusoid?
Red bone marrow, Liver, spleen, some endocrine glands.
Know the sign of inflammation.
Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain, Lack of Function NOT inflammation Mucus Production
What order does Irene get produce?
Renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, and ureter
A clinician induces contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus and notices that the foot does not plantar flex as expected. Which of the following would be a logical diagnosis?
Ruptured calcaneal tendon
What are two cation electrolytes?
Sodium (Na+), and Potassium (K+)
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out on a ventricle in one contraction
What artery is the axillary artery supplied by? to where?
The ascending aorta, arm.
What artery is the right subclavian artery supplied by and where does it bring oxygenated blood
The ascending aorta, the right arm.
Which vessel or vessels are the first to branch off the aorta?
The coronary arteries branch off the aorta just superior to the aortic vavle
Define hemopoiesis
The creation of red blood cells in red bone marrow.
Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
The intracellular environment is negatively charged.
Which of the following is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?
The knee
The structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium is what.
The mitral or bicuspid valve is the structure that prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium.
What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction?
The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases.
Diastolic pressure
The pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest
After load
The pressure the contracting left ventricle must produce to overcome pressure in the aorta and move blood into the aorta
A patient's deep hand laceration was sutured at your clinic yesterday. When you make a follow-up call today, the patient reports "some red streaks on my forearm." Why are you concerned?
The red streaks suggest lymphangitis, which occurs when the blood vessels that supply inflamed lymphatic vessels (vasa vasorum) become congested with blood. You are concerned that the patient's wound is infected by bacteria.
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
The right ventricle pumps unoxygenated blood out of the pulmonary trunk to the lungs
When compared to skeletal muscle, what differences are observed in cardiac muscle?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is less complex, cells are branched, and there is a greater abundance of mitochondria.
The what carries oxygen poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium?
The superior vena cava carries oxygen poor venous blood from above the diaphragm from areas of the upper body and extremities into the right atrium.
Although B and T lymphocytes originate in the bone marrow, T cells mature in the ________.
Thymus
Which of the following cartilages is the largest?
Thyroid cartilage
Which statement best describes the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis?
To inhibit the function of cholinesterase
Which of the following is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in muscle?
To neutralize carbon dioxide buildup
Which statement accurately describes total blood flow?
Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels
The muscles that laterally rotate and depress the scapula, as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders, are the __________.
Trapezius and serratus anterior
Which fibers are primarily responsible for producing lactic acid?
Type IIB fast glycolytic fibers
You are reviewing a postdischarge plan of a newly diagnosed patient with Type I diabetes mellitus. Why is the presence of ketones in his urine a significant finding?
Urinary ketones indicate that the body is using fat rather than carbohydrate as an energy source -During lipolysis, or fat-burning, acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle. However, if inadequate carbohydrate precursors are available, acetyl CoA accumulates and is converted to ketone bodies in the liver.
Superior vena cava
What vessel is formed by the union of the highlighted vessels?
Jugular foramen
Which hole of the skull does the highlighted vessel pass through?
If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be
above normal.
Hepatic portal vein
Which vein is formed when the highlighted vessel joins with the superior mesenteric vein?
Superior vena cava
Which vessel drains into the highlighted vessel?
heart murmur
abnormal sound that consits of a flow noise that is heard before, between, or after the lupp-dubb or that masks the normal sounds entirely
If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be _______ normal
above
what is edema and causes
abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid in interstitial spaces
Heavy sweating can induce heat cramps due to ______.
abnormal electrolyte levels in muscle cells abnormal electrolyte levels in neurons abnormal electrolyte levels in interstitial fluid *All of the listed responses are correct.*
The aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch _________.
baroreceptors
The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the _____ artery.
basilar
Which of the following is NOT a type of lymphocyte?
basophil
release histamine, heparin & luekotrienes
basophils
Lymphedema may be treated by all EXCEPT which of the following?
bed rest to allow enhanced blood flow and therefore healing of the affected area
Intrinsic
belonging naturally to essential in the body
Natural killer (NK) cells ________. are cells of the adaptive immune system are a type of phagocyte can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated are also called cytotoxic T cells
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated
Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.
capillaries
aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
causes sodium ions and water to be conserved
The _____________ vein runs alongside the lateral aspect of the upper limb and eventually drains into the axillary vein.
cephalic
High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate
chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
The thymus is most active during ________.
childhood
what is the fibrous pericardium made of? what does it do?
dense irregular CT it protects and anchors the heart & prevents overstretching
a decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will result in a ____ the rate of glomerular filtration
decrease
parasympathetic impulses
decrease heart rate
Define Vasoconstriction
decrease in the diameter of blood vessels
The presence of fatty chyme in the duodenum stimulates secretion of CCK, causing ____.
decreased gastric emptying; increased bile secretion into duodenum
The Bohr effect describes the tendency for hemoglobin to more readily unload oxygen under which conditions?
decreased pH and increased PCO2
As distance from the heart increases, blood pressure ____
decreases
as a consequence of widespread edema, blood volume does what
decreases and blood pressure drops
As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure
decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.
As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure _________, as ______ __________ __________ decreases.
decreases, blood hydrostatic pressure
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells?
deep in the cortex
anterior surface
deep to the sternum and ribs
Baroreceptors ____
detect changes in blood pressure
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?
diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
Superior phrenic arteries supply the ______ and emerge from the _____.
diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta
Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of
diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of __________ from areas of ______ _________ to ___________ ____________.
diffusion, higher concentration, lower concentration
Lymphatic capillaries are present in ________.
digestive organs
______________ arteries emerge from the superficial and deep palmar arches to supply the fingers.
digital
Define Varicose veins
dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves
Which of the following would decrease body temperature?
dilation of cutaneous blood vessels
apex
directed anteriorly, inferiorly, and to the left
base
directed posteriorly, superiorly, and to the right
Blood flow is
directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.
Peripheral resistance is
directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.
Which form of CO2transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?
dissolved in plasma
Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity? cytotoxic T cell B cell helper T cell APC
helper T cell
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system? -lymphatic vessels -lymph nodes -erythrocytes -lymph
erythrocytes
what is dehydration
excess water loss from the internal environment
Tidal volume is air ________.
exchanged during normal breathing
body compartments and locations
extracellular fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
insufficency or incompetence
failure of a valve to close completely
Air moves out of the lung when the pressure inside the lungs is __________.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
sulci
grooves on the heart containing coronary blood vessels and fat
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. reagins ions antibodies haptens
haptens
The primary immune response ________. occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells occurs when memory cells are stimulated is another name for immunological memory
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
extracellular fluids
have relatively high sodium and low potassium concentration
angina pectoris
heart pain from the ischemia of cardiac muscle
The parasympathetic autonomic nervous system dominates control of _______
heart rate
Define Pulmonary semilunar valve
heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel
is called the blood pressure.
Immunocompetence ________. requires exposure to an antigen occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the
ligamentum teres.
Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in
longer aerobic respiration
inflammation of pericarium
pericarditis-the bleeding compresses the heart, which could be lethal
what encloses the heart and holds it in place?
pericardium
Which of the following is NOT a means of mechanically breaking down food?
peristalsis
What event triggers the opening of the gastroesophageal sphincter?
peristalsis in the esophagus
Which of these lymphoid organs destroys bacteria before it can breach the intestinal wall and generates "memory" lymphocytes for long-term memory?
peyers patches
Innate immune system defenses include ________. T cells B cells phagocytosis plasma cells
phagocytosis
Which of the following is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system?
pharynx
The proximal radioulnar joint is a __________ joint.
pivot
If you stand on tiptoes to reach something high, you are performing __________ at the ankle.
plantar flexion
*release* antibodies to the blood stream
plasma cell
Which lymphoid cells produce antibodies?
plasma cells
Which center is located in the pons?
pontine respirator group (PRG)
a blood vessel arrangement in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.
portal system
The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that filters blood, rather than lymph. Following splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) in an adult, which of the following splenic functions would be performed by the bone marrow or liver?
removal of aged and damaged red blood cells from the blood
physiological buffers
renal mechanizm
the renal medulla is composed of _____ whereas the renal cortex is composed of _______
renal pyramids: nephron tubules
what do autorhythmic cells do
repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials that then trigger heart contractions (act as a pacemaker to set rhythem of entire heart)
when blockage of a coronary artery deprives the ♥ muscle of oxygen, what causes further damage?
reperfusion injury due to free radicals
Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? replaces injured tissues with connective tissue prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue disposes of cellular debris and pathogens sets the stage for repair processes
replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
what can hyperventilation lead to
respiratory alkalosis
Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?
rising CO2 levels
The micturition reflex center is located
sacral portion of the spinal cord
Which digestive process does NOT occur in the mouth?
segmentation -Segmentation is the back-and-forth mixing movement of food in the small intestine. The process of chewing and mixing food with saliva in the mouth is known as mastication.
________ is a dangerous condition where the cytokines are released unchecked, making the capillaries very leaky and thus depleting blood fluids.
septic shock or sepsis
From the esophagus to the anus, the walls of the alimentary canal have the same four basic tunics. The __________ is the outermost layer of the walls of the intraperitoneal organs.
serosa
The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is
slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.
The major site for nutrient absorption is the __________.
small intestine
Which organ of the digestive tract is the body's major digestive organ?
small intestine -The small intestine is the major digestive organ because it is the site of the majority of enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Where in your body would you find fenestrated capillaries?
small intestine, endocrine glands, kidneys, choroid process, ciliary process
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT used to propel lymph through lymphatic vessels? -small, heart-like pumps -the milking action of muscles -gravity -pulmonary motion
small, heart-like pumps
arterioles: three sizes of arteries
smallest arteries, control how much blood each organ gets
Where does the right marginal artery supply blood to the heart?
supplies blood to the lateral right side of the myocardium
posterior interventricular artery
supplies both ventricles *PART OF RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY
Where does the circumflex artery supply blood to the heart?
supplies left atrium and ventricle
Where does the Posterior interventricular artery supply blood to the heart?
supplies the posterior surface of the left and right ventricles
Define perfusion
supplying blood to tissues
Excitation of the vasomotor center results in increased ___________ activity and predominantly more ____________ than _____________.
sympathetic, vasoconstriction, vasodilation
The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a
symphysis
The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum, is a __________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by __________ joints.
synchondrosis; synovial
The joint between the diaphyses of the radius and ulna is a __________.
syndesmosis
The *Cardiac Skeleton* lies between the atria and ventricles and surrounds all four heart valves like handcuffs. Composed of dense connective tissues, it has four functions:
1. anchors valve cusps 2. prevents overdilation of the valve openings as blood flows through 3. point of attachment for bundles of cardiac muscle 4. blocks direct spread of electrical impulses from atria to ventricles. critical for proper contractions.
AV valves closed; atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure.
1. ventricles contract, forcing blood against AV valve cusps. 2. AV valves close 3. papillary muscles contract and chordae tendineae tighten, preventing valve flaps from everting into atria.
What is the outermost covering of the heart?
The fibrous pericardium is the outermost covering of the heart.
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the entire body (systemic circuit).
Are the pulmonary arteries oxygen rich or oxygen poor?
The pulmonary arteries are oxygen poor.
The capillaries receiving blood flow from the left side of the heart are what?
The systemic capillaries are the capillaries that receive blood flow from the left side of the heart.
The heart is actually how many pumps?
Two pumps. The right side of the heart pumps to/from the lungs (pulmonary circuit) and the left side of the heart pumps to/from the rest of the body (the systemic circuit)
the blood vessel layer that is comprised of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle.
Tunica Media
