Caribbean Studies

What was the effect of migration from Caribbean countries on ideas of race?

People realize how every one was being oppressed and they created black contact zones in form of solidarity.

Asiento

Permission given by the Spanish government to sell people as slaves to the Spanish colonies.

Where was plantation sugar first developed? How did it come to Europe and what effects did its introduction have on Europeans' lives?

Plantation sugar first developed in Sao Tome islands. Bought from Mediterranean and North Africa. It became a staple of wealth in European households.

Pan-Africanism

Principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenous inhabitants of Africa.

Negritude

Quality or fact of being of black, African origin. Affirmation or consciousness of the value of black or African culture, heritage, and identity.

Can you explain the importance of rivers to the slave trade?

Rivers in the slave trade was very important because of business, the import and export of slaves. This was a huge money making business that was much more successful because of profits and trading in other regions.

Name 2 diseases that did not exist in the Caribbean until Europeans arrived.

Small pox and Influenza.

How is sugar related to indenture?

Sugar is related to indenture by the means of indentured servitude. It was used as a replacement for slavery. Instead of using slavery fro people to work in the sugar production they used indenture servitude.

What is Britain's connection to sugar?

Sugar was 1/4 of all Britain's imports

Progress

System of government where government can create populations they like for their nations. They were able to determine who can have kids.

Name 3 indigenous languages of the Caribbean before Columbus arrived.

Taino, Lucayans, Caribs

What role did the U.S. play in this later era of sugar production?

The U.S. intervention had a huge economic impact in the expansion of sugar plantations: -Cuban sugar received favorable tariff in U.S. market. -U.S. troops occupied Dominican Republic (1916-1924) through "customs receivership".

Transportation

The action of transporting someone or something as the process of being transported.

Do you know who would be more likely to be released from slavery within the following pairs and why? man/women, rural/urban workers, mixed/black, field/domestic laborer?

Women because they were cheaper, urban workers because the rural workers were needed for the plantations, Mixed races because they had white relatives, Domestic laborers were freed because the field laborer was needed more.

What % of the original population existed 30 years after Columbus arrival?

Less than 10% were left after 30 years.

Who was Jean- Jaque Dessalines?

Louverture's second who joins the French as well becomes the leader of the rebel forces because he switches sides.

Can you explain where and why so many people died during the slave trade from Angola?

Many slaves died due to the deadliest routes that was managed by the Portuguese, markets in fair land, overland caravans, etc.

Colonization

Occurs when there is a large scale migration of a certain group that moves to a colonial area.

How was sugar related to slavery?

People in the Caribbean were used as slaves to work in the sugar fields.

Why did people move from one Caribbean country to another in the 19th and 20th century ? Can you give an example of such a move?

People moved because of limited resources and they moved by the panama canal.

Colonos

Farmers that delivered cane to the sugar mills. They were the "middle class" of the plantation world. They were small scale farmers who planted cane only with the help of their immediate families.

Following the abolition, which features of the colonial system endured? Which ones changed? How/Why?

Features that endured: Extreme land concentration, huge income inequalities and impoverishment of rural workers endured. Features that changed: New plantations primarily used wage labor instead of slavery.

Barbadoesed

Forced emigration to Barbados.

Could you mention two effects of the Haitian Revolution on Haiti?

Government revenues come primarily from taxing coffee exports. 1825 treaty with France Haiti agree to pay indemnity to expelled colonist.

The word "Haiti" comes from what language?

It is derived from the Taino language.

Could you name 3 other major sugar producers in the Caribbean? Can you explain their relationships to sugar regarding: slavery, indenture, wealth.

- Puerto Rico produce sugar as British Caribbean island, slave labor, 1815 remove taxes on slaves grant land by how many slaves a person owned. - Cuba ended slavery 1886 and to prevent decline in sugar production freed slaves but were then contracted to work in the same job. - Jamaica slaves worked on 700 sugar plantation huge decline in sugar production after abolition indenture was used to replace slave labor.

Which islands make up the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the Dutch Antilles?

-Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico -Virgin Islands, Windward and Leeward

What group of islands have 90% of the Caribbean land mass?

-The Greater Antilles

Name two things that made the U.S. sugar plantations in the Caribbean unique.

1) Workers were free: all wage workers were free to enter into contracts and free from ownership of independent means of productions. 2) Transformed by advances in technology.

Do you know the % of Africans in the Americas that ended up in the Caribbean?

46% of all Africans in the Americas about 5.75 million Africans ended up in the Caribbean.

Nitainos

A Native American group from Puerto Rico, ruling class.

Creolization

A mixture of indigenous, African and European descent.

Slave Society

A society where the fundamental class conflict is based on the division of people into masters and slaves, with slaves being the dominant producing class, ownership over them being controlled by masters.

Maroons

African refugees who escaped from slavery in the Americas and formed independent settlements.

Why were Africans brought to the Caribbean?

Africans were brought to the Caribbean for enslavement and were used in the production of sugarcane.

Syncretism

Amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought. The merging of different inflectional varieties of a word during the development of a language.

Privateer

An armed ship owned and officered by private individuals holding a government commission and authorized for use in especially the capture of enemy merchant shipping.

Name four different places in Africa from which slaves were brought to the Americas.

Angola, Congo, Ghana, Niger.

Survival of the Fittest

Associated w/ Social Darwinism stating that the most developed people will be the only ones that survive and thrive.

What are some prevailing assumptions about indenture labor? How did it emerge as an alternative to slavery in the British West Indies?

Assumptions: indentured labor was a "new system of slavery"/ consider it an example of British hypocrisy. Emergence: Britain wanted to fulfill the principles of a free society but preserve plantation agriculture. Without plantations, Europeans would not remain in the Caribbean and colonies would not attract significant capital investment.

Black Consciousness

Awareness of one's identity as a black person. Political movement seeking to unite black people in affirming their common identity.

Could you mention two effects of the Haitian Revolution on the rest of the world?

Latin America wars of Independence had to take into account slavery except Cuba, Brazil, and Puerto Rico.

Can you explain the population decline in the Caribbean after Columbus arrival?

Because of systems like Encomienda, the Native people's population declined 50-90%. The original amount of people was between 3-6 million.

Creole

Being of European and Black descent.

Which countries in Mainland central and South America are considered part of the Caribbean?

Belize, Surinam, Guyana, French Guiana

Indenture

Binding someone by an indenture as an apprentice or laborer.

What color would the Haitian population be after the revolution?

Black because it would symbolize equality for everyone that is not white.

Encomienda

Distributing people to conquerors, system of tribute payment, system of rule, system of religious conversion, started in 1503 until mid 16th century between Americas and the Philippines.

Who was Bartolome de las Casas

Dominican Friar who was strongly against the mistreatment of indigenous people under the Encomienda System.

Who was Napoleon?

Emperor of France who reestablished slavery in all French colonies in 1802 and who sent 40,000 troops to Saint Domingo.

Name 2 Indigenous leaders who rebelled against the Spanish in early 1500s.

Enrique and Canabo.

American Sugar Kingdom

The beginning of the American corporation. Many large plantations, eliminating all the small ones. Place where wealth was highly concentrated into a few.

Diaspora

The depression of any people from their original homeland.

Degeneration

The downgrading of a race.

Social Darwinism

The idea of the Survival of the Fittest. Social power structures and racial hierarchies could be explained by this.

Can you give one example of Indigenous peoples or organizations of the Caribbean today?

The indigenous people of the Caribbean was mostly killed off some organizations that exist today would be Garifuna of Nicaragua, Honduras, and Belize.

Which population made up the first slaves in the Americas?

The indigenous people of the Caribbean.

Can you explain why time and place mattered in terms of how slaves from Africa shaped Caribbean culture? What are some examples?

Time and place matters due to the different generations that came, and shaped the Caribbean with their different cultures.

Triangular Trade

Trade between west Africa, Britain and the Caribbean.

How is sugar related to the abolition of slavery?

When slavery was abolished, there was a decrease in the production of sugar.

The Columbian Exchange

Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Columbus' 1492 voyage.

What is the Caribbean's relationship to sugar?

plantation sugar moved to Caribbean in the 1520's. It is the main product of the Caribbean. Main reason that everybody was in the Caribbean.