Cardiovascular System
Smooth muscle, in the form of ________, is frequently located where arterioles meet capillaries.
precapillary sphincters
Deoxygenated blood leaving the right side of the heart next passes through the ________ circuit, where the blood is reoxygenated.
pulmonary
The rhythmic expansion and recoil of the wall of an artery close to the skin's surface is a(n) ________.
pulse
Spontaneous contractions of the heart muscle begin in the ________.
sinoatrial node
Blood pressure is measured with a(n) ________ and a stethoscope.
sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure is typically recorded as two numbers; the higher number corresponds to the ________ pressure.
systolic
Heart murmurs result from the incomplete closure of heart ________.
valves
Permanently swollen veins, common in the legs and feet, are known as ________.
varicose veins
Contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of arterioles is known as ________.
vasoconstriction
The left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the other three chambers of the heart because the left ventricle A) must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the body. B) pumps blood more rapidly than the other chambers. C) pumps blood into the atria. D) must decrease the amount of pressure on the blood so it can flow more smoothly. E) receives blood directly from major arteries.
A) must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the body.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include factors that can raise the levels of blood cholesterol, such as A) obesity, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle. B) regular exercise and a high-fat diet. C) dieting and REM sleep. D) sedentary lifestyle, low-fat diet. E) maintaining homeostatic blood pressure.
A) obesity, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle.
Blood pressure in veins is lower than that in arteries, and a series of ________ are necessary to prevent backflow of blood. A) one-way valves B) two- or three-way valves C) varicose veins D) tricuspid valves E) endothelial cells
A) one-way valves
Each of the following mechanisms plays a role in the return of blood to the heart via veins EXCEPT which one? A) osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in the blood B) squeezing action of skeletal muscles C) valves that permit the one-way flow of blood returning to the heart and prevent backflow D) pressure changes in the abdominal and thoracic cavities associated with breathing
A) osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in the blood
In the ________ circuit, blood leaving the ________ ultimately delivers oxygen and nutrients to all of the body's tissues and organs. A) pulmonary; lung capillaries B) systemic; vena cava C) pulmonary; myocardium D) systemic; left ventricle
A) pulmonary; lung capillaries
After blood flows through the right atrium of the heart, its next major destination is the A) right ventricle. B) left atrium. C) aorta. D) left ventricle. E) lungs.
A) right ventricle.
MATCH DISORDER: brain damage caused by an inadequate supply of blood A) stroke B) heart attack C) atherosclerosis D) embolism E) congestive heart failure F) angina pectoris
A) stroke
MATCH TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL: The inner walls are lined with endothelium to create a smooth, low-friction surface. A) vein, artery B) capillary C) vein D) artery
A) vein, artery
The electrical signal causing contraction of the heart is carried from the atrioventricular bundle to the myocardium of the ventricles by ________ fibers.
Purkinje
TRUE/FALSE: The atrioventricular valves are closed when the heart is in complete diastole.
FALSE
The heart muscle itself receives oxygen and nutrients from blood transported by the ________ arteries.
coronary
TRUE/FALSE: The buildup of fatty deposits on the inner wall of arteries is associated with higher levels of HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) in the blood.
FALSE
Which one of the following segments of the typical cardiac cycle is the briefest? A) atrial systole B) atrial diastole C) ventricular systole D) ventricular diastole E) macular systole
A) atrial systole
Fluid in the lymphatic system, as well as interstitial fluid, is A) derived from blood plasma. B) pumped from the left ventricle into lymphatic vessels and then back into the right atrium. C) composed mostly of formed elements from blood. D) the liquid portion of fluid escaping from the digestive system. E) produced by the endothelium to lubricate the interior of vascular tissue.
A) derived from blood plasma.
Which one of the following best describes an angiogram? A) an x-ray picture of blood vessels B) a recording of heart sounds C) use of a balloon to widen an artery D) a sensation of pain in the chest associated with poor blood circulation to the heart E) a recording of the electrical activity of the heart
A) an x-ray picture of blood vessels
The aortic semilunar valve opens when the A) arterial pressure is lower than the ventricular pressure. B) right ventricle is in diastole. C) atrioventricular valves open. D) atrium is in systole. E) pulmonary semilunar valve closes.
A) arterial pressure is lower than the ventricular pressure.
Given the following components of the cardiac conduction cycle, which one of the following best describes the movement of the stimulus that causes a heart contraction? A. atrioventricular bundle B. sinoatrial node C. atria D. atrioventricular node E. Purkinje fibers F. ventricles A) B, C, D, A, E, F B) B, D, A, C, E, F C) D, A, E, F, B, C D) A, D, E, B, C, F E) B, C, D, F, A, E
A) B, C, D, A, E, F
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding baroreceptors? A) Baroreceptors are pressure sensors that monitor blood pressure. B) Baroreceptors are located in the right atrium and right ventricle. C) Baroreceptors respond to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart contraction. D) Baroreceptors respond to low blood pressure by causing vasodilation of the arterioles. E) Baroreceptors send nerve impulses directly to the heart.
A) Baroreceptors are pressure sensors that monitor blood pressure.
A person's blood pressure has fallen below normal as the person has quickly jumped out of his or her chair where he or she had been relaxing. All of the following reflect events in restoring the blood pressure to normal EXCEPT which one? A) The heart rate will decrease. B) The baroreceptors will detect the drop in blood pressure. C) The medulla oblongata will send signals to the heart and to the blood vessels. D) The force of contraction of the heart will increase. E) Vasoconstriction of a number of arterioles will increase blood pressure.
A) The heart rate will decrease.
Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the lymphatic system? A) The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid. B) Lymph flows from lymph capillaries to larger lymphatic vessels to the heart and lungs. C) Lymphatic capillaries absorb lipid droplets from plasma. D) Lymph is excreted from the body. E) Lymphatic capillaries produce interstitial fluid.
A) The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid.
Blood pressure is highest in A) arteries. B) capillaries. C) arterioles. D) venules. E) veins.
A) arteries.
TRUE/FALSE: The endothelium of the heart and blood vessels is composed of a smooth layer of connective tissue that reduces friction, which helps keep blood flowing smoothly.
FALSE
Which one of the following is a CORRECT statement? A) Blood pressure is higher in veins than in arteries since blood must be returned to the heart. B) Veins are more distensible than arteries. C) Veins have a smaller lumen than arteries. D) The walls of veins are made up of two distinct layers of tissues. E) Veins carry blood to the capillaries of the body.
B) Veins are more distensible than arteries.
MATCH TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL: This blood vessel permits exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues. A) vein, artery B) capillary C) vein D) artery
B) capillary
The "lub" of the lub-DUB sounds heard through a stethoscope when listening to the heart is produced by the A) inferior vena cava and superior vena cava emptying into the right atrium. B) closing of the two atrioventricular valves. C) contraction of the atria. D) closing of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve. E) pulmonary arteries emptying into the left atrium.
B) closing of the two atrioventricular valves.
In a weakened heart, the heart begins to pump less blood, resulting in blood backing up in the veins causing pressure in veins and capillaries to rise. This condition is called A) angina. B) congestive heart failure. C) hypotension. D) hypertension. E) atherosclerosis.
B) congestive heart failure.
Which one of the following would result in a decrease in cardiac output? A) increased heart rate B) decreased stroke volume C) exercise D) strong emotions E) activation of the sympathetic nervous system
B) decreased stroke volume
Which layer of the heart is in contact with the blood? A) pericardium B) endocardium C) myocardium D) epicardium E) epithelial
B) endocardium
MATCH DISORDER: death of a portion of the heart due to an inadequate oxygen supply A) stroke B) heart attack C) atherosclerosis D) embolism E) congestive heart failure F) angina pectoris
B) heart attack
When the force of blood on the walls of blood vessels drops below normal, the condition is referred to as A) blood pressure. B) hypotension. C) hypertension. D) aneurysm. E) angina.
B) hypotension.
Which one of the following is a symptom of a heart attack? A) increased cardiac output B) intense chest pain C) normal breathing D) pain in the knees E) pain in the right chest that radiates down the right arm
B) intense chest pain
Fluid that "escapes" from the circulatory system due to high pressure is referred to as A) digestive fluid. B) interstitial fluid. C) formed elements. D) platelets. E) aneurysm.
B) interstitial fluid.
An electrocardiogram is used to A) measure the amount of blood leaving the heart with each contraction. B) measure the electrical activity of the heart. C) listen to heart sounds. D) correct a heart murmur. E) initiate angina pectoris.
B) measure the electrical activity of the heart.
The fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and produces lubricant for heart contraction is the A) myocardium. B) pericardium. C) endocardium. D) epicardium. E) reticulocardium.
B) pericardium.
TRUE/FALSE: Vasoconstriction causes an increase in the diameter of blood vessels, thus causing an increase in blood flow to the tissues.
FALSE
Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding arterioles and arteries? A) Arterioles and arteries transport blood from capillaries to veins. B) Blood pressure in arterioles is greater than the blood pressure in arteries. C) Arterioles are smaller and have less smooth muscle than arteries. D) Arteries do not contain valves, whereas arterioles do. E) Small sphincter muscles regulate the flow of blood from arteries into arterioles.
C) Arterioles are smaller and have less smooth muscle than arteries.
MATCH DISORDER: buildup of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arteries A) stroke B) heart attack C) atherosclerosis D) embolism E) congestive heart failure F) angina pectoris
C) atherosclerosis
Ventricular fibrillation is occurring in a patient who has just arrived in the emergency room. Which one of the following treatments may be applied immediately to correct this potentially fatal arrhythmia?A) implantation of an artificial pacemaker B) coronary artery bypass surgery C) cardioversion D) balloon angioplasty E) replacement of the defective heart valve
C) cardioversion
Cardiac output can be calculated by A) measuring the number of heartbeats in one hour. B) monitoring changes in blood pressure for a specific period of time, but for at least 15 minutes. C) multiplying heart rate by stroke volume. D) dividing stroke volume by arterial blood pressure. E) summing heart rate, stroke volume, and blood pressure.
C) multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.
These structures serve as gates that regulate blood flow from arterioles into capillaries. A) vasoconstrictors B) capillary beds C) precapillary sphincters D) capillary pores E) interstitial gates
C) precapillary sphincters
The sinoatrial node A) is located in the left atrium. B) sends out a signal for contraction once every two minutes. C) regulates the rate of heart contraction. D) is also known as the atrioventricular node. E) receives signals from the atrioventricular node.
C) regulates the rate of heart contraction.
Electrical impulses that stimulate contraction of heart muscles are initiated in the A) left ventricle. B) bundle of His. C) sinoatrial node. D) atrioventricular node. E) Purkinje fibers.
C) sinoatrial node.
Deoxygenated blood always flows A) into the left ventricle. B) toward the left atrium. C) toward the right atrium. D) in the systemic circuit. E) from capillaries to arterioles.
C) toward the right atrium.
MATCH TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL: Skeletal muscle pumps aid blood flow. A) vein, artery B) capillary C) vein D) artery
C) vein
MATCH TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL: This blood vessel transports blood from the capillaries to the heart. A) vein, artery B) capillary C) vein D) artery
C) vein
Each of the following statements accurately describes a feature of arteries EXCEPT which one? A) Arteries have an endothelial lining that reduces friction and promotes smooth blood flow. B) Arteries have a smooth muscle layer on the outside, which provides some stiffness. C) Elastin fibers in arterial walls allow stretching of the arteries. D) Valves along major arteries maintain directed blood flow. E) A tough supportive layer of connective tissue containing collagen is found on the outer surface of arteries.
D) Valves along major arteries maintain directed blood flow.
Which one of the following plays the most significant role in regulating the distribution of blood into tissues? A) arteries B) veins C) capillaries D) arterioles E) venules
D) arterioles
MATCH TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL: Medium- and large-size vessels maintain a partial state of muscle contraction, resulting in high intravessel pressure. A) vein, artery B) capillary C) vein D) artery
D) artery
MATCH TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL: This blood vessel transports blood from the heart to the capillaries. A) vein, artery B) capillary C) vein D) artery
D) artery
Exchange of nutrients and gases between blood and tissues is the primary function of A) arterioles. B) epicardium. C) arteries. D) capillaries. E) veins.
D) capillaries.
Which response would be characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system? A) secretion of the hormone epinephrine B) increase in blood pressure C) vasoconstriction of blood vessels D) decrease the rate of heart contraction E) activation during times of stress
D) decrease the rate of heart contraction
MATCH DISORDER: blockage of a blood vessel, usually due to a floating blood clot A) stroke B) heart attack C) atherosclerosis D) embolism E) congestive heart failure F) angina pectoris
D) embolism
All of the following are recommended ways to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease EXCEPT which one? A) reduce fat and cholesterol intake B) reduce or quit smoking C) engage in regular moderate exercise D) older adults — use hormone replacement therapy E) avoid chronic stress
D) older adults — use hormone replacement therapy
Each of the following is part of the systemic circuit EXCEPT the A) aorta. B) left ventricle. C) aortic semilunar valve. D) pulmonary arteries. E) superior vena cava.
D) pulmonary arteries.
Which one of the following blood vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? A) pulmonary artery B) aorta C) carotid artery D) pulmonary vein E) iliac vein
D) pulmonary vein
The atrioventricular valves are closed when the A) right atrium is contracting. B) P wave of an electrocardiogram appears. C) heart is completely relaxed. D) ventricles contract. E) ventricles are relaxed.
D) ventricles contract.
You have been advised to check your pulse during exercise in order to monitor your heart rate. What is happening in your heart as your pulse is produced? A) ventricular diastole B) atrial diastole C) the aortic valve and pulmonary valves are closing D) ventricular systole E) atrial systole
D) ventricular systole
All of the following are features of capillaries that promote exchange between blood and interstitial fluid EXCEPT which one?A) Capillaries lack connective tissue in their walls. B) Capillary walls consist of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells. C) Capillary walls have pores within the cells and slits between the cells, making them "leaky." D) Capillary walls lack smooth muscle. E) Capillaries have tiny valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction.
E) Capillaries have tiny valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction.
Life-threatening aneurisms are most likely to occur in A) veins. B) venules. C) capillaries. D) arterioles. E) arteries.
E) arteries.
When blood leaves the heart, it first enters A) capillaries. B) arterioles. C) venules. D) veins. E) arteries.
E) arteries.
Arthrosclerosis is a condition that results in a thickening of arterial walls due to buildup of fatty deposits containing A) glycerol. B) albumin. C) phospholipids. D) glucose. E) cholesterol.
E) cholesterol.
MATCH DISORDER: accumulation of fluid in the tissues due to a weak heart becoming less efficient at pumping blood A) stroke B) heart attack C) atherosclerosis D) embolism E) congestive heart failure F) angina pectoris
E) congestive heart failure
Blood pumped from the right ventricle is ________ and enters the ________. A) oxygenated; pulmonary vein B) deoxygenated; aorta C) oxygenated; pulmonary trunk D) deoxygenated; coronary vein E) deoxygenated; pulmonary trunk
E) deoxygenated; pulmonary trunk
Which one of the following parts of the brain regulates heart activity? A) cerebrum B) cerebellum C) thalamus D) midbrain E) medulla oblongata
E) medulla oblongata
Which one of the following symptoms is most typical of hypertension? A) feeling dizzy and faint B) rapid heart rate C) very slow heart rate D) loss of appetite E) most often there are no symptoms
E) most often there are no symptoms
Following damage to his heart, Jim is having a pacemaker implanted. Which one of the following components of the heart does this device replace the activity of? A) atrioventricular node B) sinoatrial valve C) atrioventricular bundle D) Purkinje fibers E) sinoatrial node
E) sinoatrial node
In which one of the following blood vessels is blood under the lowest pressure? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein
E) vein
MATCH DISORDER: sensation of tightness and pain in the chest associated with insufficient blood circulation to the heart A) stroke B) heart attack C) atherosclerosis D) embolism E) congestive heart failure F) angina pectoris
F) angina pectoris
TRUE/FALSE: All veins carry deoxygenated blood.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Artificial hearts are used routinely today to replace damaged hearts when a donor heart is not available for transplant.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Veins carry blood away from the heart.
FALSE
TRUE/FALSE: Blood pressure in veins is lower than blood pressure in arteries, due in part to the larger diameter of veins.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with nutrients and oxygen.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: Deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart never mixes with the oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: The cardiac cycle consists of a period of heart contraction called systole and a period of heart relaxation called diastole.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: The lumen of capillaries is so small that red blood cells must travel through these blood vessels in single file or sometimes actually squeeze through.
TRUE
TRUE/FALSE: When a person exercises, sensory input from moving muscles and joints results in an increase in cardiac output, causing blood pressure to be maintained, despite an increase in blood flow to the muscles.
TRUE
________ prevent the backflow of blood in veins.
Valves
Oxygenated blood can be found in the following chambers of the heart: ________ and ________.
left atrium; left ventricle
The condition that results when arterial endothelium becomes damaged or weakened causing the wall of the blood vessel to bulge, is a(n) ________.
aneurysm
The smallest arteries are called ________; the smallest veins are called ________.
arterioles; venules
The two upper chambers of the heart are called ________; the two lower chambers of the heart are called ________.
atria; ventricles
During electrical stimulation of the heart, the impulse pauses briefly at the ________ before continuing on to the ventricles.
atrioventricular node
The force exerted by blood on the wall of a blood vessel is known as ________.
blood pressure
The atrioventricular valves are supported by connective tissue strands called ________, which prevent the valves from everting.
chordae tendineae
The amount of blood the heart pumps into the aorta each minute is known as ________ output.
cardiac
Baroreceptors are located in the aorta and ________ arteries.
carotid
When baroreceptors are stretched, nerve impulses from these receptors ultimately cause a(n) ________ in cardiac output.
decrease
A record of the electrical impulses characteristic of the cardiac conduction system is known as a(n) ________.
electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
A rapid irregular contraction of the ventricles is known as ventricular ________.
fibrillation
When blood pressure falls below normal, the condition referred to as ________ results.
hypotension
