Cascia Hall Ultimate Academic Bowl Study Guide

Hatching

an artistic technique used to create tonal or shading effects by drawing (or painting or scribing) closely spaced parallel lines

Glenn Curtis

"Father of Naval aviation" and founder of the "American aircraft industry"

Interest Rate

"price of money," in so much as it is the amount one must pay to use somebody else's money ("borrow") for a given period of time; the term is also used for the payment the lender (e.g., a person with a savings account) receives for loaning out his money. Because inflation lowers the value of currency, economists routinely distinguish between nominal (the actual amount earned by a lender/saver) and real (which are corrected for the inflation rate). A savings account earning 5% interest is not acquiring the ability to buy more things if prices are also going up by 5% per year!

Treaty of Tordesillas

(1494) ostensibly divided the New World (and, in later interpretations, the entire world) between Spain and Portugal. It resulted from a bull by (Spanish-born) Pope Alexander VI granting lands to Spain and established a line west of the Cape Verde islands between future Spanish possessions (west) and Portuguese possessions (east). The line passed through Brazil, allowing the Portuguese to establish a colony there, while Spain received the rest of the Americas. Endless wrangling and repeated revisions ensued.

Peace of Westphalia

(1648) is the collective name for two treaties ending the Thirty Years' War that were signed by the Holy Roman Empire, minor German states, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. It confirmed the principle of "cuius regio eius religio" (that a ruler's religion determined that of his country) introduced by the Peace of Augsburg, but mandated relative tolerance of other (Christian) faiths. It adjusted the borders of German states and strengthened their princes with respect to the Emperor, and transferred most of Lorraine and some of Alsace to France.

Treaty of Utrecht

(1713) was a series of treaties signed in its namesake Dutch city that (mostly) ended the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). They were signed by France and Spain for one side and by Britain, Savoy, and the United Provinces (The Netherlands) for the other. The treaty confirmed a Bourbon prince (Philip, Duke of Anjou) on the Spanish throne, ending Habsburg control, but took steps to prevent the French and Spanish thrones from being merged. Some Spanish possessions — including Sicily, the Spanish Netherlands, Naples, and Gibraltar — were given to the victors.

Treaty of Ghent

(1814) ended the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain. It was signed in its namesake city in Belgium but, due to the distances involved, could not prevent the Battle of New Orleans two weeks later. The treaty made no boundary changes and had minimal effect; both sides were ready for peace and considered the war a futile and fruitless endeavor.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) settled a boundary dispute between the U.S. and Spain that arose following the Louisiana Purchase. It was negotiated by then-Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and most notably sold Florida to the U.S. in exchange for the payment of its citizens' claims against Spain. It also delineated the U.S.-Spain border to the Pacific Ocean leading to its alternate name, the Transcontinental Treaty.

Guadelupe Hidalgo

(1848) ended the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) and was signed in its namesake neighborhood of Mexico City. Its most significant result was the "Mexican Cession" transferring California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of four other states to the U.S. It also made the Rio Grande the boundary between Texas and Mexico.

Treaty of Portsmouth

(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed at its namesake Naval Shipyard in Maine after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

(1918) was a "separate peace" signed by the Bolshevik government of the new USSR and Germany. The USSR needed to make peace to focus on defeating the "Whites" (royalists) in the Russian Civil War, and it gave up Ukraine, Belarus, and the three Baltic countries after Germany invaded, an outcome worse than a German offer which chief Soviet negotiator Leon Trotsky had rejected. The treaty was negotiated in Brest (in what is now Belarus) and was nullified by the subsequent Treaty of Versailles following Germany's defeat.

Treaty of Versailles

(1919) officially ended World War I between the Allies and Germany. It was signed in France after the Paris Peace Conference. It is noted for the "Big Four" (Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando) who headed the Allies' delegations, discussions of Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (particularly the League of Nations), and its controversial disarmament, war guilt, and reparations clauses. The conference was also notable for up-and-coming world figures who attended (John Maynard Keynes, Ho Chi Minh, Jan Smuts, etc.).a

Lateran Treaty

(1929) created the independent country of the Vatican City, made Catholicism the state religion of Italy (ended in 1984), and determined the proper remuneration for Church property taken by Italy. It was signed by Benito Mussolini and a representative of Pope Pius XI in the namesake papal residence, and ended the so-called "Roman Question" that arose out of the unification of Italy and the dissolution of the Papal States.

I love Lucy

(1951-1957): During its six-season run, It was one of America's most watched shows. It starred Lucille Ball, and Ball's real-life husband Desi Arnaz. The show's other major characters were the Ricardos' neighbors, Fred and Ethel Mertz. In one of the show's most famous episodes, The main Character was was hired to do a TV commercial for a health tonic called "Vitameatavegamin"; after drinking too much of it, she becomes inebriated and is unable to pronounce the word correctly.

The Honeymooners

(1955-1956) It is considered the first TV spinoff, as it centered on a character — Brooklyn bus driver Ralph Kramden — who had previously been introduced on The Jackie Gleason Show. Ralph's wife Alice was frequently the recipient of his bombastic threats, such as "Bang zoom, straight to the moon!". Like I Love Lucy, the show also centrally featured a neighbor couple — in this case, Ed and Trixie Norton. Although It is now considered a classic sitcom, it was not very popular at the time, and only 39 episodes aired in its original one-season run.

Gunsmoke

(1955-1975): With 635 episodes that aired over 20 seasons, It was the longest-running prime-time series in American television history until The Simpsons overtook it. Set in Dodge City, Kansas in the late 19th century, it centered on U.S. marshal Matt Dillon. For several seasons in the early 1960s, it featured a young Burt Reynolds as the blacksmith Quint Asper.

Mr. Ed

(1958-1966): This classic sitcom centered on the title talking horse — a palomino whose voice was provided by Allan Lane — and his owner, the architect Wilbur Post. Much of the show's humor derived from the fact that Mr. Ed would solely speak to Wilbur, which naturally led to hijinks. Mr. Ed should not be confused with Francis the Talking Mule, who would solely speak to his owner Peter Stirling; he appeared in a number of film comedies during the 1950s.

The Twilight zone

(1959-1964): Rod Serling created this anthology series, whose iconic opening credits featured a theme composed by Bernard Herrmann and a narration warning that the viewer was "about to enter another dimension." One of its most famous episodes, "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet," starred a young William Shatner as a salesman who becomes convinced that a gremlin nobody else can see is trying to crash the airplane on which he is flying.

The Andy Griffith Show

(1960-1968): One of the most popular TV series of its decade, It starred its title actor as Andy Taylor, the sheriff in the sleepy small town of Mayberry, North Carolina. The show is almost as well known for its distinctive supporting characters, including a gas station attendant named Gomer Pyle and an awkward deputy sheriff, Barney Fife. Ron Howard rose to fame as a child actor on the show, playing Andy's son Opie, before going on to an adult career as a prolific actor and director.

The Mary Tyler Moore Show

(1970-1977): This sitcom centered on Mary Richards, a young woman who moves to Minneapolis, where she goes to work in the newsroom at WJM-TV. No fewer than three supporting characters eventually got their own spinoffs: Phyllis, which starred Cloris Leachman; Rhoda, which starred Valerie Harper; and Lou Grant, which—unlike both the other two spinoffs and itself—was a drama rather than a sitcom. The show is considered groundbreaking for its portrayal of Mary as an independent single woman.

All in the Family

(1971-1979): Producer Norman Lear created this sitcom, which was based on the successful British series Till Death Us Do Part. It starred Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton as the central couple, Archie and Edith Bunker; Archie was notable for his prejudicial attitudes, while Edith—whom Archie would refer to as his "dingbat"—was his long-suffering wife. The show also featured Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson, who would later be given his own eponymous spinoff, The Jeffersons, in which he and his wife moved on up to a "deluxe apartment in the sky" on the East Side of Manhattan.

Camp David Accords

(1978) were negotiated at its namesake Presidential retreat by Egypt's Anwar Sadat and Israel's Menachem Begin; they were brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter. They led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israeli access to the Red Sea and Suez Canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. This isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadat's assassination in 1981.

Lexington and Concord

(April 19, 1775): The first battles of the American Revolutionary War were skirmishes near Boston in the two towns of Lexington and Concord, as well as Cambridge, Lincoln and Menotomy. British regulars under Francis Smith attempted to destroy the supplies of the colonial militia, but were stopped by Minutemen. Ralph Waldo Emerson described the first shot as the "shot heard round the world."

Rub' al-Khali

(Arabian Peninsula; 250,000 mi2) Its name means "Empty Quarter" in English, is sometimes considered the most inhospitable place on earth. It is known for the world's largest oil field, the Ghawar, and for once being part of the frankincense trade.

Death of a Salesman

(Arthur Miller, 1949). This play questions American values of success. Willy Loman is a failed salesman whose firm fires him after 34 years. Despite his own failures, he desperately wants his sons Biff and Happy to succeed. Told in a series of flashbacks, the story points to Biff's moment of hopelessness, when the former high school star catches his father Willy cheating on his mother, Linda. Eventually, Willy can no longer live with his perceived shortcomings, and commits suicide in an attempt to leave Biff with insurance money.

The Crucible

(Arthur Miller, 1953). Miller chose the 1692 Salem witch trials as his setting, but the work is really an allegorical protest against the McCarthy anti-Communist "witch-hunts" of the early 1950s. In the story, Elizabeth Proctor fires the servant Abigail Williams after she finds out Abigail had an affair with her husband. In response, Abigail accuses Elizabeth of witchcraft. She stands trial and is acquitted, but then another girl accuses her husband, John, and as he refuses to turn in others, he is killed, along with the old comic figure, Giles Corey. Also notable: Judge Hathorne is a direct ancestor of the author Nathaniel Hawthorne.

Camden

(August 16, 1780): The American defeat was part of the British "southern strategy," which included the earlier capture of Charleston and Savannah. Charles Cornwallis inflicted a humiliating defeat on the forces of Horatio Gates.

Long Island

(August 27, 1776) The largest battle of the entire war, resulted in the British capture of New York. William Howe defeated George Washington.

Hohenzollern

(Brandenburg 1415-1618, Prussia 1525-1918, Germany 1871-1918, and Romania 1866-1947): It began as Burgraves of Nuremburg, but eventually gained such titles as Margrave of Brandenburg, Duke and later King of Prussia, Emperor of Germany, and King of Romania. Some of its notable rulers included Frederick the Great (an enlightened ruler who established the military might of Prussia) and Wilhelm II (the Emperor of Germany during World War I).

Gobi Desert

(China and Mongolia; 500,000 mi2) It is Asia's second largest desert (after the Arabian Desert), is bounded on the north by the Altai Mountains. It is known for its role in the Silk Road trading route and the Nemegt Basin, where fossilized dinosaur eggs and human artifacts have been found.

Trenton

(December 26, 1776): Occurred early in the morning after George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River on Christmas night. The Hessians, under the command of Johann Rall, were surprised and about two-thirds of them were captured.

Quebec

(December 31, 1775): The culmination of a failed invasion of Canada by American colonists. In a blinding snowstorm, the American general Richard Montgomery was killed in battle, Benedict Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan was captured.

Brown v. Board of Education

(Earl Warren, 9-0, 1954): The suit was filed on behalf of Linda Brown, a third grader, who had to walk a mile to a blacks-only school when a whites-only school was much closer. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall argued the case for the plaintiff. The court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were not constitutional. A second case in 1955 required that desegregation proceed "with all deliberate speed" but Southern schools were notoriously slow in complying; it was not until 1970 that a majority had complied with the ruling.

Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

(Edward Albee, 1962). The name in the title has little to do with the story, except that Martha sings the title to George when she is mad at him in Act I. In fact, Albee got the title from graffiti he saw on a men's room wall. In the drama, George is a professor who married Martha, the college president's daughter, but the two dislike each other. Martha invites another couple, the instructor Nick and his wife Honey, for drinks after a party for her father. All four of them get drunk, and they end up bickering over their flawed marriages: Besides George and Martha's problems, Honey is barren, and Nick married her for her money.

Plantagenet

(England, 1154-1399): TheY rose to power when Geoffrey V of Anjou married Matilda, and their rule ended when Richard II was deposed in 1399. Some of their notable rulers included Richard I, John, and Edward I. The signing of the Magna Carta, the English conquest of Wales, and the beginning of the Hundred Years' War all occurred during their reign. The houses of Lancaster and York were cadet branches (new royal houses formed by non-inheriting members) of this house.

Tudor

(England, 1485-1603): They rose to power when Henry VII aligned with the Lancasters in the War of the Roses. He became King Henry VII following his victory at Bosworth Field. Their notable rulers included Henry VIII (who broke with the Catholic Church in England and had six wives) and Elizabeth I (whose lack of a husband and heir led to the extinction of the house).

Stuarts

(England, 1603-1714 and Scotland, 1371-1714): The first king was James I (James VI of Scotland), who commissioned the King James Bible and survived the Gunpowder Plot. Other notable rulers included Charles I (who was beheaded following the English Civil War) and Charles II (who was restored to power after Oliver Cromwell died). It was under the last Stuart ruler, Queen Anne, that the Acts of Union were passed and Great Britain was founded.

Mourning becomes Electra

(Eugene O'Neill, 1931). This play is really a trilogy, consisting of "Homecoming," "The Hunted," and "The Haunted." Though it is set in post-Civil War New England, O'Neill used Aeschylus's tragedy The Oresteia as the basis for the plot. Lavinia Mannon desires revenge against her mother, Christine, who with the help of her lover Adam Brant has poisoned Lavinia's father Ezra; Lavinia persuades her brother Orin to kill Brant. A distressed Christine commits suicide, and, after Orin and Lavinia flee to the South Seas, Orin cannot stand the guilt and kills himself as well, leaving Lavinia in the house alone.

The Iceman Cometh

(Eugene O'Neill, 1939). A portrait of drunkenness and hopeless dreams. Regular patrons of the End of the Line Café anticipate the annual arrival of Theodore "Hickey" Hickman, but in 1912 he returns to them sober. After the patrons reveal their "pipe dreams," Hickey implores them to give up those dreams and lead productive lives. The "Iceman" is supposed to represent the "death" found in reality.

Long Day's Journey Into Night

(Eugene O'Neill, 1956). O'Neill wrote it fifteen years earlier and presented the manuscript to his third wife with instructions that it not be produced until 25 years after his death. Actually produced three years after he died, it centers on Edmund and the rest of the Tyrone family, but is really an autobiographical account of the dysfunction of O'Neill's own family, set on one day in August 1912. The father is a miserly actor, while the mother is a morphine addict, and the brother is a drunk; they argue and cut each other down throughout the play.

Valois

(France, 1328-1589): The first king of France was Philip VI, during whose reign the Hundred Years' War began and the Black Death struck France. Notable Valois rulers included Louis XI, who acquired Burgundy; Francis I, who began the French Renaissance; and Henry III, whose assassination in the French Wars of Religion ended this dynasty.

Bourbon

(France, 1589-1792): The first king was Henry IV, who was victorious in the War of the Three Henrys and issued the Edict of Nantes guaranteeing religious freedom. Notable rulers included Louis XIV and Louis XVI (who was beheaded during the French Revolution). Following Napoleon's fall, they briefly ruled France again until the July Revolution of 1830. Spain has also been ruled mostly by the Bourbons since 1700.

Capetians

(France, 987-1328): First Monarch was Hugh Capet, who was elected king following the death of Louis V. Their notable rulers included Philip II, who went on the Third Crusade; Louis IX, a canonized saint; and Philip IV, who expelled the Jews of France in 1306 and arrested the Knights Templar in 1307. Their rule ended when Philip IV's sons failed to produce male heirs.

Roe v. Wade

(Harry Blackmun, Warren Burger, 7-2, 1973): Norma McCorvey a rape victim, sued Dallas County attorney Henry Wade for the right to an abortion. When the case reached the Supreme Court, the plaintiff depended on the growing recognition of a "right to privacy," which began with the 1965 case Griswold v. Connecticut. The court struck down state anti-abortion laws as "unconstitutionally vague," held that the word "person" in the Constitution "does not include the unborn," and legalized abortion in the first trimester. McCorvey later joined the pro-life movement and claimed that she was not actually raped and that she was pressured into filing the case by her ambitious attorney Sarah Weddington.

Plessy v. Ferguson

(Henry B. Brown, Melville Fuller, 7-1, 1896): Homer Plessy (who was legally classified as an "octoroon," meaning one-eighth black) bought a first-class ticket on the East Louisiana Railway. He sat in the whites-only car in violation of an 1890 Louisiana law mandating separate accommodations. He was convicted, but appealed to the Supreme Court against John Ferguson, a Louisiana judge. The court upheld the law provided that "separate but equal" facilities were provided. John Marshall Harlan issued a famous dissent claiming "Our constitution is color-blind." Plessy was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas.

Hapsburg

(Holy Roman Empire 1440-1806, Austria-Hungary 1867-1918, and Spain 1516-1700): They ruled much of Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the end of World War I. Their first important ruler was Rudolf I, the King of Germany and Duke of Austria in the late thirteenth century. Other notable rulers included Charles V, Maria Theresa and Franz Joseph.

Gideon v. Wainwright

(Hugo Black, Earl Warren, 9-0, 1963): Clarence Earl Gideon was accused of breaking into a pool hall in Florida. Because his crime was not capital, the court declined to provide him with an attorney. He was convicted, sued Louie Wainwright — the director of the corrections office — and took his case to the Supreme Court. The court overruled Betts v. Brady and held that the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments required appointed counsel in all trials. Gideon was retried and found innocent. The case is the subject of the book Gideon's Trumpet.

Negev Desert

(Israel; 4,700 mi2) This triangular desert covers the southern half of Israel.

Cowpens

(January 17, 1781): A turning point in the American recapture of South Carolina. Daniel Morgan commanded the Continentals and Banastre Tarleton led the British. The Battle was fought between the Pacolet and Broad Rivers.

Marbury v. Madison

(John Marshall, 4-0, 1803): On his final day in office in 1801, John Adams signed commissions for 42 federal judges (the so-called "midnight judges"). His successor, Thomas Jefferson, opted to not deliver most of the commissions. One appointee, William Marbury, sued the new secretary of state, James Madison, to force the delivery of his commission. The Judiciary Act of 1789 had granted the court original jurisdiction in such cases, but the Constitution did not. The court ruled that the Judiciary Act conflicted with the Constitution and was therefore void. Therefore Marbury's request was denied for lack of jurisdiction. This case established the principle of judicial review, the power of the court to nullify unconstitutional laws.

Fletcher v. Peck

(John Marshall, 6-0, 1810): In 1795 the Georgia legislature corruptly sold land along the Yazoo River (now in Mississippi) to private citizens in exchange for bribes. The legislators were mostly defeated in the next elections and the incoming politicians voided the sales. In the meantime, John Peck sold some of the land in question to Robert Fletcher, who then sued him, claiming that he did not have clear title. The Supreme Court held that the state legislature did not have the power to repeal the sale. This was one of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court struck down a state law.

McCulloch v. Maryland

(John Marshall, 9-0, 1819): After the Second Bank of the United States began calling in loans owed by the states, Maryland passed a law taxing out-of-state banks. The federal bank refused to pay, so the state sued its Baltimore cashier, James McCulloch. The court ruled that the federal government had the right to establish the bank even though it was not expressly enumerated in the Constitution and also noted that since "the power to tax was the power to destroy," Maryland could not tax the bank without destroying federal sovereignty.

Bunker Hill

(June 17, 1775): This British pyrrhic victory outside Boston resulted in the capture of the Charlestown Peninsula, but showed that colonial troops could stand up to British regulars. Most of the fighting actually occurred on Breed's Hill.

Monmouth

(June 28, 1778): The last major battle of the Northern theater of the war; its outcome was inconclusive. American general Charles Lee was court-martialed for his actions at here. Molly Pitcher became famous for fighting in this battle in place of her husband.

A Raisin in the Sun

(Lorraine Hansberry, 1959). Her father's 1940 court fight against racist housing laws provided the basis for Hansberry's play about the Younger family, who attempt to move into an all-white Chicago suburb but are confronted by discrimination. The first play by an African-American woman to be performed on Broadway, it also tore down the racial stereotyping found in other works of the time. The title comes from the Langston Hughes poem "Harlem" (often called "A Dream Deferred").

Ticonderoga

(May 10, 1775): A small but symbolic victory for the American forces led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. The Green Mountain Boys captured this fort on Lake Champlain from the British and transported its cannons to Boston.

Namib Desert

(Namibia and Angola; 30,000 mi2) A coastal desert, is known for its bizarre Welwitschia and medicinal Hoodia plants. It is thought to be the oldest desert in the world.

Orange-Nassau

(Netherlands, 1544-present): The House was founded by William the Silent, who led the Dutch Revolt against the Spanish in the Eighty Years' War, resulting in the recognition of the Netherlands' independence in 1648. In 1688, William III, at the invitation of Parliament, invaded England with his wife Mary in what is called the Glorious Revolution. It is currently led by Willem-Alexander, the King of the Netherlands.

Painted Desert

(Northern Arizona) It is shared by Grand Canyon and Petrified Forest National Parks, is known for its colorful, banded rock formations.

Germantown

(October 4, 1777): Washington's attack here was the Continental Army's last major effort to retake Philadelphia before the winter of 1777-1778. After this defeat, Washington's troops wintered at Valley Forge.

Ex Parte Merryman

(Roger Taney, 1861): This was not actually a Supreme Court case, but a federal court case heard by Chief Justice Roger Taney while "circuit-riding" when the court was not in session. Lieutenant John Merryman of the Maryland cavalry took an active role in evicting Union soldiers from Maryland following the attack on Fort Sumter. Abraham Lincoln declared a secret suspension of the writ of habeas corpus and had a number of opposition leaders, including Merryman, arrested. Taney found the president had acted unconstitutionally (only Congress can suspend the writ), but Lincoln simply ignored his ruling.

Romanov

(Russia, 1613-1917): Following the Time of Troubles, the sixteen-year-old Michael was appointed tsar and co-ruled with his father, Patriarch Filaret. Its rulers included Peter the Great (who westernized Russia and defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War), Catherine the Great (an "enlightened despot" who greatly expanded the borders of Russia), and Alexander II (who freed the serfs). They ruled Russia as tsars and emperors until the Russian Revolution and Nicholas II's execution.

The Glass Menagerie

(Tennessee Williams, 1944). Partly based on Williams' own family, the drama is narrated by Tom Wingfield, who supports his mother Amanda and his crippled sister Laura (who takes refuge from reality in her glass animals). At Amanda's insistence, Tom brings his friend Jim O'Connor to the house as a "gentleman caller" for Laura. While O'Connor is there, the horn on Laura's glass unicorn breaks, bringing her into reality, until O'Connor tells the family that he is already engaged. Laura returns to her fantasy world, while Tom abandons the family after fighting with Amanda.

A Streetcar named Desire

(Tennessee Williams, 1947). Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski represent Williams's two visions of the South: declining "old romantic" vs. the harsh modern era. Blanche is a Southern belle who lost the family estate, and is forced to move into her sister Stella's New Orleans apartment. Stella's husband Stanley is rough around the edges, but sees through Blanche's artifice; he ruins Blanche's chance to marry his friend Mitch by revealing to Mitch that Blanche was a prostitute. Then, after Blanche confronts Stanley, he rapes her, driving her into insanity. The drama was developed into a movie, marking the breakthrough performance of method actor Marlon Brando.

Cat on a hot Tin Roof

(Tennessee Williams, 1955). Centers on a fight between two sons, Gooper and Brick, over the estate of their father "Big Daddy" Pollitt, who is dying of cancer. After his friend Skipper dies, ex-football star Brick turns to alcohol and will not have sex with his wife Maggie ("the cat"). Yet Maggie announces to Big Daddy that she is pregnant in an attempt to force a reconciliation with—and win the inheritance for—Brick.

Our Town

(Thornton Wilder, 1938). A sentimental story that takes place in the village of Grover's Corners, New Hampshire just after the turn of the 20th century, It is divided into three acts: "Daily Life" (Professor Willard and Editor Webb gossip on the everyday lives of town residents); "Love and Marriage" (Emily Webb and George Gibbs fall in love and marry); and "Death" (Emily dies while giving birth, and her spirit converses about the meaning of life with other dead people in the cemetery). A Stage Manager talks to the audience and serves as a narrator throughout the drama, which is performed on a bare stage.

Great Sandy Desert

(Western Australia; 140,000 mi2) Part of the Western Desert, and the ninth largest in the world.

Baker v. Carr

(William J. Brennan Jr., Earl Warren, 6-2, 1962): Charles W. Baker, a Tennessee citizen, sued the Tennessee secretary of state, Joe Carr, claiming that the state's electoral districts had been drawn to grossly favor one political party. The defendant argued that reapportionment issues were political, not judicial, matters, but the court disagreed and declared the issue justiciable before remanding the case to a lower court. Two years later, in Reynolds v. Sims, the court mandated the principle of "one man, one vote."

Hammer v. Dagenhart

(William R. Day, Edward Douglass White, 5-4, 1918): The Keating-Owen Act prohibited the interstate sale of goods produced by child labor, leading Roland Dagenhart to sue U.S. attorney W. C. Hammer in Charlotte since his two sons would be put out of work. The court ruled that the federal government did not have the right to regulate child labor; Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote a notable dissent focusing on the lack of proper state regulation. The case was overturned by the 1941 case U.S. v. Darby Lumber Company case upholding the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Saratoga

(ended October 17, 1777): The major turning point of the American Revolution because the American victory led France to join the war. British General John Burgoyne led an invasion into New York from Canada with hopes of meeting another British army and splitting the American colonies. The final surrender was preceded by battles at Freeman's Farm and Bemis Heights. Horatio Gates led the American forces.

Yorktown

(ended October 19, 1781): It essentially ended the American Revolutionary War, although the Treaty of Paris wasn't signed until two years later. George Washington, with help from the French navy under the Comte de Grasse, surrounded the forces of Cornwallis and forced the British to surrender. General Charles O'Hara presented Cornwallis's sword of surrender.

Anti-Masonic Party

(established 1828) became America's first third party by riding the tide of anti freemason sentiment following the 1826 disappearance of Freemason whistleblower William Morgan. For the 1832 election, they selected William Wirt in the first presidential nominating convention in United States history. Running against eventual winner Andrew Jackson, a Democrat seeking re-election, and Henry Clay, a National Republican, Wirt managed to receive 8% of the popular vote and 7 electoral votes from Vermont. Vermont and Pennsylvania both elected them as governors, and Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont and other states all sent them to the U.S. House of Representatives.

American Party

(established 1843), better known as the Know-Nothing Party, formed from the anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant nativism of early America. Secret societies like the Order of the Star Spangled Banner had been sprouting up since the 1840s, but the Know-Nothing Party was not a unified entity until the 1854 elections, when it won 52 of the 234 seats in the House, including the position of Speaker of the House. The 1856 presidential election was the first one for both the American Party behind Millard Fillmore and the Republican Party behind John C. Frémont. Fillmore received 22% of the popular vote but only eight electoral votes from Maryland; Frémont won eleven states with 33% of the popular vote. Strong Southern support, however, allowed Democrat James Buchanan an easy win.

Free Soil Party

(established 1848) was created through a union of anti-slavery factions from the two major parties, the Barnburner Democrats and Conscience Whigs. Its platform, unlike that of James G. Birney's earlier Liberty Party (established 1840), did not aim to abolish slavery, but rather to cease its expansion. As a result, They backed the Wilmot Proviso and opposed the Democratic Party on using popular sovereignty to decide slavery's status. In its first year, 1848, the party ended up with two senators and 14 Representatives in Congress. Their Presidential candidate Martin van Buren managed to capture 10% of the popular vote, and his influence may have secured Whig candidate Zachary Taylor's close victory over Democrat Lewis Cass.

People's Party

(established 1891), better known as the Populist Party, had its roots in the same farmer-labor partnership that created the Greenback Party (established 1874). Opposed to the elites of the banking and railroad industries, the Populist movement promised agrarian and labor reform. Its first presidential candidate, James B. Weaver, captured 22 electoral votes from six western states with 8.5% of the vote in 1892, as Democrat Grover Cleveland won his rematch against Republican Benjamin Harrison. Also in the West, multiple Populist governors, senators, and representatives held power throughout the decade. The Populists nominated the same presidential candidate as the Democrats in 1896, William Jennings Bryan, because of his stance on a silver bi-metal currency, though the Populist vice-presidential candidate — party leader Thomas E. Watson — differed from the Democratic candidate. Bryan's failure to defeat Republican William McKinley spelled the decline of the People's Party.

Socialist Party

(established 1901) is usually associated with Eugene V. Debs, the face of the American socialist movement at its peak. He ran for president five times from 1900 to 1920, and managed to increase his vote counts with each successive campaign. He attracted over 900,000 votes twice: in 1912 with 6% of the vote, almost making it a four-way race, and in 1920, when Debs famously ran his campaign while imprisoned. Starting in 1928, his successor, Norman Thomas, ran for president six consecutive times, though the party was not quite able to replicate Debs's success.

Mojave

(mostly California, and some of Arizona, Utah, and Nevada; 25,000 mi2) It is bounded by the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountain ranges along the San Andreas and Garlock Faults. It is between the Great Basin and the Sonoran Desert, and it contains the lowest and driest point of North America, Death Valley. It is most strongly associated with the Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia).

*Universal Oversoul*

*We're all interconnected

American Realism

- A literary style that seeks to avoid sentimental depictions of life - Focused on the stories of ordinary people - Important to visual art in the lat 19th and early 20th centuries

Sojourner Truth

- An Account of an Experience with Discrimination - Abolitionist - Runaway slave - Took former master to court to get her son back. First person to win a case like this - Spoke at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention. Gave "Ain't I a woman speech" - Helped recruit black troops for the Union

Transcendentalism

- An intellectual and literary movement founded by Ralph Waldo Emerson - Believed in the inherent goodness of people - Society has corrupted the purity of the individual - Influenced by Hindu writings - Influenced by German Idealism, Especially Immanuel Kant - Subjective intuition over objective empiricism

Ambrose Bierce aka Bitter Bierce

- Author of "An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge" - "Tales of Soldiers and Civilians - "The Devil's Dictionary" - Wrote a poem that kinda forshadowed William Mckinley's death. This seemed like in bad taste; the poem ended William Randolph Hearst's future political career because it was in one of his publications

Oliver Wendell Holmes

- Author of "Old Ironsides" (Based on the USS Constitution) - Fireside Poet - Wrote the Breakfast-Table series - Friends with Longfellow, Emerson, and James Russell Lowell -Father of Oliver Wendall Holmes Jr. Supreme Court Justice - Often published in The Atlantic

Kate Chopin

- Author of "The Story of an Hour" - Wrote lots of novels based in Louisiana - Wrote "Desiree's Baby" (A story about miscegenation ) Published in Vogue - American Realist

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

- Author of "The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls" - Fireside Poet - The Song of Hiawatha - Paul Revere's Ride (IMPORTANT) - Evangeline - First American to Translate the Divine Comedy - The Courtship of Miles Standish

William Cullen Bryant

- Author of Thanatopsis - The Embargo: About Thomas Jefferson"s Embargo on Britain

Henry David Thoreau

- Author of Walden - Author of "Civil Disobedience" - Abolitionist - Pioneered a lot of ideas that Gandhi and MLK used

Washington Irving (1783 - 1859) aka John Oldstyle

- Author of satirical essays - Author of "The Devil and Tom Walker" - Author of Short Story "Rip Van Winkle" - Author of Short Story " The legend of Sleepy Hollow" - Wrote Biographies of George Washington, Muhammad, and Oliver Goldsmith. - Wrote histories of 15th Century Spain - -Author of the Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy hollow" are in here

Harriet Tubman

- Was known as Moses in the Underground Railroad - Helped rescue about 70 slaves - Born a slave, ran away - After the Fugitive slave act she helped bring Slaves to Canada - Suffragette - Friend of John Brown. He called her General Tubman

Frederick Douglass

- Wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass - Editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist, - Was a self-educated slave - Corresponded with John Brown - First African American Nominated Vice President to Victoria Woodhull. (Obviously did not win)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

- writer but also a philosopher - Author of "Nature" and "Self - Reliance" - Author of "The Oversoul" - "The Poet" - "Experience"

Edgar Allan Poe

-Author of "The Raven" - Annabelle Lee - Cask of Amantillado - Tell Tale Heart - Masque of Red Death - Pit and the Pendulum - Murders in the Rue Morgue - The Gold Bug - Berenice - A Dream within a Dream

Gothic style (writing) is characterized by the following elements:

1. Story is set in bleak and remote places 2. The plot involves macabre (twisted) or violent incidents 3. Characters are psychologically or physically tormented 4. The supernatural or other worldly elements are often present

The Transcendental beliefs are founded by the following

1. That human senses are limited, they convey knowledge of the physical world, but deeper truths can be grasped only through intuition (your gut) 2. The observation of nature illuminated the nature of human beings 3. God, Nature, and humanity are united in a shared *UNIVERSAL OVERSOUL"

Mannerism

16th-century European style of art characterized by idealized figures and distortion of realistic proportions

Rococo

18th-century style of art and architecture that evolved from the baroque and is characterized by elaborate ornamentation and gracefulness—it derives its name from the French word rocaille for "shellwork" or "pebblework"

World War II 1939 to 1945

1939 to 1945 World War II US enters in 1941, after attack on Pearl Harbor

The Ed Sullivan Show

1948-1971:This long-running CBS variety show occupied the same time slot — Sunday night at 8 pm — for over two decades. For most of that time, it broadcast live from the broadway stage which is currently the home of the Late Show with Stephen Colbert. Among the characters it bequeathed to American popular culture were a Spanish ventriloquist known as "Señor Wences" and an Italian mouse puppet named Topo Gigio. In 1964, the Beatles appeared on the show for three straight weeks, appearances which are credited with launching the "British Invasion" in popular music.

M*A*S*H

1972-1983): Like The Mary Tyler Moore Show and All in the Family, It was a highly successful CBS sitcom that dealt with controversial social issues — in this case, war. Centering on the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital in South Korea, it was adapted from the 1970 feature film of the same name directed by Robert Altman. Major characters included Hawkeye Pierce, a wisecracking surgeon played by Alan Alda; Sherman Potter, who was added to the show in season 4 after the previous commanding officer, Henry Blake, was killed off; and Corporal Klinger, who would dress in women's clothing in an attempt to be discharged from the army.

Surrealism

20th-century literary and artistic movement that stresses the significance of the unconscious and juxtaposes seemingly unrelated objects

Dwight Eisenhower

34th president. Prior to presidency, served in World War II as commander of the Allied forces in north Africa, Sicily, and Italy. Promoted to general after D-Day. Created the interstate highway system as president.

omniscient point of view

3rd person account where the narrator stands outside of the action, knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters, and provides commentary about the story's events.

Bill Clinton

42nd president, Democrat. Third president to be impeached. Was acquitted by the Senate.

Tewlve Tone Technique

: Twelve-tone technique was developed by Arnold Schoenberg in the early 1920s, and is one method of writing atonal music—music that has no key or tonic pitch. Twelve-tone works are based on a tone row constructed from each of the twelve pitches of the chromatic scale, each used only once. This row may be inverted and/or presented in retrograde (backwards), a combination of possibilities often represented in a twelve-tone matrix (for an example, see here; curious readers may experiment with creating their own row/matrix here). Twelve-tone technique is one form of serialism, the rigid structuring of various musical elements within a work. A work of total serialism applies the same process to dynamics, articulations, and other basic elements of music as well as pitch.

Faust

A Scholar from Germany named Johann Georg Faust. He is the basis for the deal at the Crossroads with the devil. Faustian Bargain

John Paul Jones

A Scotsman who had fled Britain after killing two people, he added the last name to his given name, , to hide from law enforcement. At the outbreak of conflict, he was commissioned to outfit the Alfred, which he then used to help capture New Providence in the Bahamas. The next month, April 1776, he led the Alfred against the HMS Glasgow, leading him to promotion and command of the Providence. Ordered to raid until his provisions were expended, he sank and captured ships in operations along the Atlantic coast. Commissioned captain of the Ranger, he sailed to France to acquire new ships, and captured the HMS Drake. Leaving Europe in August 1779, he met the British ship Serapis in battle on September 23, 1779.

Irony

A contradiction between appearance and reality

Hesse

A further novel by this author focuses on Harry Haller, who succumbs to his animalistic side, and yet another is named for a friend of Govinda who finds inner peace.

Heart of Darkness

A hut surrounded by staked rebel heads in this novel is home to an ivory trader whose final words were not his fiancee's name, but rather "The horror! The horror!"

Achebe

A line from Eliot's "Journey of the Magi" titles a novel by this man whose protagonist befriends William Green's secretary Marie Tomlinson and is arrested for taking a bribe in order to pay for an abortion for his girlfriend Clara, an osu.

Regionalism

A literary movement in which writers attempted to depict and analyze the distinct and unique qualities of a geographical area and its people

Mahl Stick

A long wooden stick used by painters as a support to keep the hand that holds the brush from touching the painting surface.

Elasticity

A measure of how much one economic variable changes in response to a change in a different variable, expressed in the form of "Every 1% change in the independent (second) variable leads to an x% change in the value of the first (dependent) variable."

Heart of Darkness

A painting of a blindfolded woman holding a torch factors into this novel, in which a "universal genius" pens a report on the suppression of local customs which ends with the post-script "Exterminate all the brutes!"

Key

A piece of music's key is the "home" scale of the work. The key is most often indicated by the work's key signature, a collection of sharps or flats that appears at the beginning of the work and on each subsequent line of music (a list of key signatures may be found here). A pair of keys may be parallel (beginning on the same pitch, e.g., C major and C minor), or relative (having the same key signature, e.g., C major and A minor). Most works of music between the Baroque and Romantic periods end in the same key as they begin, with the exception that works that start in a minor key may end in the parallel major. A work's key is often used as a descriptor in its title (e.g. Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor).

Phyllis Schlafly

A political conservative known for her anti-feminism and campaign against the equal rights amendment; she believed you could be a mother and have a Career too; wrote/Co authored several books.

Billy Graham

A powerful evangelic preacher; conducted many evangelistic Crusade's and counseled majority of the US presidents from Truman through Obama.

Nathaniel Greene

A prominent Rhode Island politician prior to the revolution, he raised a militia company but was not elected their captain due to his partial lameness. Following his work in the siege of Boston, he marched his army to Long Island, where they aided in the battles around New York. Following the loss of Fort Washington, he led forces into victory at the Battle of Trenton, and then again distinguished himself by protecting Washington's force at the Battle of Brandywine. He then led the main force at Germantown, and led the evacuation of positions along the Delaware River in fall 1777. The next year, His logistical talents led Washington to appoint him quartermaster general, a position he only accepted if he were allowed to retain field troops. He then led those troops as the right wing in the Battle of Monmouth. The quartermaster general position led to conflicts with the Continental Congress, and he resigned in 1780. Appointed to command to replace the traitor Benedict Arnold, he was sent south following Gates' loss at Camden. Joining with Daniel Morgan, he retreated from Cornwallis' forces for two months until a crippling counterattack at Guilford Courthouse, which gave a costly victory to the British. Until the end of the war, he led a spirited offensive against Lord Rawdon's — and later Duncan Stuart's — forces, besieging Augusta and Ninety-Six, and establishing headquarters in Charleston following Washington's victory at Yorktown.

Murakami

A runaway cat sets into motion the plot of one of his novels, in which Toru Okada pursues his wife, Kumiko.

Pushkin

A slave ancestor of this author was the basis for his novel Peter the Great's Negro, while in another of his stories Evgenii is chased by a statue of Peter the Great.

Allegory

A story with a literal and symbolic meaning

Tarrif

A tax placed on the import (common) or export (rarer) of a good. Tariffs have various — often controversial — sociopolitical goals, but economists agree that they raise consumer prices relative to equilibrium (resulting in a lower quantity demanded). They are similar to quotas, in which a government limits the amount of a good that may be imported.

Ramayana

A trail of jewels is left by one character in this work, which opens as a scheming wife of Dasaratha gets the protagonist exiled for fourteen years.

Sir William Howe

A veteran of the siege of Louisbourg, and the leader of the ascent to the Plains of Abraham (Quebec, 1759), he was dispatched in 1775 as second-in-command to Gage. After directing the attack on Bunker Hill, he succeeded Gage as commander, and coordinated a strategic retreat from Boston to Halifax. In Halifax, he coordinated a joint army-navy attack with his brother, Richard, an admiral, resulting in a campaign which allowed the British to control New York City. After his attempts to secure a peace in 1777 failed, he led the attack on Philadelphia, defeating Washington at Brandywine. After this, he wintered in Philadelphia, waiting for acceptance of his resignation, due to the failed peace negotiations. On May 25, 1778, he relinquished command to Sir Henry Clinton and returned home.

Bradstreet

A work by this poet looks at a place where once "lay that store" the poet "counted best," which now "in ashes lie."

Form

A work's form, or overall structure, is often depicted via a series of capital letters, with each different letter representing a large section of contrasting material. Basic forms include binary form ("AB" or "AABB"), ternary form ("ABA"), and strophic form ("A" endlessly repeated, commonly found in folk songs or religious hymns with multiple verses). Other forms include rondo form, in which several statements of a single theme are each separated by contrasting material (e.g. "ABACA"). Forms not usually represented by capital letters include the various types of theme and variations, as well as sonata-allegro form (which at its most basic level includes an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation).

Miller

Abigail Williams starts the Salem Witch Trials in an allegory of McCarthyism by this man, while his most famous work ends with the suicide for insurance money by Willy Loman.

13th amendment

Abolishes slavery, and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime

Andrew Carnegie

Accumulated huge wealth in the railroad and steel industry, use the Bessemer process to create steel. Developed "Gospel of Wealth" doctrine in which he believed it was the duty of the wealthy to use their money to improve the conditions for all.

Sept. 2, 31 BC) - Octavian and Agrippa defeated Antony and Cleopatra (Egypt)

Actium

John Witherspoon

Active clergyman; New Jersey representative that signed the declaration of independence; later president of modern Princeton University

25th amendment

Address succession to the presidency and establishes procedures for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President as well as responding to presidential disabilities

312, Italy) - Constantine the Great, after seeing a vision of a cross, defeated Maxentius near Rome, converted to Christianity, and became emperor

Adrianople

Dolores Huerta

Advocate and lobbyist for farm workers rights

Susan B. Anthony

Advocated for women's rights.

(405 BC, Dardanelles) -Lysander (Sparta) defeated Athenians in the Hellespont

Aegospotomai

Rosa Parks

African-American civil rights activist; in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955, refuse to give up her seat on the city bus for a white man; lead to the Montgomery bus boycott.

Tadeusz Kosciusko

After receiving military training in his native Poland and France, he resigned his commission due to poor advancement prospect. Offering his assistance to the Americans, he helped fortify the Delaware River in 1776, earning himself the rank of colonel. That winter, he planned the building of Fort Mercer, and the next spring headed north with General Gates, becoming commander of the northern army and building fortifications that helped win the battle of Saratoga. In 1780, he worked on building defenses for West Point, then headed south when Gates was appointed command of the Southern Department. Serving under Nathaniel Greene, he distinguished himself in the Race to the Dan River, and at Charleston, but mishandled the siege of Ninety-Six. Following the war, he was granted American citizenship but returned home to Poland. Back home he resisted partition, and attempted to liberate the nation afterward

My Antonia

After twenty years, this novel's narrator returns to Black Hawk to visit the eldest Shimerda daughter, who is now married to Anton Cuzak.

(Oct. 25, 1415, France) - Henry V (England) defeated D'Albret (France); French troops trapped in mud slaughtered by English bowmen

Agincourt

Feb. 23 - Mar. 6, 1836, TX) - Santa Anna (Mexico) captured fort in San Antonio under Travis, Bowie, and Crockett (Texas)

Alamo

(1208 - 1229) - called by Innocent III and Gregory IX; Louis XIII persecuted believers in dualism (Cathars) in southern France

Albigensian

(52 BC, France) - Julius Caesar (Rome) defeated Vercingetorix (Gaul)

Alesia

Ayn Rand

Along with The Night of January 16th, this author wrote a novel in which the protagonist works for Henry Cameron, gains the attention of Gail Wynand, and falls in love with Dominique.

Regionalism

American art movement of the 1930s in which artists focused on individual differences of a particular area of the country

Abstract expressionism

American art movement of the 1940s and 1950s that emphasized color, the physical properties of paint, and the way that paint interacts with the canvas, especially dramatically large canvasses

Ida B Wells

American reformer and leader in the anti-lynching crusade and women's suffrage movement

The flying tigers

Americans who volunteered to serve us pilots fighting the Japanese in China prior to the US entering the war.

autobiography

An account of a person's life written by that person

Charles Cornwallis, First Marquess of Cornwallis

An aristocrat and ensign in 1756, he fought in the battle of Minden, and by the end of the Seven Years' War, he was a captain. Made aide-de-camp to George III, he made colonel, and was promoted to major general before being sent to America. After a failed assault on Charleston, he served under Sir Henry Clinton in the battle of Long Island, but made his mark in fighting at Manhattan and pursued Washington across the Hudson, being outmaneuvered by Washington at Princeton (January 3, 1777). Following this defeat he directed the main attack on Brandywine Creek, and reinforcing Germantown, as part of the plan to capture Philadelphia. Promoted to second in command under Clinton after the Philadelphia campaign, he led the Battle of Monmouth before returning home to attend his sick wife. Sent south in 1780 to capture Charleston, he bested Horatio Gates at Camden (N.C.) and Nathaniel Greene at Guilford Courthouse, the latter a pyrrhic victory which likely led to his defeat in attempts to contain Lafayette in Virginia. Following this, he occupied Yorktown in August 1781, where he was surrounded by American and French forces, and forced to surrender. Following the war, he was appointed governor-general of India, and proved to be a capable administrator.

(March 1, 1896, Ethiopia) - Menelek II (Ethiopia) defeated Italy

Andowa

(1402, Turkey) - Tamerlane captured Bayazid I (Ottoman)

Ankara

Hesse

Another novel by this author focuses on a Castalian academic who is friends with Fritz Tegularius, Joseph Knecht, and is titled The Glass Bead Game.

Chopin

Another of her short stories describes Louise Mallard, who realizes that she is "free, free, free!" after hearing a report about the death of her husband Brently.

Robert Frost

Another of his poems says "Eden sank to grief" and "nothing gold can stay," while his collection North of Boston contains a poem with the line "good fences make good neighbors.

Yeats

Another of this man's poems wonders "what rough beast ... slouches towards Bethlehem to be born" and describes how "mere anarchy is loosed upon the world" after noting that "Things fall apart; the center cannot hold."

(Sept. 17, 1862, MD) - McClellan (Union) forced Lee (Confederate) to retreat to VG; Union success led to Emancipation Proclamation; French and Richardson (Union) drove Hill (Confederate) out of "Sunken Road" or "Bloody Lane"; Burnside fought Hill

Antietam

Ormolu

Any of various alloys resembling gold and used to decorate architectural features and other objects, especially cast bronze used to decorate furniture

(Apr. 9, 1865, VG) - Lee (Confederate) surrendered to Grant (Union)

Appomattox Courthouse

Marquis de Lafayette:

Approached by the U.S. Minister to France, Silas Deane, he arrived in April 1777 with Baron de Kalb. First seeing action at Brandywine, his primary early action was in supporting Washington during the winter at Valley Forge. After participating at the battles of Barren Hill, Monmouth, and Newport, he returned to France, raising support for an expeditionary force. Returning to America a colonel, he served on the board that sentenced Major Andre to death, and then faced Andre's confederate Benedict Arnold in battle in 1781. Working in Virginia, he evaded Cornwallis' forces, until reinforcements arrived in June. Coordinating with Anthony Wayne, the two combined forces against Cornwallis in the battle of Green Spring. Pursuing Cornwallis to Yorktown, he helped the siege there until Cornwallis' surrender.

Arabesque

Arabic for an elaborate, decorative design of intertwined flowers or foliage

Printmaking

Art and technique of making prints, especially by engraving, etching, or woodcut

Hellenistic art

Art of Greece after Alexander the Great's death

Hellenic art

Art of Greece before the death of Alexander the Great

Sculpture

Art of creating 3-dimensional forms by carving wood, chiseling stone, molding clay, etc

Abstract art

Art of the 1900s composed of distorted or unrecognizable forms of persons, places, or things as imagined by the artist

Pop art

Art of the late 1950s and '60s depicting with irony such objects as soup cans

Folk art

Art originating among the common people of a region and including everyday items completed by those untrained and unschooled in art

Primitivism

Art style having a simple, unschooled approach to painting

Collage

Art work made by pasting small pieces of varying materials onto a surface

Aticulation

Articulation refers to the various techniques which may be used to modify the attack or performance of a single note or a series of notes. Some of the most common articulations include staccato, meaning light or short; tenuto, meaning a note is to be held its entire value; and legato, meaning a series of notes is to be connected to one another very smoothly. Single notes may be given extra force by an accent mark.

Expressionism

Artistic style in which traditional ideas of naturalism and realism are forsaken to focus on intensely felt human emotions and exaggerated imagery

Harry Truman

As president, ended segregation in the military. Proposed his "fair deal" including full employment and fair employment-practices bills, federal control of the unemployment compensation program, a large housing program, and the development of natural resources. When Truman attended the Potsdam conference at the end of World War II; he became suspicious of the Soviet intentions under Stalin. This eventually affected his leader ship in the early years of cold war and lead to the Truman doctrine, where the US supported Greece and Turkey in their attempt to ward off Communist Threats

A Wrinkle in Time

At one point in this book, two characters recite nursery rhymes and the Gettysburg Address to avoid being hypnotized by a man with red eyes.

No Exit

At the end of this play, a pacifist army deserter says "Well, let's get on with it" after Estelle attempts to stab Inez with a paper-knife in a Second Empire drawing room.

Candide

At the end of this text, the protagonist is told "we must cultivate our gardens."

Intervals

At the most basic level, intervals — the distance between two pitches — are described with ordinal numbers (second, third, etc.), with the exceptions of unisons (two of the exact same note, which would logically have been called a "first") and octaves (which would have been called an "eighth"). The easiest way to find the basic interval between two pitches is to start on the bottom pitch, label that line or space "1," and then count lines and spaces upwards until the next pitch is reached; for example, the interval between C and F is a fourth: C is counted as "1," the lines/spaces for D and E are counted as "2" and "3," and the line/space for F is reached on "4." Unisons, fourths, fifths, and octaves may be classified as perfect, augmented, or diminished; seconds, thirds, sixths, and sevenths may be classified as major, minor, augmented, or diminished.

(Dec. 2, 1805, Moravia) - Napoleon had just captured Vienna; he defeated Austrians and Russians

Austerlitz

Upton Sinclair

Author; wrote "The Jungle" which exposed the conditions in the US meat packaging industry, causing a public uproar and leading to the passage of the pure food and drug act and meat inspection act.

Vernon Baker

Awarded several top military honors in WW2, including the Medal of Honor.

Roy Benavidez

Awarded the Medal of Honor for saving fellow soldiers in Vietnam War.

(Dec. 9, 1824, Peru) - Sucre defeated La Serna (Spain), ending Spanish control in South America

Ayacucho

(Oct. 25, 1854, Russia) - Russian attempted to raise siege of Sevastopol failed; "Charge of the Light Brigade" under earl of Cardigan commemorated in a Tennyson poem

Balaklava

(1934, Bolivia) - Paraguay defeated Bolivia

Ballivian

(June 24, 1314, Scotland) - Robert I (Scotland) defeated Edward II (England) at Stirling Castle

Bannockburn

(Mar. 1471, England) - Duke of Clarence and Edward IV (Lancaster) defeated Earl of Warwick (York), who was killed

Barnet

Faustian Legend

Based upon the German Folktale about a man named Faust. Faust makes a deal with the devil. He says, "you give all the world's knowledge, and I will owe you in return." In these legends, the devil always returns to collect repayment of the bargain.

Guernica

Basque town bombed by the Germans during the Spanish Civil War in April 1937. Picasso had already been commissioned to paint a mural for the Spanish Pavilion at the World's Fair, and he completed his massive, black, white, and grey anti-war mural by early June 1937. Picasso's Cubist approach to portraying the figures adds to the sense of destruction and chaos. It was in the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York until 1981, when it was returned to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia in Spain.

July - Nov. 1938, Spain) - Nationalists inflicted heavy losses on Republicans

Battle of the Ebro

Antarctica

Because it is covered with (solid) water, it is somewhat surprising that it is considered a desert, but it is classified as such due to its lack of precipitation. Players should be familiar with its tallest mountain, Vinson Massif in the Ellsworth Mountains; its active volcano Mount Erebus; the surrounding Ross and Weddell Seas; and the Ross Ice Shelf. The Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen was the first to reach the South Pole (1911), while the Englishman Robert Scott died trying to reach it. Ernest Shackleton had to abandon his ship, the Endurance, during an attempt to cross it on foot.

Amon

Began as a local god of Thebes, governing the air, fertility, and reproduction. His wife was Mut, and his son was Khon. Later, became linked with the sun god Ra, and the two combined. In this form, he became worshipped beyond Egypt, and identified with Zeus and Jupiter. His appearance in art was as a man in a loincloth, with a headdress topped by feathers, but other appearances show him with the head of a ram. The temple of him combined with Ra at Karnak was the largest ever built.

(Aug. 16, 1777, VT) - Stark (US) defeated Burgoyne (British) and Hessians Baum and Breymann

Bennington

The States' Rights Democratic Party

Better known as the Dixiecrat Party, was founded by Southern Democrats to oppose President Truman's re-election bid, in response to his actions advancing civil rights. When Truman was nominated by the Democrats in 1948, members from the South stormed out of the convention, creating a further divide within the party. With South Carolina governor Strom Thurmond as its candidate, the Dixiecrats — while receiving the same amount of votes as Henry Wallace — won 39 electoral votes from four southern states. Though it was a temporary split, the issue of civil rights did not disappear.

External occurring

Between a character and society, nature, another person, God, or fate

1814, DC) - led to Cockburn (British) burning DC, including the White House

Bladensburg

(Aug. 13, 1704, Bavaria) - Duke of Marlborough (England) and Eugene of Savoy (Austria) defeated French

Blenheim

(Dec. 16, 1838, South Africa) - Afrikaners defeated Zulus during Great Trek

Blood River

(Sept. 7, 1812, Russia) - Kutuzov (Russia) stopped Napoleon's (France) advance 70 miles west of Moscow; described in Tolstoi's War and Peace

Borodino

(Aug. 22, 1485, Leicestershire) - Henry Tudor (Lancaster) defeated Richard III (York); Thomas and William Stanley joined Henry; Richard III was unhorsed and killed

Bosworth Field

Kalahari Desert

Botswana, Namibia, South Africa; large region, not all of which is arid enough to qualify as a desert. It is known for its red sand, large game reserves (meerkats, gemsbok, springbok, steenbok), and mineral deposits (notably uranium). Its San Bushmen speak a click language.

(July 27, 1214, Lille France) - Philip II (France) defeated John (England) and Otto IV (HRE), forcing England out of northern France

Bouvines

(Aug. 7, 1819, Colombia) - Bolivar defeated Spanish

Boyaca

(July 11, 1690, Drogheda Ireland) - William III (new Protestant English king) defeated James II (deposed Catholic English king)

Boyne

(June 9, 1863, VG) - also Battle of Fleetwood Hill; largest Civil War cavalry fight; Stuart (Confederate) forced retreat of Pleasonton (Union)

Brandy Station

(Sept. 11, 1777, PA) - Howe (British) continued advance from Chesapeake to Philadelphia despite Washington's (US) resistance

Brandywine

(Sept. 17, 1631, Germany) - Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden) defeated von Tilly (Catholic)

Breitenfeld

(1940-1941, Britain) - Royal Air Force (British) stopped Goering's Luftwaffe (Germany); prevented German invasion of Britain

Britain

(July 1937, Spain) - Republicans indecisively attacked Nationalists near Madrid

Brunete

(Feb. 22-23, 1847, Saltillo Mexico) - Taylor (US) defeated Santa Anna (Mexico); Davis led the "MS Rifles"

Buena Vista

Museum

Building used to preserve and exhibit objects that are artistic, historical, or scientific

(Dec. 16 1944 - Jan 31 1945, Belgium) - also Battle of the Ardennes; Patton (US) defeated von Rundstedt and von Manteuffel (Germany), who had driven a wedge into Allied lines

Bulge

(June 17, 1775, MA) - Howe (British) dislodged Prescott and Putnam (US) but endured heavy casualties; Ward (US) had ordered fortification of Bunker Hill but Americans actually located at Breed's Hill

Bunker Hill

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2

By Marcel Duchamp. It was painted in 1912 and created a sensation when shown at the 1913 Armory Show in New York, where one critic referred to it as "an explosion in a shingle factory." Painted in various shades of brown, It portrays a nude woman in a series of broken planes, capturing motion down several steps in a single image. The painting reflects a Cubist sense of division of space, and its portrait of motion echoes the work of the Futurists.

Plaster of Paris

Calcined gypsum that is mixed with water and used for making molds and sculptures because it sets quickly

Chopin

Calixta agrees to marry Bobinôt after Clarisse removes Alcée from the title ball in a short story by this author.

(Nov. 20 - Dec. 3, 1917, France) - Byng (British) advanced against Germans along Hindenberg / Siegfried Line, but was then driven back; first large-scale use of tanks

Cambrai

(Aug. 16, 1780, SC) - Cornwallis (British) defeated Gates (US) and de Kalb (France)

Camden

(216 BC, Italy) - Hannibal (Carthage) destroyed the army of Varro and Paulus Aemilius (Rome)

Cannae

(Nov. 1917, Italy) - also 12th Battle of Isonzo; von Below (Germany) and Austria forced retreat of Cadorna (Italy)

Caporetto

The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Captain Phoebus is stabbed by Claude Frollo, but the attack is blamed on a woman who is saved by the title character's swinging down from his tower.

(605 BC, Turkey) - Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylon) defeated Egyptians

Carchemish

(53 BC, Turkey) - Orontes (Parthia) defeated Crassus (Rome), and executed him

Carrhae

Cameo

Carving in relief on certain gems

Lascaux Cave

Cave discovered in 1940 in France whose prehistoric art dated at about 17,000 years old was considered the most significant until the discovery of the Chauvet Cave

(Oct. 19, 1864, VG) - Sheridan (Union) returned from a conference in Washington to lead a counterattack defeating Early (Confederate)

Cedar Creek

(1870, South America) - Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay defeated Lopez (Paraguay)

Cerro Cora

(Apr. 17-18, 1847, Mexico) - Scott (US) continued advance from Veracruz to Mexico City despite resistance of Santa Anna (Mexico)

Cerro Gordo

(Feb. 12, 1817, Chile) - San Martin and O'Higgins defeated Maroto (Spain) near Santiago

Chacabuco

(338 BC, Greece) - Philip II (Macedonia) defeated Athens and Thebes

Chaeronea

(451, Gaul) - Flavius Aetius (Rome) and Theodoric I (Visigoths) defeated Attila the Hun and Gaiseric (Vandal)

Chalons

(May 1-3, 1863, VG) - Jackson (Confederate) stopped Hooker's (Union) advance on Richmond; Jackson was accidentally killed by his men while spying

Chancellorsville

20th amendment

Changes the date on which the terms of the president and vice president January 20 and senators and representatives January 3 end and begin

(Sept. 12-13, 1847, Mexico) - Scott (US) captured inner defenses of Mexico City from Santa Anna (Mexico)

Chapultepec

Beloved

Characters in this novel include a man referenced as (*) "schoolteacher" who worked at Sweet Home and a granddaughter of Baby Suggs named Denver.

Thierry, Saint Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne (fall 1918, France) - large American involvement under Mitchell; Meuse-Argonne was largest US involvement in the war

Chateau

(Oct. 26, 1813, Quebec) - de Salaberry (Canada) turned back Purdy (US), an advance unit of Hampton's force advancing to Montreal

Chateauguay

(Sept. - Nov. 1863, GA & TN) - Bragg (Confederate) defeated Rosecrans (Union) at Chickamauga GA Sept. 19-20, but Thomas and Grant (Union) defeated Bragg at Lookout Mountain (Battle above the Clouds, led by Hooker) and Missionary Ridge Nov 24-25; Union gained control of TN

Chattanooga

(June 19, 1864, France) - Winslow, captain of the Kearsarge (Union) sunk Alabama (Confederate), captained by Semmes

Cherbourg

Atacama Desert

Chief claim to fame is the rain shadow of the Andes, which makes it the driest hot desert in the world. The desert was the primary bone of contention in the War of the Pacific (1879 1883; Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia) that sought to control its nitrate resources, which were necessary for the production of explosives.

(1212) - led by Stephen of Cloyes and Nicholas of Cologne; never reached Holy Land

Children's crusade

Taklamakan Desert

China; 105,000 mi2) It is an extremely cold, sandy desert known for splitting the Silk Road into branches running north and south of it. It is bounded by the Kunlun, Pamir, and Tian Shan mountain ranges.

John peter Muhlenberg

Clergymen; soldier during colonial, revolutionary, and post revolutionary era's in Pennsylvania, elected to the first US Congress.

Naturalism

Close adherence to depicting subjects as realistically and accurately as possible in art

(June 3, 1864, VG) - Lee (Confederate) defeated Grant (Union) decisively

Cold Harbor

George Patton

Colorful and celebrated tank commander for the third armored division who spearheaded the final attack into Germany in World War II

Omar Bradley

Commanded first US Army during the D-day invasion, lead liberation of Paris, won the battle of Bulge.

General John J Pershing

Commander of the American expeditionary forces in World War II

Douglas MacArthur

Commander of the US Army in the Pacific in World War II

Chester Nimitz

Commander of the US Navy and Allied land and sea forces in the Pacific in World War II

Montage

Composition or design made by overlapping or superimposing a variety of other pictures or designs on a surface—similar to collage

(1453, Turkey) - Muhammad II captured Byzantine capital

Constantinople

(Aug. 19-20, 1847, Mexico) - Valencia (Mexico) repelled Pillow's (US) advance unit of Scott's army, but Lee (US) regrouped and captured the hill guarding the route to Texcoco

Contreras

(May 4-8, 1942, near New Guinea) - Nimitz (US) stopped Japanese advance on Port Moresby; Lexington sunk; first Japanese setback and first naval battle fought entirely by carrier-based aircraft

Coral Sea

(Nov. 1, 1914, near Chile) - von Spee (Germany) decisively defeated Cradock (Britain), who had wanted to protect trade routes off South America

Coronel

(Jan. 17, 1781, SC) - Morgan (US) defeated Tarleton (British)

Cowpens

Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) (1912)

Created after Teddy Roosevelt was unable to reclaim the Republican nomination from his former ally William Howard Taft. Roosevelt pitted his platform of New Nationalism, which promised reforms inspired by the Progressive movement, against Democrat Woodrow Wilson's more conservative New Freedom. In the most successful American third-party campaign ever, Roosevelt's 27% was still only enough to win six states; the split of the Republican voter base between him and Taft ensured a dominant victory for Wilson even though Wilson received only 42% of the vote.

Set

Created in opposition to the forces of Ma'at, (termed Typhon by Plutarch) fought the demon Apopis each day, emerging victorious, symbolic of the struggle of forces that brought harmony. In later times, this struggle led him to be associated with the serpent itself, and he became the personification of violence and disorder, and the cause of all disasters. Having killed his brother Osiris, he did battle with Osiris' son Horus, being emasculated in the fight. His cult was diminished over time, due to reaction against violence. His effigies were destroyed by some, while others were changed into representations of Amon, by replacing the ears with horns.

(Aug. 26, 1346, France) - Edward III and son Edward the Black Prince (England) defeated Philip VI (France); English longbow very effective

Crecy

Tesserae

Cubes of colored glass, cut stone, or tile that are placed together to form a mosaic

Pendentive

Curved support shaped like an inverted triangle and used to support a dome over a square space

(June 6, 1944, France) - Normandy invaded by British (Gold and Sword Beaches) under Montgomery, Canadians (Juno Beach), and Americans (Utah and Omaha Beaches) under Bradley; Germans had expected attack on Calais by Patton

D-Day

1733 - 1734, Poland) - Stanislaw (Poland) surrendered to Russia, allowing Augustus III to be king of Poland

Danzig

Isis

Daughter of Geb and Nut, protected love, motherhood, and fate in the Egyptian mythos. Many of her roles are similar to those of the goddess Hathor, but she is often equated with the Greek Demeter. Her powers were gained through tricking the god Ra. By placing a snake in his path, which poisoned him, she forced him to give some power to her before she would cure him.

14th amendment

Defined citizenship, contains a privileges or immunities clause, the due process clause, the equal protection clause, and deals with post civil war issues

27th amendment

Delays laws affecting congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives

Alabaster

Dense translucent marblelike stone often used for carving

Naturalism

Depicted real people in real situations but they believed that forces larger than the individual- nature, fate, heredity- shaped individual destiny

Realism

Depiction of things as they really are

Intaglio

Design carved below the surface on certain gems

The Tuskegee airmen

Determined young men who enlisted to become America's first black military aviators at a time when the US military still practice racial segregation. They participated in over 15,000 sorties and earned over 100 flying crosses

(June 27, 1743, Bavaria) - George II (British) defeated French; last monarch to personally lead troops in battle

Dettingen

Bill gates

Developed a small software business in his garage that eventually employed numerous Americans and set the standard in computer software

(Mar. 13 - May 7, 1954, Vietnam) - Vo Nguyen Giap (Viet Minh) defeated de Castrie (France), leading to Geneva Accords and ending French empire in Indochina

Dien Bien Phu

Gallery

Display room in a museum or a room used as a photographer's studio

Thurgood Marshall

Distinguished lawyer; appointed to the US Supreme Court in 1967 and established a record for supporting the voiceless American.

Aquarelle

Drawing done in transparent watercolors

Pastel

Drawing made with a chalklike crayon consisting of a dry paste of ground pigments mixed with gum

Still life

Drawing or painting of inanimate objects, such as a bowl of fruit

Landscape

Drawing or painting of scenery

Caricature

Drawing that distorts a subject's distinctive features for a grotesque or humorous effect

(1296, Scotland) - England defeated Baliol (Scotland), who had allied with France

Dunbar

(1650, England) - Cromwell defeated Scots

Dunbar

De Stijl

Dutch term meaning "the Style," designating an abstract art movement characterized by rectangular forms and the use of primary colors—it takes its name from that of a journal founded in 1917 by Piet Mondrian and Theodore van Doesburg

Dynamics

Dynamic markings indicate the volume at which music is to be played. The two most basic dynamic markings are forte, meaning "loud," and abbreviated f; and piano, meaning "soft," and abbreviated p. These indications are often modified by the word mezzo (abbreviated m); thus, mf indicates "mezzo forte," meaning "medium loud." They may also be modified by the suffix -issimo, meaning "very," and symbolized by two of the same letter; thus, pp would indicate pianissimo, meaning "very soft." Gradual changes in volume are indicated by a crescendo, meaning gradually getting louder, or a diminuendo (also called decrescendo), meaning gradually getting softer.

Ashcan School*

Early 20th-century group that used motifs such as garbage cans and other images of the seamier side of everyday American life

Fauvism

Early 20th-century movement marked by the use of bold, often distorted forms and vivid colors, named from the French for "wild beast"

Concrete art

Early 20th-century realistic style of art that is the opposite of abstract art

Prairie Style (School)

Early 20th-century style or school of architecture most closely identified with Frank Lloyd Wright, a style that emphasized horizontal lines in response to the flatness of the Midwestern landscape

WEB Dubois

Early civil rights leader, published "The souls of black folks" in 1903 and helped found the NAACP in 1909. Advocated for pan Africanism (All African descent people should fight oppression together), eventually left NAACP and believed in black separatism.

(Oct. 23, 1642, England) - indecisive battle between Cavaliers (King) and Roundheads (Parliament)

Edgehill

(Nov. 4, 1942, Egypt) - Montgomery (British) defeated Rommel's (Germany) Afrika Korps; followed by Operation Torch amphibious assault on North Africa

El Alamein

Supply and Demand

Embodies the general idea that, at any given price, producers are willing to produce a given amount of a good (the quantity supplied) and consumers are willing to buy a different amount (the quantity demanded). As the price rises, firms will be willing to supply more goods, but fewer will be demanded; conversely, as price falls, consumers will demand more goods, but fewer will be supplied. On a graph showing price and quantity on its two axes, this is represented by a downward-sloping demand curve and an upward-sloping supply curve. Where the two curves intersect, there is an equilibrium; economists predict this equilibrium quantity will be produced (and consumed) in a free market.

Treaty of Paris of 1898

Ended the Spanish-American War and transferred Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico to the U.S. while making Cuba (ostensibly) independent. The treaty was the beginning of American imperialism, and underwent a lengthy and contentious ratification.

17th amendment

Establishes a direct election of United States senators by popular vote

(Aug. 20, 1794, OH) - Wayne defeated Little Turtle (Indian), Indians were forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville the next year

Fallen Timbers

Seljuks

Family of Ghuzz Turks who invaded the Middle East in the eleventh century and came to control the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad. Following their defeat of the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, they settled in Anatolia as well, where they founded the Sultanate of Rum. Following the Central Asian model of "collective sovereignty," they divided territory among the ruling family, which prevented strong political unity. Their rule saw the beginning of the Sunni revival and the spread of religious schools called madrasas in the Islamic world, giving uniformity to elite beliefs and practices. By 1200 their power was all but extinct.

Clarence Darrow

Famous defense attorney. Most famous for defending science teacher John scopes for teaching evolution in his biology class in Tennessee.

(1898, Sudan) - Kitchener (British) captured fort from Marchand (France)

Fashoda

(1228) - called by Gregory IX; Frederick II (HRE) negotiated for control of Jerusalem

Fifth Crusade

Barack Obama

First African-American president of the United States, elected 2008.

(1936-1937, Spain) - Republicans, aided by USSR and the International Brigades, defended Madrid against fascist Falangists and Nationalists under Franco

First Battle for Madrid

(July 21, 1861, VG) - also First Manassas; Beauregard (Confederate), reinforced by JE Johnston, stopped McDowell's (Union) advance to Richmond; Bee gave Jackson "Stonewall" nickname

First Bull Run

(1095 - 1099) - called by Urban II at Council of Clermont; led by Robert of Flanders, Bohemond of Taranto, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Raymond of Toulouse; captured Jerusalem; set up Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem states in "Outremer"

First Crusade

Sonya Sotomayor

First Hispanic to serve on the Supreme Court, nominated by President Obama

(June 15, 1389, Serbia) - Murad I (Ottoman) defeated Lazar (Serbia) on the "Field of Blackbirds"; Murad was killed but his son Bayazid I led Ottomans to victory

First Kosovo

(Sept. 5-10, 1914, France) - Joffre (France), along with Foch, d'Esperey (France), and French (British), forced retreat of Kluck, von Bulow, and von Moltke (Germany); battles included Ourcq, Petit Morin, Gond Marshes, and Vitry le Francois

First Marne

(June 24 - Nov. 13, 1916, France) - draw between Haig (British) and Germans; largest one-day casualties in British history; last use of cavalry in W Europe; first use of tanks by British

First Somme

(Oct. - Nov. 1914, Belgium) - French (British) stopped German drive to capture French ports; it ended the "race to the sea" after First Marne

First Ypres

Hudson River School

First group of American artists to develop a characteristic style of landscape painting, named after a New York river and active from about 1825 until about 1875

Hillary Clinton

First lady of President Bill Clinton. Only first lady to be elected to a position in the US government after being first lady. Came the closest to winning a presidential nomination of any woman in history. Served as Secretary of State under president Obama.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First lady, appointed by President Truman as a delegate to the United Nations General assembly and became the first chairperson of the preliminary United Nations commission on human rights.

Charles A. Lindbergh

First solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean

Sandra Day O'Connor

First woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court in 1981

(Sept. 9, 1513, England) - Earl of Surrey (England), leading Henry VIII's army, defeated and killed James IV (Scotland)

Flodden Field

Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

Formerly part of Frederick the Great's staff, this Prussian was recommended by Ben Franklin to George Washington. Accepted by the Continental Congress, he joined Washington at Valley Forge, and began training the army. Appointed major general and inspector general in May 1777, he aided in the Battle of Monmouth, then spent two years writing the Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, an army training manual. Sent to Virginia in 1780 to oppose Benedict Arnold's actions, illness caused him to turn over his troops to Lafayette, but he recovered in time to aid in the siege of Yorktown.

(Apr. 12-14, 1861, SC) - Anderson (Union) surrendered to Beauregard (Confederate) near Charleston

Fort Sumter

Cesar Chavez

Fought discrimination against migrant workers and Hispanics. Founded the United farmworkers organizing committee union.

Jane Addams

Founded Hull House in Chicago to help poor immigrants, part of social reform movements.

Safavid

Founded by a Sunni Sufi (mystic) order under Shah Ismail, and ruled Iran from 1502 until 1736. They forcibly converted Iran to Shi'ism, and later converted themselves (this sounds strange, and is — it's one of history's mysteries). They, the Ottomans, and the Mughals comprise the three "Gunpowder Empires" in what scholars of Islamic history consider the late medieval period. Under Abbas I, a European expert was hired to reform the military following defeats by both their Ottoman and Uzbek rivals. Abbas later captured Baghdad and expelled the Portugese from the Persian Gulf. Esfahan was their capital during their height.

Henry Ford

Founder of Ford motors, innovated the auto industry with the assembly line and invented the model T and model A cars, with an affordable price.

Lionel Sosa

Founder of the largest Hispanic advertising agency in Texas. San Antonio advertising agency: Sosa, Bromley, Aguilar, Noble, and Associates

Robert Johnson

Founder of the television network BET Black entertainment television

Charles Carroll

Founding father. signed the declaration of independence.

(1199 - 1204) - called by Innocent III; Venetians took Zara in Hungary and Constantinople

Fourth Crusade

(Nov. 30, 1864, TN) - Schofield (Union) continued advance to Nashville despite resistance of Hood (Confederate), who tried to get Sherman to follow him into TN

Franklin

Magical Realism

Franz Roh named it, and Alejo Carpentier was one of the first authors associated with it.

(Dec. 13, 1862, VG) - Lee (Confederate) stopped Burnside's (Union) drive to Richmond; Burnside had just replaced McClellan in command of the Army of the Potomac

Fredericksburg

Eighth Amendment

Freedom from excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment

1st Amendment

Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political thinker and historian who came to the US to study our political and social nature. Identified five characteristics that sits Americans a part: liberty, egalitarianism, individualism, populism, and laissez-faire.

Papier collé

French term for a collage formed by pasting layers of objects onto a canvas

Chef d'oeuvre

French term for a masterpiece, especially a work of art

Gouache

French term for a method of painting on paper with opaque watercolors

Papier mâché

French term for a mixture of paper and glue that is easily molded into various shapes when wet

Genre

French term for a realistic style of art illustrating scenes of everyday life

Objet d'art

French term for a small object of artistic value

Plein-air

French term for a style of painting done outdoors, as did the impressionists in the 19th century

Atelier

French term for an artist's studio or workshop

Bas relief

French term for any work in which the figures project slightly from the surface in which they are cut or shaped

Avant-garde

French term for creators of new ideas, especially used for artistic and literary advances

Beaux arts

French term for fine arts

Nature morte

French term for still life

Cire perdue

French term for the lost-wax process (short for moulage à cire perdue, literally meaning "mold on lost wax")

Moulage

French term for the process of making a mold or cast, especially with Plaster of Paris

Repoussé

French term for the process of making sculpture by hammering thin sheets of metal over a wooden form

Art Nouveau

French term literally meaning "new art" for a style of art featuring curvilinear lines and swirling motifs and nicknamed "whiplash," "tapeworm," and "cigarette-smoke style"

Trompe l'oeil

French term, literally meaning "a trick of the eye," used to describe a type of painting that creates a strong illusion or visual deception

Benjamin Rush

From Pennsylvania; treasure of the US mint from 1797 to 1813; physician, writer, educator, founding father; sign decoration of independence and attended Continental Congress.

(Apr. 25 1915 - Jan. 8 1916, Turkey) - Ataturk (Turkey) and von Sanders (Germany) prevented Hamilton (British) from advancing; Monro (British) evacuated; physicist Moseley killed

Gallipoli

(Oct. 1, 331 BC, Iraq) - also Arbela; Alexander the Great (Macedonia) defeated Darius III (Persi)

Gaugamela

John Burgoyne

Gentleman Johnny," as he was known due to his cultural tastes (He was also a playwright), he began his Revolutionary War career under Gage, returning to England after ineffectiveness in 1774-1775. Sent to reinforce Canada, he formulated a plan to isolate New England with the help of Barry St. Leger and William Howe. The plan worked as far as capturing Fort Ticonderoga, but met resistance when he sent his Hessians to attack Bennington. Exhausted, his troops met trouble at Saratoga, being repulsed at Freedman's Farm, and being forced to surrender after Bemis Heights. Paroled on condition he returned to England, he was later appointed commander-in-chief of Ireland.

(Oct. 4, 1777, PA) - Washington's (US) attack on Howe's (British) troops near Philadelphia failed; Greene (US) arrived late

Germantown

(July 1-3, 1863, PA) - Meade (Union) defeated Lee (Confederate); Longstreet (Confederate) attacked Union's left; Pickett (Confederate) charged Cemetery Ridge at Little Round Top, defended by Sickles and Sykes

Gettysburg

Glaze

Glassy coating applied to earthenware pottery

Gilding (gilt)

Gold leaf applied to surfaces and then burnished

(Oct. 2, 1835, TX) - Texans defeated Mexicans; "Come and Take It" flag

Gonzales

George Wallace

Governor of Alabama; ran for US president four times; fierce pro segregationist; quote from his inaugural address, "I say segregation today, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever."

Orval Faubus

Governor of Arkansas who supported segregation. Used Arkansas National Guard to prevent students from integrating Little Rock high school. President Eisenhower sent Army troops to enforce Court ordered desegregation and to protect the first nine African-American students.

Lester Maddox

Governor of Georgia; former restaurant owner who refuse to serve African-Americans; ran for governor though he had not hold a public office before

(334 BC, Asia Minor) - Alexander the Great (Macedonia) defeated Persians

Granicus

23rd amendment

Grants the District of Columbia (electors the number of electors being equal to the least populous state) in the electoral college

Byzantine art

Greek manner of painting that was the dominant style in 13th-century Italy

Barbizon school

Group, or school, of French landscape artists of the 1830s named for a village in France

(Aug. 7 1942 - Feb 7 1943, Solomon Islands) - US captured island from Japanese; battles at Santa Cruz Islands and Tassafronga

Guadalcanal

Ninth amendment

Guarantee of rights not listed in constitution

(Apr. 26, 1937, Spain) - German planes of the Condor Legion bombed Basque town of Guernica; commemorated by Picasso paintin

Guernica

(Mar. 15, 1781, NC) - Cornwallis (British) defeated Greene (US) but sustained heavy losses

Guilford Courthouse

(Mar. 8-9, 1862, VG) - Virginia (Confederate) sunk Congress and Cumberland (Union) but was stopped by the Monitor (designed by Ericsson); first ironclads battle

Hampton Ridge

(Sept. 16, 1776, NY) - Washington (US) forced Howe (British) to retreat in Manhattan

Harlem Heights

(1862, VG) - Jackson (Confederate) defeated Miles (Union); largest Union surrender of the war

Harper's Ferry

(Oct. 14, 1066, East Sussex England) - William of Normandy defeated Harold II (England) at Senlac Hill; Harold was killed; battle depicted in Bayeux Tapestry

Hastings

Sketch

Hasty drawing made as a preliminary study of a painting

Faulkner

He also wrote of a Harvard freshman's suicide and Quentin's mentally challenged brother Benjy Compson.

Maupassant

He also wrote of an item worth five hundred francs that was replaced with one bought for much more.

Donne

He suggested "ride ten thousand days and nights, til age snow white hairs on thee" in a poem listing impossible tasks such as "tell me where all past years are, or who cleft the devil's foot" that begins "go and catch a falling star."

Chaucer

He writes about three brothers who go searching for death in The Canterbury Tales

Updike

He wrote of a recurring character who peddles Magi-Peelers and was a former high school basketball star.

Poe

He wrote of objects "Keeping time, time, time" with "tintinnabulation that so musically wells," and a creature "perched on a bust of Pallas."

Allende

Her first novel takes place at the hacienda Las Tres Marías and its protagonist stops speaking for nine years after the death of her sister Rosa the Beautiful.

Kiln

High-temperature oven used to glaze pottery

Bunyan

His most famous work begins with "The Author's Apology for His Book," and centers on a character who is injured by Apollyon in the Valley of Humiliation.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Historian and author of a book on the importance of the Navy to a country's power.

(Mar. 27, 1814, AL) - Jackson (US) defeated Creeks; led to Treaty of Fort Jackson, ceding land in AL and GA

Horseshoe Bend

Osiris

Husband of Isis, father of Horus, and brother of Set, served as god of the underworld and protector of the dead. In addition to his role as the chief and judge of the underworld (as a result of the above-mentioned murder by Set), also served as a god of vegetation and renewal; festivals honoring his death occurred around the time of the Nile flood's retreat. Statues representing him were made of clay and grain, which would then germinate. Was represented either as a green mummy, or wearing the Atef, a plumed crown.

(326 BC, India) - Alexander the Great (Macedonia) defeated King Porus

Hydaspes

Hesse

Identify this German author of Steppenwolf and Siddhartha.

Pushkin

Identify this Russian writer who created a superfluous man in Eugene Onegin.

Ayn Rand

Identify this Russian-American author, who created Howard Roark in The Fountainhead and wrote Atlas Shrugged.

My Antonia

Identify this novel about Jim Burden's friendship with a Bohemian woman in Nebraska, by Willa Cather.

The Hunchback of Notre Dame

Identify this novel in which Esmerelda is loved by the title deformed bell-ringer, a work by Victor Hugo.

Bradstreet

Identify this poet of The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America.

Tintern Abbey

Identify this ruined monastery on the banks of the river Wye, "a few miles above" which a few lines were written by William Wordsworth.

William Jennings Bryan

Important politician of the time, supported prohibition, woman's rights, income tax. Gave famous quote cross of gold "speech attaching tariffs. Prosecuted John Scopes in the "monkey trial" for teaching evolution.

Pope

In a more famous poem by this man, Umbriel visits the Cave of Spleen before Lord Petre cuts a piece of Belinda's hair without her knowledge.

Allende

In a novel by this author of Daughter of Fortune, the prophetess Clara breaks a nine-year silence to announce that she will marry Esteban Trueba.

Lewis

In a novel by this author of It Can't Happen Here, the shooting of Zilla by her husband Paul Riesling causes Myra's husband to resent his middle-class lifestyle.

Forster

In a novel by this man, Mrs. Moore is unable to continue exploring the Marabar Caves after receiving an invitation from Fielding's tea party.

Beckett

In a work by this author of The Unnameable, Father Ambrose assures that the son of an extremely fastidious detective, Jacques Moran, did not skip church.

von Goethe

In a work by this man, the title character is visited by a poodle who turns out to be Mephistopheles.

Murakami

In addition to "The Second Bakery Attack" and "UFO in Kushiro," he wrote about the title character's defeat of Worm and prevention of an earthquake in "Super-Frog Saves Tokyo," which appears in after the quake.

Steinbeck

In addition to Tortilla Flat and Cannery Row, this author wrote a novel in which Curley's wife is accidentally killed by the giant, dimwitted Lennie.

Bunyan

In addition to writing The Life and Death of Mr. Badman, this author described the defeat of Apollyon in the Valley of Humiliation and visits to the Slough of Despond and Vanity Fair.

Milton

In his most famous work, a character tells the Sun "how I hate thy beams" after crying "Hail horrors, hail, infernal world," having been accosted by Beelzebub in Hell.

Milton

In one of his works, Satan tempts Adam and Eve to commit "Man's first disobedience."

Williams

In one of this man's works, a character is haunted by the recent death of his football playing friend, Skipper.

Garcia Marquez

In one of this novels, the violation of their sister leads the Vicario brothers to kill Santiago Nasar.

Maupassant

In one story by this author, the title is a nickname given to members of the courtesan class, one of whom gives herself to an officer before being snubbed by fellow travelers.

Machiavelli

In one work, this philosopher praised the five virtues of being merciful, faithful, humane, upright, and religious.

Meter

In poetry, a systematic arrangement of stressed ( ' ) and unstressed ( ) syllables

Wuthering Heights

In this novel, Lockwood attempts to rent Thrushcross Grange, although it hasn't been well-taken care of by the maid Nelly Dean.

Beloved

In this novel, Paul D lives with the central family at 124 Bluestone Road, a house that is haunted by the title ghost.

The Red and the Black

In this novel, the protagonist becomes a secretary and falls in love with the ancestor of Boniface de la Mole.

No Exit

In this play, a character dismisses torture-chambers, fire and brimstone, and the "burning marl" as old wives' tales before realizing that "Hell is other people."

H G Wells

In two of this author's works, Edward Prendick is shipwrecked near an island where a scientist creates human-animal hybrids and an unnamed protagonist finds himself in the world inhabited by Morlocks and Eloi.

(Sept. 15, 1950, Korea) - MacArthur (US) broke out of Pusan Perimeter; Ridgway later replaced MacArthur

Inchon Invasion

Westward expansion and the gilded age late 1800s

Increasing urbanization and industrialization. Immigration increases. Political corruption and political machines. Labor unions begin

PRB

Initials for Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a group of 7 young English painters and poets who united in London in 1848 in order to protest the current formal academic art

Transpostion

Instruments that are in concert pitch, or "in C," have their music written at the same pitch in which they sound. Concert pitch instruments include the piano, all string instruments, the flute, and nearly every woodwind and brass instrument that plays in bass clef. Other instruments are transposing instruments, meaning that their music is written at a different pitch than they sound. With few exceptions, music for transposing instruments is written above the sounding pitch, which can be determined by moving down the interval that the instrument's key is below C. For example, the French horn is in F, a perfect fifth below C; thus, a French horn playing a written G natural would sound a C natural, the pitch a perfect fifth below G natural. Similarly, a B-flat trumpet playing a written D would sound a C, a major second below.

(301 BC, Asia Minor) - Antigonus I was killed, and Alexander's empire was split among Ptolemy I, Seleucus I, and Antigonus's descendants

Ipsus

Sir Guy Carleton

Irish-born, he led grenadiers across the Plains of Abraham in the 1759 siege of Quebec under his close friend General Wolfe. He entered the war as second in command to Thomas Gage before taking command after Gage's 1775 recall. Carleton then directed British troops from Canada to Boston after the Battle of Concord, resulting in a revolt. Carleton then repulsed efforts by Montgomery and Benedict Arnold to capture Montreal and Quebec, routing a second attempt by Arnold, by defeating an American naval buildup on Lake Champlain. Following this, he attempted to support Burgoyne's failed plan to isolate New England. Brought back to Britain to govern Armagh in Ireland in 1777, he sat out all but the end of the war, returning in 1782 as commander-in-chief after Cornwallis' surrender.

The roaring 20s 1920 to 1929

Isolationism and nativism, fear of immigration. Red scare. Social Darwinism and eugenics. Jazz age. Flappers and changing roles of women. consumer boom.

(333 BC, Syria) - Alexander the Great (Macedonia) defeated Darius III (Persia), who had massacred Alexander's injured soldiers at Issus

Issus

Magical Realism

It's characterized by authorial ambiguity and irony along with the hybridization of antithetical views such as indigenous and colonialist ones.

Carrara

Italian city famous for the white marble quarried by Michelangelo

Madonna

Italian for "my lady" identifying a work of art depicting the Virgin Mary

Chiaroscuro

Italian term for "clear and dark" designating the balanced use of light and shadow in a picture

Tempera

Italian term for a painting process using egg-based pigments to produce a dull finish

Sfumato

Italian term for a style of painting in which different tones fade into one another, a Leonardo da Vinci technique that blended colors so that harsh outlines were blurred

Vedutista

Italian term for an artist specializing in realistic scenes, or vedute, especially cityscapes

Terra cotta

Italian term for hard, brownish-red unglazed earthenware

Quattrocento

Italian term for the 15th century used to denote the Renaissance and especially the Italian Renaissance style of art

Pentimento

Italian term for the appearance of lines that come into view in a painting with the passage of time as the oil becomes transparent and usually referring to a mark left by a painter's alteration

Impasto

Italian term meaning "paste" designating a painting in which the paint is applied thickly on the canvas

A Wrinkle in Time

Its title concept is a tesseract through which Meg Murry visits the fifth dimension.

Feb. - Mar. 1945, Japan) - name means "Sulfur Island", US captured island after bloody battle; Rosenthal photographed raising of flag at Mount Suribachi

Iwo Jima

Cry, the Beloved Country

James helps renovate the town of Ndotsheni despite the death of his son, Arthur Jarvis.

Origami

Japanese art of folding paper to form flowers, animals, and other decorative shapes

Who was the Nazi Foreign minister during WW2 who was sentenced to death at Nuremberg.

Joachim von Ribbentrop

Woolf

Judith Shakespeare commits suicide in a work by this author that describes the androgynous mind, A Room of One's Own.

(May 31 - June 1, 1916, North Sea) - draw between Jellicoe (British) and Scheer (Germany); only major naval battle of WWI; German fleet never again left port

Jutland

(1274 BC, Syria) - Ramses II (Egypt) defeated Muwatallis (Hittite)

Kadesh

(Feb. 14, 1943, Tunisia) - Rommel (Germany) advanced but then was stopped by Fredendall and Eisenhower (US)

Kasserine Pass

(June 27, 1864, GA) - JE Johnston (Confederate) failed to stop Sherman's (Union) Atlanta campaign

Kennesaw Mountain

(1898, Sudan) - Kitchener (British) defeated Mahdi (Sudan), who had massacred Gordon's forces there in 1885

Khartoum

(Oct. 7, 1780, SC) - Americans defeated Ferguson (British)

King's Mountain

(July 3, 1866, Austria) - also Sadowa; von Moltke (Prussia) defeated Austria

Koniggratz

Ayyubid

Kurds who took control of Egypt under the Zengids. In 1171 Salah ad-Din (Saladin) abolished the Fatimid caliphate, and later took Damascus as well. He retook Jerusalem from the Crusader kingdoms; however, subsequent Crusades undid some of these gains. It was in Ayyubid times that the Sunni revival came to Egypt. The sultan al-Kamil gave Jerusalem to Frederick II in a peace treaty and was visited by St. Francis of Assisi. The Ayyubids followed the practice of collective sovereignty, and were often politically divided. Shajar ad-Durr, a woman, was the last to rule Egypt.

(July 5 - Aug. 6, 1943, USSR) - Popov (USSR) defeated von Kluge (Germany); greatest tank battle in history

Kursk

Mural

Large painting executed directly on a wall or ceiling

Stabile

Large stationary abstract sculpture

Fresco

Large water color painting in wet plaster or the art of making such a painting

Camera obscura

Latin term for the device Vermeer was thought to have used consisting of a dark chamber with a lens through which an inverted image is projected upon a screen

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the civil rights movement; preached nonviolent approach and demanded equal rights for African-Americans.

(Sept. 1941 - Jan. 1944, USSR) - Germans and Finns laid siege to Leningrad; part of Operation Barbarossa (invasion of Russia); supply lines across Lake Ladoga

Leningrad

(Oct. 7, 1571, Greece) - Don Juan's (Austria) navy defeated Ali Pasha (Ottomans)

Lepanto

(371 BC, Greece) - Epaminondas (Thebes) defeated Sparta

Leuctra

(Apr. 1775, MA) - Francis Smith, under Gage (British), tried to seize colonists' gunpowder; Paul Revere warned of his advance

Lexington and Concord

(Oct. 23-26, 1944, Philippines) - Halsey (US) defeated Kurita and Toyoda Soemu (Japan); first use of kamikazes; largest naval battle ever; Princeton and Musashi sunk

Leyte Gulf

(Oct. 16-19, 1813, Germany) - also Battle of the Nations; Sixth Coalition (Russia, Prussia, Britain, Sweden, Austria) defeated Napoleon; largest battle of the war

Liepzig

Oeuvre

Lifetime output of an artist

22nd amendment

Limits the number of times that a person can be elected President: a person cannot be elected president more than twice and a person who has served more than two years of the term to which someone else was elected cannot be elected more than once

Estée Lauder

Listed as one of times most influential business people in 1998, Estée Lauder grew up in New York and develop the world renowned beauty company. The bases of entrepreneurial skills were learned in her father's hardware store and working for her uncle.

Romanticism

Literary and artistic movement of the early 19th century in which writers elevated the imagination over reason and intuition over fact, they reveled in nature and accepted the fantastic aspects of the human experience

(June 25, 1876, MT) - Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse (Sioux) defeated Custer (US); "Custer's Last Stand"; all 225 soldiers killed

Little Bighorn

(Aug. 27, 1776, NY) - Howe (British) defeated Washington (US) in Brooklyn; first large battle of the war

Long Island

(July 25, 1814, Ontario) - draw between Brown (US) and Drummond (British) near Niagara Falls; bloodiest battle of the war

Lundy's Lane

(Nov. 6, 1632, Germany) - Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden) and Bernard (Protestant) defeated Wallenstein (Catholic) near Leipzig, but Gustavus was killed

Lutzen

(June 4, 1859, Italy) - Napoleon III (France) and Sardinia defeated Franz Cyulai (Austria)

Magenta

11th amendment

Makes states immune from suits from out-of-state citizens and lays foundation for sovereign immunity

(1709, France) - Duke of Marlborough (England) and Eugene of Savoy (Austria) defeated French; bloodiest battle of the war

Malplaquet

(May 1, 1898, Philippines) - Dewey (US) defeated Spain in naval battle

Manila Bay

(362 BC, Greece) - Epaminondas (Thebes) defeated Sparta and Athens but was killed

Mantinea

(418 BC, Greece) - Sparta defeated Alcibiades (Athens)

Mantinea`

1071, Turkey) - Alp-Arslan (Seljuks) defeated Romanus IV Diogenes (Byzantium); led to Seljuk conquest of Anatolia

Manzikert

(490 BC, Greece) - Miltiades (Greece) defeated Darius (Persia) near Athens; Pheidippides ran to Athens with the news

Marathon

(June 14, 1800, Italy) - Napoleon (France) defeated von Melas (Austria), gaining Italy

Marengo

(July 2, 1644, England) - Cromwell (Parliament) defeated Cavaliers

Marston Moor

(May 1937, Spain) - infighting among Republican forces in Barcelona; socialists gained contro

May Events

Spirituals

Meant to be sung as a group; some focused on pain or rage or slavery and others held a hopeful hope look to the future

Armature

Metal or wire framework constructed by the sculptor for use as a support for clay and other plastic material in the modeling process

Casting

Method of shaping an object, as a bronze or plaster reproduction of a statue modeled in clay, by pouring a liquid into a mold and allowing it to harden

Hector P. Garcia

Mexican American physician and civil rights advocate; Dr. Garcia organized the American G. I. Forum (1948) initially to improve veteran benefits and enhance medical attention, but it soon expanded to address educational and vocational training, housing, public education, poll taxation, voter registration, hospitalization, and employment.

(June 4-7, 1942, Pacific) - Nimitz (US) defeated Yamamoto Isoroku (Japan); Yorktown and four Japanese carriers sunk

Midway

(Aug. 29, 1526, Hungary) - Suleiman I (Ottoman) defeated and killed Louis II (Hungary)

Mohacs

(June 28, 1778, NJ) - draw between Washington (US) and Clinton (British), who continued march to NYC; Charles Lee (US) disobeyed orders and retreated; Molly Pitcher legend

Monmouth

RHL

Monogram Rembrandt used to sign his early works (from Rembrantus Harmensis Leydensis)

Venus de Milo

More common name of the armless statue found on the island of Melos in 1820

In "The Raven" purple =

Mourning

Dada (Dadaism)

Movement in painting, sculpture, and literature that defied convention and stressed absurdity and was named by French poet Tristan Tzara from the French word for "hobbyhorse"

(1905, China) - largest land battle of the Russo-Japanese war

Mukden

Registrar

Museum staff member who records the description of each object received

Steinbeck

Name this American author who detailed the Joad family's struggles getting to California from Oklahoma during the Dust Bowl in The Grapes of Wrath.

Melville

Name this American author who included "The Bell-Tower", "The Lightning-Rod Man", "The Encantadas", and "Benito Cereno" in his Piazza Tales.

Emerson

Name this American poet also known for essays such as "Experience," "The Over-Soul," and "Self-Reliance."

Poe

Name this American poet of "The Bells" and "Annabel Lee," who repeatedly wrote "Nevermore" in "The Raven."

Longfellow

Name this American poet who wrote "Paul Revere's Ride" and The Song of Hiawatha.

Forster

Name this British author of A Room with a View and A Passage to India.

H G Wells

Name this British science fiction writer of The War of the Worlds, The Invisible Man, and The Time Machine.

Neruda

Name this Chilean poet of Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair.

Pope

Name this English author of "An Essay on Man" and the mock epic poem, The Rape of the Lock.

Keats

Name this English poet of Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on a Grecian Urn.

The Red and the Black

Name this French novel following Julien Sorel, written by Stendahl and named after two colors.

Grass

Name this German author who chronicled the life of Oskar Matzerath in The Tin Drum.

von Goethe

Name this German author who wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther and the two-part play Faust.

Yeats

Name this Irish author of "The Lake-Isle of Innisfree" and "The Second Coming."

Machiavelli

Name this Italian man who wrote "It is better to be feared than loved" in The Prince.

Murakami

Name this Japanese author of 1Q84, Norwegian Wood, Kafka on the Shore, and The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle.

Achebe

Name this Nigerian author who wrote about Okonkwo in Things Fall Apart.

Ibsen

Name this Norwegian author of The Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler, and A Doll's House.

Ovid

Name this Roman poet of the Metamorphoses.

Lord Byron

Name this Romantic poet of "She Walks in Beauty," Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, and Don Juan.

Ramayana

Name this Sanskrit epic in which the title hero defeats Ravana.

Mahabharata

Name this Sanskrit epic which includes the Bhagavad Gita.

Faulkner

Name this Southern author of "Barn Burning" and "A Rose for Emily".

Bunyan

Name this allegorist who created the character Christian in his allegory Pilgrim's Progress.

Melville

Name this author a novel that begins with "Call Me Ishmael."

Garcia Marquez

Name this author of "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" who wrote about the Buendia family in One Hundred Years of Solitude.

Chopin

Name this author of "Désirée's Baby" and The Awakening.

Kipling

Name this author of "Gunda Din," "The White Man's Burden," Kim, and The Jungle Book.

Johnson

Name this author of "Lift Every Voice and Sing" and Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

Wordsworth

Name this author of "Ode: Intimations of Immortality" and "Tintern Abbey" who collaborated on Lyrical Ballads with Samuel Coleridge.

Kafka

Name this author of "The Metamorphosis."

Maupassant

Name this author of "The Necklace."

Bierce

Name this author of An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge.

Lewis

Name this author of Babbitt.

Lewis

Name this author of Cass Timberlane who described Carol Kennicott's life in Gopher Prairie in his novel Main Street.

Huxley

Name this author of Crome Yellow and Point Counter Point who wrote about John the Savage in Brave New World.

Woolf

Name this author of Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse.

Austen

Name this author of Persuasion

Austen

Name this author of Pride and Prejudice.

Austen

Name this author of Sense and Sensibility.

Updike

Name this author of The Centaur and The Witches of Eastwick who wrote about Harry Angstrom in his Rabbit novels.

Miller

Name this author of The Crucible and Death of a Salesman.

Stevenson

Name this author of The Curious Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Treasure Island.

Stevenson

Name this author of The Master of Ballantrae, Kidnapped, and Treasure Island.

Jack London

Name this author of White Fang and The Call of the Wild.

Chaucer

Name this author who included tales from people like the Nun's Priest and the Wife of Bath in his collection, The Canterbury Tales.

Faulkner

Name this author who set Light in August and The Sound and the Fury in Mississippi.

Melville

Name this author who wrote about Captain Ahab hunting a giant whale in Moby-Dick.

Kipling

Name this author who wrote about Nag and Nagina in his short story "Rikki-Tikki-Tavi."

Candide

Name this book about Cunegonde, Pangloss and the title character, a satirical work by Voltaire.

Allende

Name this female Chilean author of Eva Luna and The House of the Spirits.

Magical Realism

Name this frequently Latino literary style characterized by the straight- forward insertion of fantastical elements, used by Isabel Allende and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

Donne

Name this metaphysical poet of "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning," "The Flea," and Holy Sonnet X, "Death be not proud."

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

Name this novel about Hank Morgan who travels back in time to Camelot by accident, written by Mark Twain.

Beloved

Name this novel about the former slave Sethe's infanticide of the title character, written by Toni Morrison.

Wuthering Heights

Name this novel about the mutually destructive love of Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, a novel by Emily Bronte.

A Wrinkle in Time

Name this novel by Madeleine L'Engle.

Remains of the Day

Name this novel centered on a journey to visit Ms. Kenton, a work about the butler Stevens by Kazuo Ishiguro.

Heart of Darkness

Name this novel in which Kurtz is visited by Marlow on a trip up a river into the Congo jungle, by Joseph Conrad.

Cry, the Beloved Country

Name this novel in which the priest Stephen Kumalo searches for his son Absalom, written by South African author Alan Paton.

The Great Gatsby

Name this novel in which the title character hosts parties and pursues Daisy Buchanan, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald.

No Exit

Name this play in which Garcin says "hell is other people", a work of Jean-Paul Sartre.

Williams

Name this playwright of A Streetcar Named Desire.

Miller

Name this playwright of A View From the Bridge, All My Sons, and The Crucible.

Beckett

Name this playwright of Endgame and Waiting for Godot.

Williams

Name this playwright who wrote The Night of the Iguana and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.

Lord Tennyson

Name this poet of "Locksley Hall," "In Memoriam," and "The Charge of the Light Brigade."

Robert Frost

Name this poet of "The Death of the Hired Man" and "Birches" who claimed "Good fences make good neighbors" in "Mending Wall."

Milton

Name this poet of "When I consider how my light is spent" and "Il Penseroso" who also wrote Paradise Lost.

Wordsworth

Name this poet of I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.

Housman

Name this poet who included "When I Was One-and-Twenty" and "To An Athlete Dying Young" in A Shropshire Lad.

Robert Frost

Name this poet who wrote Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening and The Road Not Taken.

Gulliver's Travels

Name this work by Jonathan Swift that sees the title character visit fantastical lands.

(1704, Estonia) - Russians took city from Sweden

Narva

(June 14, 1645, England) - Cromwell's New Model Army defeated Graham (Scottish Highlanders) and Cavaliers

Naseby

(Dec. 15-16, 1864, TN) - Thomas (Union) forced Hood (Confederate) to retreat to MS

Nashville

Ochre (ocher)

Natural mineral composed of iron oxide mixed with clay and sand, ground to a fine powder and used as red, brown, or yellow pigments by cave painters

Navajo code talkers

Navajo American Indians were recruited by the military to encode, transmit, and decode messages; the Navajo language was used to develop a code that was not broken by the enemy in World War II.

(Oct. 20, 1827, Greece) - British, French, and Russian navy defeated Ibrahim Pasha (Ottoman) near Pylos

Navarino

Sanford Dole

Negotiated the annexation of Hawaii to the US in 1898. Serve as president of the provisional government of the Republic of Hawaii after Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown.

(Jan. 8, 1815, LA) - Jackson (US) defeated Pakenham (British); war had actually ended two weeks earlier with Treaty of Ghent

New Orleans

(Aug. 1-2, 1798, Egypt) - Nelson in the Vanguard defeated the French in naval battle

Nile

(1460, England)- The opposing forces were an army led by nobles loyal to the King Henry VI of the House of Lancaster, his Queen Margaret of Anjou and their seven year-old son Edward, Prince of Wales on one side, and the army of Edward, Earl of March.

Northampton

verbal irony (sarcasm)

Occurs when someone says something that deliberately contradicts what that person actually means

situational irony (plot twist)

Occurs when something happens that contradicts reader's expectations

dramatic irony

Occurs when the reader or audience is aware of something that the character does not know

Monopoly

Occurs when there is only one firm producing goods for a given market. This allows that firm to set the price higher—and thus the quantity sold lower—than would otherwise occur. An oligopoly is a similar market environment where production is dominated by a few firms, whereas a monopsony is the opposite case: a market with only a single consumer.

Apr. - June 1945, Japan) - Geiger (US) captured island from Ushijama (Japan); Yamata sunk; largest land battle in the Pacific in the war

Okinawa

The devil is also know as...

Old Scratch

Mahabharata

One character in this epic shoots an arrow into the eye of a rotating fish to win the hand of Draupadi, and his brother loses his kingdom after losing a dice game, after which he and his family are forced to go into exile for 13 years.

Wuthering Heights

One character in this novel is taken in by Earnshaw, whose son Hindley hates him; he in turn abuses Hareton, who marries Catherine Linton.

Ramayana

One character keeps his brother's sandals on his throne, and Manthara convinces someone in this work to use a promise she was given as a way to make her son the king.

Grass

One member of a family created by this author becomes obsessed with reenacting the sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff with Wolfgang Stremplin.

Chaucer

One of his characters complains about rhymed doggerel in his collection of stories, The Canterbury Tales.

Achebe

One of his protagonist's son takes the name Isaac after a religious conversion in a novel by this man about a son of Unoka who commits suicide after observing the colonization of Umuofia.

Stevenson

One of his works begins with the lodger Billy Bones being given the "black spot," and sees Jim Hawkins set sail with Long John Silver to find Captain Flint's loot.

Housman

One of this author's poems contains gems of wisdom like "early though the laurel grows / it withers quicker than the rose," addressed to a boy who was "chaired... through the market place."

Donne

One of this man's poems describes an entity "slave to Fate, Chance, kings, and desperate men," and he is known for quotations such as "never send to know for whom the bell tolls" and "[n]o man is an island."

Jack London

One of this man's protagonists becomes a "Ghost-Dog" after John Thornton's death.

Ibsen

One of this man's protagonists slams the door on Torvald, who promptly yells "Nora! Nora!"

Lord Byron

One work by this man follows a Spanish nobleman who, despite falling in love with Haidee, Aurora Raby, and Donna Julia, is not a womanizer.

Ovid

Only six books survive of his prospective twelve-book poem explaining festivals like the Lupercalia.

Secondary colors

Orange, green, and purple colors produced by mixing 2 of the primary colors

(Aug. 6, 1777, NY) - Herkimer (US) helped Gansevoort (US) hold onto Fort Stanwix, under siege by St. Leger (British) and Brant (Mohawk)

Oriskany

The family quarrel of Osiris and Set

Osiris took Isis, his sister, for his wife, and ruled over the earth. Set grew jealous of his brother and killed him, afterwards cutting his body into 14 pieces and hiding them in various places around Egypt. He then claimed kingship over the land. Isis searched the breadth of the land until she had recovered all of the pieces and, with the help of Anubis, embalmed the body. She conceived a son, Horus, by the (still dead) Osiris, then resurrected him. Horus defeated Set to regain the kingship, and all subsequent pharaohs were said to be aspects of him.

(1708, Europe) - Duke of Marlborough (England) and Eugene of Savoy (Austria) defeated the Duke of Vendome (France), forcing Louis XIV to sue for peace

Oudenaarde

Portrait

Painting of a person

Pietà

Painting or sculpture that portrays the Virgin Mary mourning over the dead body of Christ

Finger painting

Painting technique in which thick, pasty paint is applied by the digits of the hand lines

Pastoral

Painting that portrays rural life, especially in an idealized manner

(May 8, 1846, TX) - Taylor defeated Arista (Mexico) near Brownsville

Palo Alto

(1526, India) - Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi and established Mughal Dynasty.

Panipat

Hue

Particular shade or tint of a given color

(1525, Italy) - Charles V (HRE) defeated Francis I (France)

Pavia

Mar 7-8, 1862, AR) - also Elkhorn Tavern; Curtis (Union) defeated Van Dorn (Confederate), protecting MO

Pea Ridge

16th amendment

Permits Congress to Levi and income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census

Curator

Person in charge of a museum or library

Conservator

Person who preserves, reconditions, and restores works of art

Ra

Personification of the midday sun, he was also venerated as Atum (setting sun) and Khepri (rising sun), which were later combined with him. He traveled across the sky each day and then each night, the monster Apep would attempt to prevent his return. Other myths held that Ra spent the night in the underworld consoling the dead. The god of the pharaohs, from the fourth dynasty onward all pharaohs termed themselves "sons of [him]," and after death they joined his entourage. He was portrayed with the head of a falcon, and crowned with the sun disk.

(48 BC, Italy) - Julius Caesar defeated Pompey the Great

Pharsalus

(42 BC, Greece) - Antony and Octavian defeated Brutus and Cassius, who had assassinated Julius Caesar

Philippi

(June 19-20, 1944, Philippines) - US decisively defeated Japan; "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot"; largest carrier battle of the war

Philippine Sea

Silhouette

Picture consisting of a black shape like a shadow against a light background

Profile

Picture of a person drawn so that only one side of the face or body shows

Mosaic

Picture or pattern made in a wall or floor by inlaying small bits of variously colored material in mortar

Ecce homo

Picture or statue of Christ wearing a crown of thorns

Bust

Piece of sculpture portraying the head, shoulders, and upper chest of a person

Watercolor

Pigment or coloring matter ground with a water-soluble binder, such as gum arabic

(Sept. 13, 1759, Quebec) - Wolfe (British) defeated Montcalm (France); both commanders were mortally wounded

Plains of Abraham

(1757, India) - Clive (British) defeated Bengal

Plassey

(479 BC, Greece) - Greeks defeated Persian infantry

Plataea

(Sept. 11, 1814, NY) - also Battle of Lake Champlain; Macdonough (US) defeated Downie (British) in naval battle; Prevost (Canada) withdrew from NY

Plattsburg

(1879, South America) - Chile, which had captured Antofagasta, defeated Daza (Bolivia) and Peru; Chile then occupied Tacna and Arica, gaining nitrate-rich Atacama

Point Angamos

Vanishing point

Point in a drawing or painting at which parallel lines appear to converge in the distance

(Sept. 19, 1356, France) - Edward the Black Prince (England) captured John II the Good (France), who was held for ransom

Poitiers

(July 8, 1709, Ukraine) - Peter I (Russia) defeated Charles XII (Sweden)

Poltava

Art Deco

Popular style of design of the 1920s and 1930s characterized by geometric shapes—it derives its name from the 1925 exhibition in Paris, Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes

(1904, Russia) - Russians surrendered after Japanese shelling

Port Arthur

Pointillism

Postimpressionist method of using small dots of paint to create colors

John F. Kennedy

President during the 1960s. Navigated the US through the Cuban missile crisis and other Cold War issues with the Soviet union, assassinated in 1963

Franklin D Roosevelt

President during the Great Depression and World War II. Famous for new deal recovery program which help alleviate the Great Depression and expanded the role of the government. Said December 7 of 1941 is a day which will live in infamy

Warren Harding

President in the 1920s, advocated "return to normalcy" meaning life before World War I and "America first" campaign encouraged industrialization and a strong economy, independent of foreign influence.

Richard Nixon

President in the 1970s. Helped the US withdraw from Vietnam and improved relations with China, but resigned presidency after the Watergate scandal

Ronald Reagan

President in the 1980s-grew US economy through Reaganomics, influenced the end of the Cold War, advocated for a strong military to deter aggression against the US.

(Aug. 17 - 19, 1648, England) - Cromwell defeated Scots

Preston

Francis Marion

Previously an Indian fighter, he was given command of Fort Sullivan in 1776. Commanding the 2nd South Carolina, he fought at Savannah, and escaped capture when the British retook Charleston. From there, he fought a successful guerilla campaign against British troops, forcing Cornwallis to appoint Colonel Banastre Tarleton to eliminate him. Tarleton's frustration at the task led to the remark "But as for this damned old fox, the devil himself could not catch him," creating Marion's nickname, "Swamp Fox." Promoted to brigadier general in 1781, and later given command of the North and South Carolina militias, hefought the British at Eutaw Springs.

(Jan. 3, 1777, NJ) - Washington (US) defeated Cornwallis (British); Mercer (US) was killed

Princeton

Ptah

Principal god of the city of Memphis, he was portrayed as a mummy, or wearing the beard of the gods on his chin. His godhood was achieved by himself, much like his creation power, done merely by act of will. A patron of craftsmen, he also was seen as a healer, in the form of a dwarf. In the death trilogy (Anubis, Osiris, Ptah), he was seen as the god of embalming. His wife was the cat-headed Sekhmet, and his son was the lotus god Nefertem.

Woolf

Prior to writing Orlando this member of the Bloomsbury Group chronicled one day in the life of Clarissa, who learns of Septimus Smith's suicide at her evening party.

Etching

Process of creating a design on metal with a needle, placing the plate in acid, inking the plate, and then producing the design on paper

Engraving

Process of making a print from a metal plate on which a design with a small chisel has been made

18th amendment

Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States

26th amendment

Prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens, 18 years of age or older to vote on account of Age

15th amendment

Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race color or previous condition of servitude

19th amendment

Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex

24th amendment

Prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the nonpayment of a poll tax or any other tax

Progressive era 1890 to 1920

Protections against abuses, corruption, and waste. Prohibition. Women's suffrage

Marcus Garvey

Publisher, journalist, and black nationalist; founder of the Universal Negro improvement Association in African communities league.

(May 5, 1862, Mexico) - Zaragoza (Mexico) defeated invading French forces

Puebla

(Dec. 30-31, 1775, Quebec) - Carleton (Canada) defeated Arnold and Montgomery (US), who had captured Montreal but was killed here; ended US invasion of Canada

Quebec

(Oct. 13, 1812, Ontario) - Van Rensselaer's (US) troops refused to reinforce Scott (US), who was forced to surrender

Queenston Heights

(1867, Mexico) - Maximilian surrendered to Diaz and Juarez

Queretaro

The Black Panthers

Radical group in the 1960's who advocated armed self-defense and Revolution to end black oppression. More militant thank MLK and other civil rights leaders, but also established daycare centers, medical clinics, etc.

(1706, Belgium) - Duke of Marlborough (England) defeated France, forcing them out of the Netherlands

Ramillies

limited 3rd person point of view

Readers information is limited to what a singular character feels, thinks, and observes

1970s to 1990s

Reaganomics. Peace through strength. conservative resurgence

Primary colors

Red, yellow, and blue colors from which all other spectrum colors can be mixed

Unemployment

Refers to the percentage of the population that is actively seeking work but cannot find a job. Unemployment can be cyclical (common in seasonal industries like fieldwork), frictional (the natural time between jobs that exists in most labor markets), or structural (when workers' skills do not match those required by open jobs).

21st amendment

Repealed the 18th amendment and gives the States the power to prohibit or regulate the transportation or importation of alcohol for delivery or use

John Hancock

Representative from Massachusetts; president of the Continental Congress in 1775, first to sign the Declaration of Independence

John Jay

Representative from New York at the Continental Congresses ; signer of the Declaration of Independence, helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris 1783 that ended the American revolution; diplomat to England in the late 1700s were he negotiated Jay's treaty that adverted threats of another war with the British.

12 amendment

Revises presidential election procedures

Seventh amendment

Right to a jury trial in civil cases

4th amendment

Right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures

Sixth amendment

Right to be informed of charges, be present when witnesses speak in court, to call defense witnesses, to have a lawyer

2nd amendment

Right to bear arms

5th amendment

Right to grand jury indictment, no double jeopardy, freedom from self-incrimination, due process of law

3rd amendment

Right to not quarter soldiers

10th amendment

Rights of states and people

Marble

Rock formed from limestone by heat and pressure and used in buildings, monuments, and sculptures

(June 17, 1866, US) - Crazy Horse (Oglala Sioux) defeated Crook (US)

Rosebud

(1757, Europe) - Seydlitz (Prussia) defeated France

Rossbach

Theodore Roosevelt

Roughrider during the Spanish-American war; expansionist policies as president increase the US roll in Latin America and the world, reasserted the Monroe doctrine.

Mughals

Ruled most of India from the early 16th until the mid-18th century, and claimed descent from both Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. Their empire was founded by Babur and expanded under his grandson Akbar. The Taj Mahal was built under Shah Jahan, who brought the empire to the brink of bankruptcy. Aurangzeb excluded Hindus from public office, and the empire began to break up soon after his death in 1707.

(480 BC, Greece) - Themistocles's (Athens) navy defeated Xerxes I (Persia) near Athens

Salamis

(Apr. 21, 1836, TX) - Houston (Texas) forced surrender of Santa Anna (Mexico); "Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!" battle cry

San Jancinto

(July 1, 1898, Cuba) - Shafter (US) and T Roosevelt's Rough Riders captured hill

San Juan Hill

(June - Oct. 1777, NY) - Burgoyne (British) surrendered to Gates, Arnold, and Morgan (US); two battles fought at Freeman's Farm

Saratoga

(Oct. 9, 1779, GA) - Lincoln (US) and d'Estaing (France) failed to recapture Savannah from Prevost (British)

Savannah

Relief

Sculpture attached to a flat background

(Aug. 29-30, 1862, VG) - also Second Manassas; Lee (Confederate), with Longstreet and Jackson, defeated Pope (Union); forced Union out of VG; Chantilly

Second Bull Run

(1448, Serbia) - Murad II (Ottoman) defeated Hunyadi (Hungary)

Second Kosovo

(July 15-17, 1918, France) - Allies stopped Ludendorff's (Germany) offensive

Second Marne

(Mar. 21 - Apr. 5, 1918, France) - Haig (British) and Foch (French) stopped Ludendorff's (Germany) advance, at high cost

Second Somme

(Apr. 22 - May 25, 1915, Belgium) - draw between Allies and Germany; first use of poison gas by Germany

Second Ypres

1144 - 1148) - called by Eugenius III; led by Louis VII (France) and Conrad III (HRE); lost at Dorylaeum and Damascus; freed Lisbon from Moors

Second crusade

(Sept. 1, 1870) - von Moltke (Prussia) defeated Maurice de MacMahon and Felix de Wimpffen (France), and captured Napoleon III

Sedan

George Washington

Selected by the Continental Congress to serve as general-in-chief, his first actions were to blockade Boston. Key to the success in Boston was the capture of Dorchester Heights, allowing cannon fire against the British and forcing the withdrawal of Howe. After failing to defend New York, Washington retreated toward Pennsylvania, extending British supply lines and allowing a successful counterattack on Hessian mercenaries at Trenton. Following victory at Princeton, he retired to winter quarters at Morristown. Sending his best forces north to deal with Burgoyne's attack in spring 1777, he kept Howe engaged in the mid-Atlantic. Autumn setbacks at Brandywine and Germantown led to a demoralized winter camp at Valley Forge, countered by the work of Lafayette, Steuben, and others. After a costly draw with Sir Henry Clinton's forces at Monmouth, he sent Greene south to replace Gates, and worked with the French general Jean Baptiste Rochambeau to plan the Yorktown campaign. The success of this campaign led to Cornwallis' surrender on October 19, 1781. (FOR CHRISTS SAKE WE ALL SHOULD KNOW WHO IT IS!)

Joseph McCarthy

Senator after whom the term McCarthyism is named. The fear of communism increased throughout the 1950s; extreme opposition to communism gained the name McCarthyism from the efforts of Senator McCarthy who, in 1950, announcec that Communists work in the state department. He worked to identify known communist and accused others based on Association.

Thoth

Serving the gods as the supreme scribe, this ibis-headed God was known as the "tongue of Ptah" for his knowledge of hieroglyphics, and as the "Heart of Re" for his creative powers. His knowledge of science and calculation made him the creator of the calendar, and his symbol was the moon due to his knowledge of how to calculate its path. His knowledge of magic led to his association with the Greek Hermes. He was consulted by Isis when attempting to resurrect Osiris, and was again consulted when the young Horus was stung by a scorpion.

The Little Foxes

Set on a plantation in 1900, Hellman attempts to show that by this time any notion of antebellum Southern gentility has been destroyed by modern capitalism and industrialism. Three Hubbard siblings (Regina and her two brothers) scheme to earn vast riches at the expense of other family members, such as Regina's husband Horace and their daughter Alexandra. The title is taken from the Old Testament Song of Solomon: "the little foxes that spoil the vines."

(June 25 - July 1, 1862, VG) - Lee (Confederate) stopped McClellan's (Union) Peninsular Campaign; battles included Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Harrison's Landing, Garnett's Farm, Golding's Farm, Savage's Station, Allen's Farm, White Oak Swamp, Glendale, and Malvern Hill

Seven Days battle

(1248 - 1250) - Louis IX (France) captured Damietta in Egypt but lost at Cairo

Seventh Crusade

Gulliver's Travels

Several characters in this novel discuss the proper way of cracking open eggs, while the protagonist visits the Struldbrugs who are immortal but continue to age.

(Apr. 6-7, 1862, TN) - also Pittsburg Landing; draw between Grant (Union) and AS Johnston (Confederate); Johnston was killed and Beauregard took over; Buell reinforced Grant; Grant was advancing towards Corinth MS; "Hornet's Nest"; Sarah Bell�s Peach Orchid, Owl Creek

Shiloh

Minimal art

Simple style of art using basic elements and primary colors

Parable

Simple, usually brief story that teaches a moral lesson

Mamlukes

Slave soldiers of foreign origin who deposed the Ayyubids in 1250. Baybars, who turned back the Mongols at the Battle of Ayn Jalut, is a popular figure in Arabic heroic literature. In 1291 they drove the last Crusaders from Palestine. Their reign is divided into a "Bahri" period from 1250-1382 and a "Circassian" period from 1382-1517. They were defeated by the Ottomans, who conquered Egypt in 1517.

Miniature

Small detailed portrait of a person or landscape that developed from the medieval art of illuminated manuscripts

Sam Walton

Small town general store owner who believed he could bring important goods to rural America. His store Walmart is now known as an industry leader in supply-chain operations and brings low prices and common goods to communities across the world

(June 24, 1859, Italy) - Napoleon III (France) and Sardinia defeated Francis Joseph I (Austria); inspired Dunant to found Red Cross

Solferino

Anubis

Son of Osiris and Nepthys, and god of embalming to the Egyptians, he was typically pictured with the head of a jackal. He also served as the god of the desert and the watcher of the tombs. He also served to introduce the dead to the afterlife, and as their judge. To decide the fate of the dead, Anubis would weigh the heart of the dead against the feather of truth. Anubis is sometimes identified with Hermes or Mercury.

(May 8-18, 1864, VG) - Lee (Confederate) stopped Meade (Union), but Grant continued drive to Richmond; attack on "Bloody Angle", center of Lee's line

Spotsylvania

(1455, England) - Margaret of Anjou (Lancaster), wife of Henry VI, defeated Earl of Warwick (York)

St. Albans

(July 17 - Nov. 18, 1942, USSR) - Chuikov (USSR) defended Stalingrad (Volgograd) against von Paulus (Germany); Zhukov (USSR) finally forced German surrender

Stalingrad

(Sept. 25, 1066) - Harold II (England) defeated Tostig and Harold III (Norway)

Stamford Bridge

Pedestal

Stand holding a sculpture, especially a bust

Discobolus

Statue of a discus thrower

(Sept. 11, 1297, Scotland) - Wallace (Scotland) defeated Earl of Surrey (England)

Stirling Bridge

Dec. 31 1862 - Jan. 2 1863, TN) - also Murfreesboro; draw between Rosecrans (Union) and Bragg (Confederate); highest casualty rate of the war

Stones River

Conflict

Struggle between 2 opposing forces

Aesthetics

Study of beauty and the psychological responses to it, especially the branch of philosophy dealing with art and all its creative sources, effects, and forms

Op (art)

Style of abstract painting that utilizes geometric patterns or figures to create various effects such as the illusion of movement

Romanticism

Style of art in Europe from about 1820 to 1900 characterized as emotional, imaginative, and picturesque

Postimpressionism

Style of late 19th-century artists who revolted against the objective naturalism of impressionism, placing emphasis on the artist's subjective viewpoint

Cubism

Style of painting and sculpture developed in Paris in the early 20th century and characterized by the reduction of subjects into geometric structures

Impressionism

Style of painting developed in France in the 1870s characterized chiefly by short brush strokes of bright colors to represent the effect of light on objects

Francis Willard

Suffragette and member of the women's Christian temperance union

Oprah Winfrey

Supervising producer and the host of the top rated, award-winning the Oprah Winfrey show for two decades. She's a global media leader and philanthropist

Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr.

Supported American expansion as a way to increase national pride, spread civilization, and gain World power.

(July 15, 1410, Poland) - also Grunwald; Witold and Ladislav (Poland and Lithuania) defeated von Jungingen (Teutonic Knights)

Tannenberg

(Aug. 1914, East Prussia) - von Hindenburg and Ludendorff (Germany) defeated Samsonov (Russia), who committed suicide

Tannenburg

(Nov. 20-23, 1943, Gilbert Islands Kiribati) - US took island from Japan

Tarawa

Lost-wax process

Technique for casting bronze known in French as cire perdue

Perspective***

Technique of representing 3D objects on a plane surface so that they appear in painting as they do in nature

Baroque

Term from the Portuguese barroco for "an irregular shaped pearl" designating a style in art and architecture from about 1600 to 1750 marked by elaborate ornamentation

Nephthys

Termed the "lady of the castle," for her role as guardian of tombs, she sided against her own husband, Set, in his battle against Osiris, but when Set was destroyed, she collected the bits of his body and brought him back to life, much as Isis had done for Osiris. In addition to being Isis' sister, she was also said to be Osiris' mistress, leading to much complaint from Isis. Due to her close ties to all the other gods, she was rarely associated with a cult of her own.

(Jan. - Feb. 1968, Vietnam) - NLR diverted attention to Khe Sanh, then invaded many cities before being driven back; Westmoreland (US) was replaced the next month by Abrams

Tet offensive

(9, Germany) - Arminius (Cherusci) defeated Varus (Rome)

Teutoburg Forest

(1471, England) - Edward IV (York) defeated Margaret of Anjou (Lancaster), wife of Henry VI; Henry was murdered in the Tower

Tewkesbury

(Oct. 5, 1813, Ontario) - WH Harrison (US) defeated Proctor (British) at the Moravian Mission; RM Johnson (US) killed Tecumseh (Shawnee)

Thames

Creation of the Myth

The Egyptian creation myth begins with the emergence of Ra (or Re), the sun god, from the ocean in the form of an egg (or, alternately, a flower). Ra brought forth four children: Geb, Shu, Nut, and Tefnut. Shu and Nut became manifestations of air and moisture. From Geb, the god of the earth, and Nut, goddess of the sky, were spawned four other gods: Osiris, Isis, Set (or Seth), and Nepthys. These nine gods became known as the ennead ("group of nine"). The center of their worship was Heliopolis, as all were tied to Ra, the sun god. The Heliopolitan ennead was one of several in Egyptian theology, and at times this grouping was superseded by other sets. Two notable alternatives were the ennead of the city of Memphis, led by the god Ptah, and the ennead of Thebes, with Amon at its head. Not surprisingly, the pre-eminence of these variations coincided with their corresponding cities' political control of Egypt.

Afterlife

The Egyptians believed that the soul had three components, the ba, ka, and akh, each of which had different roles after death. The ka remained near or within the body (which is why mummification was required). The ba went to the underworld where it merged with aspects of Osiris, but was allowed to periodically return (which is why Egyptian tombs often contained narrow doors). The akh could temporarily assume different physical forms and wander the world as a ghost of sorts. In the underworld, the ba was subjected to the Judgment of Osiris in the Hall of Double Justice, where the heart of the deceased was weighed against Ma'at, commonly represented as an ostrich feather.

Diction

The choice and use of words and phrases in a speech or writing

Ma'at

The daughter of Ra, she predated the universe and served over the creation of it, ensuring balance between everything. Primarily seen as the keeper of order, she was responsible for seasons, day and night, rainfall, and star movements. A symbolic offering of her, in the form a statuette was given to the gods, as she encompassed all other offerings. Her aspect as god of justice also showed through her role in death ritual, where her ostrich feather was weighed against the hearts of the dead in the underworld. Judges wore effigies of Her, and the supreme head of courts was said to be the priest of Her.

Comparative Advantage

The idea that every pair of potential trading partners (two firms, two neighbors, two countries, etc.) can benefit by trade if they are producing at least two goods. The counterintuitive aspect is that this result is true for every pair, no matter how unproductive one of the parties might be (in absolute terms). Broadly speaking, each party should specialize in what it does best (relative to the other party) and then trade for everything else. David Ricardo formulated this theory with a famous example involving Britain's cloth industry and Portugal's wine industry.

Invisible hand

The metaphorical notion that producers and consumers acting in their own narrow interest (e.g., by trying to maximize income from their business) will create an overall benefit to society. This might happen by their rewarding technologies that make production more efficient, rewarding firms who can sell at lower cost, rewarding inventors who discover new processes, and so on. The phrase was introduced by Adam Smith in his 1776 book The Wealth of Nations, but the modern understanding (and broad-based application of the metaphor) is due to later thinkers.

Chords

The most common types of chords are built of successive notes that are each a third above the previous. A triad consists of three notes referred to as the root, third, and fifth—the third and fifth being that respective interval above the root. Triads are classified as either major, minor, augmented, or diminished, based on whether the successive pitches are separated by major or minor thirds. Adding another third above the fifth results in a seventh chord (since that new pitch is a seventh above the root). Although many types of seventh chords are possible, the most common are the major, major-minor (or dominant), minor, half-diminished, and fully-diminished. Larger chords, such as ninth and thirteenth chords, appear commonly in jazz.

omniscient point of view

The narrator is an observer of all that happens

Jonathan Trumbull senior

The only colonial governor who supported the American cause/side in the revolution

Cry, the Beloved Country

The protagonist of this novel, which (*) Maxwell Anderson and Kurt Weill adapted into Lost in the Stars, learns that his sister Gertrude has become a prostitute and is joined by Theophilus Msimangu in searching Johannesburg for his son.

Candide

The protagonist of this work meets an old woman with one buttock who helps him pursue the daughter of the baron of Thunder-ten-tronckh after his tutor is hanged by the Spanish Inquisition.

Remains of the Day

The protagonist once worked for a man who fired his Jewish maids and often entertained Joachim von Ribbentrop, and he tries to improve his "bantering" skills while interacting with his new American boss, Faraday.

Parallelism

The repetition of phrases or sentences with similar structures

Emerson

The speaker of another of his poems states, "I am the doubter and the doubt," before instructing the "meek lover of the good" to "find me, and turn thy back on heaven."

Yeats

The speaker of one of this author's own poems describes how, while "on the roadway, or on the pavements grey," he hears the sound of "water lapping with low sounds by the shore."

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

The title character marries Sandy and makes a final stand against all the knights of England with Gatling guns and electrocuted fences.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

The title character of this novel fixes a famous fountain that had gone dry in the Valley of Loneliness.

The Great Gatsby

The title character watches the green dock light across the bay lives next door to the narrator, Nick Carraway.

My Antonia

The title character works for the Harling family, and is later impregnated and abandoned by Larry Donovan.

Scales

The two most common types are the major and minor , both of which are referred to as diatonic, meaning that they have seven notes between octaves and follow a repeating pattern of whole steps and half steps. While there is only one major there are three common variants of the minor scale: natural, harmonic, and melodic. The individual notes within are given numeric indications known as degrees, starting with "1" and moving up note by note; the most prominent of these are the first degree, or tonic (the "home" pitch), and the fifth degree, or dominant. There is also the chromatic, which includes every note between two endpoints, including sharps and flats.

Sahara Desert

The world's second largest desert, but its largest hot desert. The Atlas Mountains bound the west on the north, and the Sahel — a savannah-like strip — bounds it on the south. It is dominated by rocky regions (hamada), sand seas (ergs), and salt flats (shatt) and dry river valleys (wadi) that are subject to flash floods. The Berber and Tuareg peoples are native to the it.

(480 BC, Greece) - Leonidas I (Sparta) delayed Xerxex I's (Persia) advance at a narrow mountain path

Thermopylae

Fatimids

They were Isma'ili Shi'ite Imams who founded their state in North Africa in 909 under the caliph al-Mahdi. They conquered Egypt in 969 under al-Muizz and built Cairo, becoming the Abbasids' rivals. At its height their regime reached into Yemen and Syria, and they had a network of missionaries spreading Isma'ili doctrines into Abbasid territory and beyond. In the eleventh century, the caliph al-Hakim — considered insane — disappeared, giving rise to the Druze religion. A later succession dispute gave rise to the sect of the Assassins. The last caliph, al-Adil, died in 1171.

Palette

Thin board on which colors are placed and mixed

Wash

Thin, transparent layer of paint, usually watercolor, applied with even, sweeping movements of the brush

(1187 - 1192) - after Saladin retook Jerusalem, Richard I (England), Philip II (France), and Frederick I (HRE) reestablished Latin Kingdom but failed to take Jerusalem; Frederick drowned in Calycadnus River

Third crusade

Garcia Marquez

This Colombian man's most famous work is based around the descendants of Colonel Aureliano Buendia in Macondo.

Neruda

This Stalinist addressed ordinary objects such as tuna in Elemental Odes, and wrote a section on conquistadors in his sprawling poetic account of Latin America.

H G Wells

This author also wrote about Griffin, a man who tries to make his cells transparent.

Forster

This author also wrote about the haunting echo of Marabar Caves, where Dr. Aziz is accused of raping Adela Quested.

Pope

This author asked "Who breaks a butterfly upon the wheel?" in his "Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot".

Bierce

This author of "An Inhabitant of Carcosa" and "Moxon's Master" described a small boy who survives a Civil War battle in "Chickamauga."

Lord Tennyson

This author of "Marianna," "Tithonus," and "The Lady of Shalott" wrote of an old king who still wants "to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield" despite having returned home.

Housman

This author of "Terence, this is stupid stuff" also described a boy who "won [his] town the race" but cannot do so anymore.

Kipling

This author of "The Man Who Would Be King" wrote a collection including "The Cat That Walked by Himself" and "How the Camel Got His Hump," and another story ends with the title character emerging from a rat hole announcing the deaths of Nag and Nagaina, a pair of cobras.

Beckett

This author of Catastrophe wrote a play set near a dead willow tree, where Vladimir and Estragon anticipate the arrival of the title man.

von Goethe

This author of Gotz von Berlichingen ¨ and Egmont wrote a play that ends when the Mater Gloriosa descends from heaven to save the soul of the man who tried to rescue Gretchen from jail aftˆer she was imprisoned for drowning her child.

Updike

This author of Roger's Version also created a character who accidentally drowns her daughter Rebecca June after her husband leaves her to resume his affair with Ruth Leonard.

Kafka

This author of The Castle and The Trial wrote a story in which Gregor Samsa transforms from a human being into an insect.

Huxley

This author of The Crows of Pearblossom and Time Must Have a Stop also wrote a novel in which the painter Ivor Lombard is frightened away by the psychoanalysis-obsessed Mary Bracegirdle, and Priscilla uses astrology to bet on horse races.

Grass

This author wrote Cat and Mouse and Dog Years in the Danzig Trilogy.

Bierce

This author wrote a "Cynic's Word Book" and a short story in which Peyton Farquhar attempts to burn down the title structure.

Ayn Rand

This author wrote a novel in which the mysterious phrase "Who is John Galt?" is repeated, that novel is about Dagny Taggart.

Kafka

This author wrote about Josef K., who is killed "like a dog" after being arrested for an unspecified crime that he did not commit.

Steinbeck

This author wrote about Kino's encounter with the title object in The Pearl.

Machiavelli

This author wrote about being both a lion and a fox to avoid both snares and wolves in Discourses on Livy.

Jack London

This author wrote about the capture of Humphrey van Weyden in The Sea-Wolf, and in another of his novels, a lynx kills One-Eye.

Worship of Aton

This is actually a historical episode: during the reign of Amenhotep III (1390-1353 BC), worship of the god Aton (or Aten) — a representation of the disk of the sun — was resurrected. This process was carried to its extreme conclusion by his successor, Amenhotep IV, who eventually declared Aton to be the only god, thereby creating one of the earliest known monotheistic religions. The pharaoh even changed his name to Akhenaton, meaning "Aton is satisfied." The worship of Aton was centered on the capital city Tell-al-Amarna, and was largely confined to upper classes and the pharaonic court; it did not survive Amenhotep. Under his successor, Tutankhamen (King Tut), traditional religious practices were restored.

Longfellow

This man also described "A line of black that bends and floats / On the rising tide like a bridge of boats," news of which is relayed to that poem's protagonist through lanterns in the North Church tower.

Lord Tennyson

This man described Nature as "red in tooth and claw" in a poem inspired by the death of Arthur Henry Hallam, which states" 'tis better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all."

Keats

This man discussed language chained by "dull rhymes" and "bound with garlands of her own" in his poem On the Sonnet.

Ibsen

This man wrote a play in which Halvard Solness falls to his death from his own tower, and a play whose title character uses Judge Brack's two pistols to shoot herself.

Huxley

This man wrote about Will Farnaby's shipwreck on the island of Pala in the utopian novel Island.

Poe

This man wrote about the dead maiden Ulalume and another maiden who had "no other thought / Than to love and be loved by me" and lived "In a kingdom by the sea."

Remains of the Day

This novel's narrator does not react to the news of his father's death because it takes place during a meeting between the Prime Minister and von Ribbentrop hosted by his employer, who is accused of having Nazi sympathies.

The Hunchback of Notre Dame

This novel's protagonist is ordered to kidnap the central female character, who owns the goat Djali and is accused of witchcraft by this book's antagonist.

The Great Gatsby

This novel's title character hosts parties attended by golfer Jordan Baker, and is shot in his swimming pool after Myrtle Wilson is run over by Daisy Buchanan.

Pushkin

This part-black author used sonnets to write a novel in which Tatyana Larina's lover kills Vladimir Lensky in a duel.

Emerson

This poet of "Brahma" coined the phrase "shot heard round the world" in his "Concord Hymn."

Lord Byron

This poet of "When We Two Parted" described a woman with "a heart whose love is innocent" and also wrote a long poem in which a knight-to-be travels throughout Europe.

Keats

This poet of the unfinished "Hyperion" and "To (*) Autumn" also wrote a poem addressed to a "light-winged Dryad of the trees".

Ovid

This poet promised that "nor fire nor sword nor the devouring ages can destroy" his work in the epilogue of a poem that relates Pythagorean philosophy in its fifteenth and final book.

Longfellow

This poet states that "Life is real! Life is earnest!" in his poem "A Psalm of Life."

Wordsworth

This poet who portrayed the "growth of a poet's mind" in "The Prelude" wrote "five years have passed" in a poem addressed to his sister Dorothy.

Bradstreet

This poet wrote that "if ever two were one, then surely we" in her poem "To My Dear and Loving Husband."

Gulliver's Travels

This work includes the floating island of Laputa and the land of Lilliput, the latter of which is inhabited by tiny people.

Mahabharata

This work opens with the birth of Bhishma and tells of the death of Karna at the hands of Arjuna, who chooses to employ Krishna as his charioteer.

Neruda

This writer compared the stabbing of knives to "an Amazon of buried jaguars" in a poem whose speaker asked his brother to "arise to birth with me."

The Red and the Black

Though the protagonist of this novel marries Mathilde, his rise is ruined with the return of his first lover, Mademoiselle de Renal.

Mobile

Three-dimensional sculpture featuring several objects suspended at different levels so that they move in the wind

Topiary

Three-dimensional sculptures made by trimming trees or shrubs into the shapes of animals and other objects

Triptych

Three-paneled painting

(Nov. 7, 1811, IN) - WH Harrison (US) fought the Prophet (Shawnees), brother of Tecumseh

Tippecanoe

There is an allusion to Greek Mythology in "Old Ironsides"

To the harpies

Docent

Tour guide and lecturer, as at a museum

(732, France) - also Poitiers; Charles Martel (Frank) stopped Moor invasion

Tours

(Mar. 29, 1461, England) - Earl of Warwick (York) and duke of York defeated Duke of Somerset (Lancaster); replaced Henry VI with Edward IV as king; bloodiest battle in England

Towton

Tempo

Traditionally speed, of a piece is indicated through the use of Italian-language terms. Some of the most common markings are largo (very slow), adagio (slow), andante ("walking speed"), allegro (fast), and presto (very fast). A work's this may also be indicated by a metronome marking, which indicates the number of a certain type of note per minute (e.g., quarter note = 120). They are often modified with further Italian terms, such as allegro con fuoco (fast, with fire), which can make them more unique. Movements from larger works are often referred to by this (e.g. "the Allegretto from Beethoven's 7th symphony"); entire works may also be named for this. (e.g., Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings).

(Oct. 21, 1805, near Spain) - Nelson (British) defeated Villeneuve (France) in naval battle, preventing invasion of England; Nelson said "England expects that every man will do his duty" and was killed

Trafalgar

(Dec. 26, 1776, NJ) - Washington (US) crossed Delaware River and defeated Rall (Hessian)

Trenton

Easel

Tripod, or 3-legged stand, that holds an artist's canvas as he or she paints

(May 27-28, 1905, Sea of Japan) - Japan defeated Russia in naval battle; first time an Asian nation defeated a modern European nation

Tsushima

Ottomans

Turks of uncertain origin who conquered the Balkans and the Middle East and brought the central Islamic lands into the European state system. Their key military victories were the defeat of the Serbs in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the capture of Constantinople in 1453, and the defeat of the Mamluks in 1517. During the 15th century their lands replaced Palestine as the major target of the Crusades. They reached their height under Suleiman the Magnificient, who beseiged Vienna in 1529. The empire's remnants became Turkey after World War I.

Diptych

Two-paneled altarpiece

Enamel

Type of paint that covers pottery

(625, Arabia) - Khalid (Mecca) defeated Muhammad

Uhud

Kitsch

Uncomplimentary term for works of art considered to be ostentatious or in poor taste

Bohemian**

Unconventional, nonconforming person, especially an artist, writer, or intellectual

Barry Goldwater

United States senator from Arizona from 1953 to 1965, to 1969 to 1987, and the Republican parties nominee for president in the 1964 election, retired from the Senate in the mid-1980s, considered one of the founders of the modern conservative movement.

(Mar. 9, 1847, Mexico) - Scott (US) landed at Vera Cruz and began march to Mexico City

Vera Cruz

(Feb. 21 - Nov. 26, 1916, France) - Petain, Nivelle, and Mangin (France) stopped von Falkenhayn's (Germany) advance; Petain said "they shall not pass"

Verdun

(Apr. - July 1863, MS) - Grant (Union) laid siege to and captured Vicksburg, defended by Pemberton (Confederate); battles at Champion Hill and Big Black River

Vicksburg

(1529, Austria) - Ferdinand I (HRE) ended Suleiman I's siege of the capital of Austria

Vienna

(Apr. 1917, France) - Byng (British) captured the ridge from Germans

Vimy Ridge

(Feb. 23, 1779, IL) - Clark (US) recaptured city and Fort Sackville from Hamilton (British)

Vinceenes

Benedict Arnold

Volunteering for service following the Battle of Lexington, he joined Ethan Allen in the attack on Fort Ticonderoga. Appointed by Washington to capture Quebec, he was severely wounded in the failed December 1775 assault that also saw the death of General Richard Montgomery. Arming a flotilla on Lake Champlain, he attacked the British forces at Valcour Island, earning accolades — perhaps at the cost of the support of other officers. Passed over for promotion, Washington personally persuaded him not to resign. Promoted following his defense of Danbury, he again considered resignation, but won victory at Ft. Stanwix, and commanded advance battalions at Saratoga, where he was wounded in the fight. Sent to command Philadelphia, he lived extravagantly among Loyalists, and skirted several regulations to raise money, prompting investigations. After marrying Peggy Shippen, he made overtures to the British, alerting them to a plan to invade Canada, and planning to betray his expected command of West Point. When his contact, Major John Andre was captured, he escaped. Later, as part of the British army he raided New London, Connecticut, and led several raids on Virginia.

Who was the Soviet Foreign Minister during World War 2

Vyacheslav Molotov

Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr.'s Progressive Party (established 1924)

Was created for him to run for president on his own brand of progressive ideals different from those of Roosevelt, his onetime rival. Running on promises resembling those of the earlier Populists, La Follette grabbed 17% of the vote in the 1924 election with thirteen electoral votes from his home state, Wisconsin. He came close to Democrat nominee John W. Davis in votes, but neither could prevent Republican Calvin Coolidge Re-election.

The Reform Party (established 1995

Was created to follow up on Ross Perot's 1992 independent campaign for President, in which he won 19% of the popular vote but no electoral votes, making him the most successful alternative candidate by vote count since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Members agreed on the need for a balanced budget and changes to the electoral process, and were generally opposed to free trade agreements and immigration. The lack of a unified platform on other issues led to constant infighting over the party's goals and an inability to capitalize on Perot's initial success. Perot ran under the Reform banner again in the 1996 election, taking 8% of the vote. It is perhaps best known for candidate Jesse Ventura's surprise victory in the 1998 election for governor of Minnesota. In the 2000 election cycle, a conservative faction led by Pat Buchanan took over the party, leading to the departure of many Perot supporters and effectively ending the party. Ventura left the party midway through his governorship. Buchanan received several disputed votes under the Party line on the infamous 2000 Florida "butterfly ballot."

Alvin York

Was the most decorated American soldier in World War I. He was awarded the medal of honor for leading an attack on a German machine gun nest, taking 32 machine guns, killing 28 German soldiers and capturing 132 others. This action occurred during the US lead proportion of the Muesse-Argonne offensive in France

(June 18, 1815, Belgium) - duke of Wellington (British) and Blucher (Prussia) defeated Napoleon and Ney (France); attack at La Haye Sainte

Waterloo

(1620, Germany) - von Tilly (Catholic), under Ferdinand II (HRE), defeated Frederick V (Bohemia)

White Mountain

(May 5 - 8, 1864, VG) - draw between Grant and Meade (Union) and Lee (Confederate); Grant suffered greater casualties but continued towards Spotsylvania

Wilderness

(Sept. 19, 1864, VG) - Rodes (Confederate) failed to stop Sheridan's (Union) Shenandoah Valley Campaign

Winchester

Internal occurring

Within the mind of the character

Refrain

Word, phrase, line, or a group of lines repeated at regular intervals throughout the work (think music). They emphasize the most important idea and establish rhythm.

Horatio Gates

Wounded in the disastrous French and Indian War attack on Fort Duquesne, it was there he first met George Washington. Recommended by Washington to be adjutant general of the army at the outbreak of revolution, he organized the army around Boston into an effective force. Promoted to major general in 1776, he was assigned to command troops in New York originally intended to invade Canada. Briefly put in charge of Philadelphia, he then directed the defense of New York against Burgoyne's invasion attempt, leading to victory at Saratoga. Following this he became involved in the Conway cabal, an attempt to replace Washington, which led to coldness between the two. Placed in command of the South over Washington's objections by Congress, he tried to raise adequate forces, but lost the battle of Camden to Cornwallis, and was replaced by Nathaniel Greene. Washington then accepted him back as his deputy, a position he held until the end of the war.

Canvas

Woven cloth used as a medium for a painting

Betty Frieden

Wrote the feminine mystic, cofounded NOW (National Organization of Women)

637, Syria) - Khalid (Muslim) defeated Byzantines and captured Damascus

Yarmuk

(Oct. 19, 1781, VG) - Cornwallis (British) surrendered to Washington (US), Comte de Grasse, and Comte de Rochambeau (France)

Yorktown

(202 BC, Tunisia) - Scipio Africanus (Rome) defeated Hannibal, ending the war

Zama

Primary source

a document, speech, or other source of evidence written, created, or otherwise produced during the time under study

stream of consciousness

a technique in which a character's thoughts are presented as the mind experiences them; short bursts/without logic

Christina's World

by Andrew Wyeth. The Christina of the title is Christina Olson, who lived near the Wyeths' summer home in Cushing, Maine. In the 1948 painting, Christina lays in the cornfield wearing a pink dress, facing away from the viewer, her body partly twisted and hair blowing slightly in the wind. In the far distance is a three-story farmhouse with dual chimneys and two dormers, along with two sheds to its right. A distant barn is near the top middle of the painting. One notable aspect is the subtle pattern of sunlight, which strikes the farmhouse obliquely from the right, shines in the wheel tracks in the upper right, and casts very realistic-looking shadows on Christina's dress. The Olson house was the subject of many Andrew Wyeth paintings for 30 years, and it was named to the National Register of Historic Places for its place in Christina's World.

Cambell's Soup Can

by Andy Warhol. Pop Art parodies (or perhaps reflects) a world in which celebrities, brand names, and media images have replaced the sacred; Warhol's series of these paintings may be the best illustration of this. Like the object itself, the paintings were often done by the mass-produceable form of serigraphy (silk screening). Also like the subject, the Warhol's painting existed in many varieties, with different types of soup or numbers of cans; painting 32 or 100 or 200 identical cans further emphasized the aspect of mass production aspect in the work. The same approach underlies Warhol's familiar series of prints of Marilyn Monroe, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, and other pop culture figures

Nighthawks

by Edward Hopper. As is often the case with his works, Hopper uses a realistic approach (including such details as the fluorescent light of the diner, the coffee pots, and the Phillies cigar sign atop the diner) to convey a sense of a loneliness and isolation, even going so far as to depict the corner store without a door connecting to the larger world. Hopper's wife Jo served as the model for the woman at the bar. It is housed at the Art Institute of Chicago.

American Gothic

by Grant Wood. Wood painted his most famous work after a visit to Eldon, Iowa, when he saw a Carpenter Gothic-style house with a distinctive Gothic window in its gable. Upon returning to his studio, he used his sister Nan and his dentist, Dr. Byron McKeeby, as the models for the two figures. The pitchfork and the clothing were more typical of 19th-century farmers than contemporary ones. American Gothic is among the most familiar regionalist paintings, and it is said to be the most parodied of all paintings. It hangs at the Art Institute of Chicago, where it was submitted for a competition by Wood upon its completion in 1930 (Wood won a bronze medal and a $300 prize).

I and the Village

by Marc Chagall. Painted in 1911, It is among Chagall's earliest surviving paintings. It is a dreamlike scene that includes many motifs common to Chagall, notably the lamb and peasant life. In addition to the two giant faces—a green face on the right and a lamb's head on the left—other images include a milkmaid, a reaper, an upside-down peasant woman, a church, and a series of houses, some of them upside-down. It is currently housed at MOMA.

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon

by Pablo Picasso. This painting depicts five women in a brothel. However, the images of the women are partly broken into disjointed, angular facets. The degree of broken-ness is rather mild compared to later Cubist works, but it was revolutionary in 1907. The rather phallic fruit arrangement in the foreground reflects the influence of Paul Cézanne's "flattening of the canvas." The two central figures face the viewer, while the other three have primitive masks as faces, reflecting another of Picasso's influences. It is currently housed at the MOMA.

Broadway Boogie Woogie

by Piet Mondrian. While Les Demoiselles d'Avignon and other Cubist paintings represent an extension of Paul Cézanne's division-of-space approach to the canvas, Mondrian's De Stijl works are a still further abstraction, such that the canvas is often divided up into rectangular "tile patterns," as in Composition with Red Blue and Yellow. The painting simultaneously echoes the bright lights of a marquee, resembles a pattern of streets as seen from above, and creates a feeling of vitality and vibrancy, not unlike the music itself. This work can also be found at the MOMA.

The Persistance of Memory

by Salvador Dalí. First shown in 1931, It is probably the most famous surrealist painting. The landscape of the scene echoes Port Lligat, Dalí's home. The ants, flies, clocks, and the Port Lligat landscape are motifs in many other Dalí paintings, and the trompe l'oeil depiction of figures is typical of his works. It currently belongs to the MOMA; its 1951 companion piece, The Disintegration of [It], hangs at the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

commonly used measure of the size of a country's or state's economy. Computed by summing consumption, investment, government expenditures, and exports, and then subtracting imports.

Former Vice President Henry Wallace's Progressive Party (established 1948)

formed out of Henry Wallace's disagreements with his replacement as FDR's vice president, incumbent Harry S. Truman, who had fired Wallace from his position as Secretary of Commerce. In addition to promoting leftist reforms, Wallace also wanted cooperation with the Soviet Union, though his association with the Soviets and Communism hurt his popularity. In spite of this, he still won 2.4% of the vote with well over a million votes in a contentious election that Truman barely won over Thomas Dewey.

Writing was now for _________, rather than _________ or ____________

fun, information/persuasion

Horus

he god of the sky and light and the son of Isis and Osiris. In earlier myth he was the brother of Set, and son of Ra. His mother impregnated herself by the dead Osiris, then hid Horus. When he was grown, he avenged his father's death, driving away Set. In the battle, he lost his eye, but regained it thanks to the god Thoth. Thus Horus came to rule over the earth. He was known to have two faces, that of the falcon, Harsiesis, and that of a child, Harpocrates.

The Communist Party of the United States of America (established 1919)

is notable mainly for attempts to outlaw it, such as the 1940 Smith Act which criminalized organizations advocating the violent overthrow of the government, the Communist Control Act of 1954, and the inquiries of the House Un-American Activities Committee and Senators Richard Nixon and Joseph McCarthy. Though the 1951 Supreme Court case Dennis v. U.S. ruled that there is no First-Amendment right to advocate the overthrow of the government, general concerns about freedom of speech and overreach in investigations of Communists put an end to prosecutions of individuals solely for belonging to the Communist Party by the early 1960s. The CPUSA ran Gus Hall for President four times, but was never a significant force at the ballot box. In 1995, a cache of Soviet documents known as VENONA was published, revealing that the CPUSA was controlled by Moscow. Like the Socialist Party, the CPUSA has splintered into several similarly named successor organizations.

Factors of Production

land, labor, and capital (i.e., machinery and tools). Modern economists sometimes add a fourth, entrepreneurship. What are these?

The Green Party (established 1991)

never attracted as large of a share of the vote as the other third parties, but the ticket of Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke pulled 2.7% of the popular vote in the infamous 2000 presidential election, possibly influencing Republican George W. Bush's extremely narrow victory over Democrat Al Gore, the winner of the popular vote. The Green Party continues to nominate candidates for presidential elections, and cites ecological sustainability, social justice, and fair democracy among its goals.

Abbasid

reigned as caliphs from Baghdad from 750-1258, and later from Cairo from 1261-1517. They rode to power on widespread disaffection with the Umayyads and the sense that a member of the Prophet's family was best qualified to lead the community. Their greatest rulers were al-Mansur, Harun ar-Rashid, and al-Mamun the Great. During the 9th century, however, power began to devolve onto increasingly autonomous local dynasties, and they fell under the control of outside forces such as the Buyids and Seljuks. When the Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258, the caliph as-Mustazim was wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses.

Umayyad

ruled as caliphs from Damascus from 661-750. They came to power in the civil war following the death of Uthman when Mu'awiyah Ibn Abu Sufyan defeated the forces of Ali Ibn Abi Talib after the latter's assassination. Denounced in traditional Islamic historiography for their secular rule, they introduced hereditary transmission of office into Islam and favored Arabs at the expense of other Muslims. Under 'Abd al-Malik, their namesake Mosque was constructed in Damascus. In the 10th century, a scion from this dynasty re-established the dynasty in Cordoba, Spain.

The American Independent Party (established 1967)

sort of spiritual successor to the Dixiecrats from two decades before. In an effort to combat the desegregation being pushed by a pro-civil rights federal government, George Wallace, the segregationist governor of Alabama, ran for president on the ticket of the AIP, led by Bill and Eileen Shearer. Running on a platform of segregation once again proved appealing to the South, as Wallace won 46 electoral votes from five states, and 13% of the vote with nearly ten million votes. Many Wallace supporters, including the organizers of the party, later joined the U.S. Taxpayers Party, which was renamed the Constitution Party, and still exists as a small party to the right of the Republicans.

mood/atmosphere

the feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage

Inflation Rate

the pace at which prices are rising, usually expressed in the form "2.5% per year." This is equivalent to the rate at which currency loses its value. It is often measured by the consumer price index, which establishes a standard basket of goods that a family might buy and seeing how its total price changes over a year.

Hathor

the patron of women. She was the daughter of Ra and the wife of Horus. She fulfilled many functions as goddess of the sky, goddess of fertility, protector of marriage, and goddess of love and beauty. In that final role she became equated with Aphrodite and Venus. Pictures of Her show the goddess with the head of a cow.

point of view

the perspective, or vantage point, from which a story is told

Popular sovereignty

• "We the people" - power rests with the people • preamble to the constitution • Barbara Jordan, 1974: US House Judiciary committee, Watergate hearings, when the constitution was completed on the 17th of September 1787 I was not included in that "We the people"... but through the process of amendment, interpretation, and court decisions, I have finally been included in "we the people". • 14th amendment (defines citizenship) 15, 19, 24, and 26 (all extend voting rights.)

1990s to present

• 2001 terrorist attack the world trade center and the Pentagon • 2008Barack Obama is elected first African-American president •US involvement in world affairs. •Persian Gulf war. • Balkans crisis

Rise to world power 1898 to 1918 and Ward War 1 1914 to 1918

•1898 Spanish-American war •1914 to 1918 World War I (US enters in 1917) • economic imperialism •Panama Canal • League of Nations

Great depression 1929 to 1941

•1929 - stock market crashes, beginning great depression •dustbowl •new deal

The Cold War 1950s to 1991

•1957 Sputnik launches, igniting the US Soviet space race •1991 end of the Cold War •McCarthyism. • HUAC • Berlin wall. • Domino theory. • Korean War. •Vietnam War

Civil rights movement 1950s to 1960s

•1968 MLK assassinated •1969 US land on the moon • civil rights acts of 57 and 64. • Voting rights act of 65 • Brown V Board of Education

Transcendalists stressed these things

•Individuality •Independence •Being one with nature

Fireside Poets

•The first group of American poets to rival Britain poets in popularity in either country •Read by the fireside for entertainment - Associated with New England - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. - Ralph Waldo Emerson is occasionally included