Cattle Diseases updated

mastitis

*Other Names: *Overview: *Cause: is an infectious disease condition resulting in an inflammatory reaction in the mammary gland of the cow. caused by bacteria *Symptoms: Diagnosis is made on clinical signs of abnormal milk, swelling of the udder (tender to the touch) and general signs of illness (fever, depression, loss of appetite) and in many cases a reduction in milk production *Treatment: you can use intramammary treatments for dairy cows (infusing antibiotic directly into the teat canal) *Vaccination: N/A prevention is the key

Pasture Bloat

*Other Names: N/A *Overview: Severe indigestion marked by a collection of gas in the ruman that the animal in unable to expel. *Cause: Inherited tendency, certain proteins in forage, the coarseness of the roughage and type of rumen microbial population. *Symptom: -Build up of gas in the abdomen on the left side, discomfort = stomping feet or kicking at belly, labored breathing, frequent urination and defecation, and sudden collapse *Treatment: Plant pasture so that no more that 50% of the forage mixture is alfalfa or clover. *Vaccination: N/A

Zoonotic

is an infectious disease caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites that spread between animals and humans.

Footrot

*Other Names: *Overview: Can occur in all ages but most common in adults, the disease is seen year round. Bacteria entrance through lesions on the lower part of the foot, they do not penetrate normal skin. *Cause: [Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus] are the predominant bacteria isolated from footrot. *Symptom: -lameness appears suddenly, usually only affects 1 foot, moderate fever, pus may be present, edges of the break are covered with the necrotic material, foul odor, foot is swollen, animal seems in acute pain *Treatment: spontaneous recovery may occur. Antibacterial agents can be used for systematic therapy. Animal should be kept on a dry surface. Dietary zinc supplementation is effective in treating and preventing *Vaccination: N/A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

*Other Names: BSE, mad cow disease *Overview: Progressive degenerative disease that affects the central nervous system. 2-8 years for clinical signs to appear. *Cause: unknown *Symptom: -Nervousness or aggressive behavior, abnormal posture, lack of coordination and difficulty rising *Treatment: No known treatment. No test for live animals *Vaccination: N/A?

Bovine Virus Diarrhea

*Other Names: BVD *Overview: viral infection *Cause: *Symptom: -Infection can cause numerous problems, such as damage to the digestive and immune systems, pneumonia, abortions, calf deformities, and others. -New born calf: fever, nasal discharge , diarrhea and inability to move about normally *Treatment: N/A *Vaccination: Unfavorable reactions frequently follow the use of modified live viruses BVD vaccines.

Listeriosis

*Other Names: Circling Disease *Overview: Disease of the central nervous system *Cause: bacterium Listeria moncytogened. This bacterium can live almost anywhere like in soil, manure piles, and grass. *Symptom: -Restlessness, loss of appetite, fever and nervous system disorder, walking in circles, uncoordinated movement, leaning against object, and progressive paralysis. -Death can occur within 2 to 3 days after the onset symptoms but cattle can survive for up to 2 weeks with the disease. *Treatment: broad spectrum of antibiotics started early *Vaccination: vaccines are not available in the U.S.

Grass Tetany

*Other Names: Grass staggers and wheat pasture poisoning *Overview: A serious often fatal metabolic disorder characterized by low levels of magnesium in the blood serum of cattle. Occurs most frequently in the spring and/or cool temperature periods. *Cause: It happens most frequently when cattle are grazing succulent, immature grass and often affects the best cows in the herd. *Symptom: -uncoordinated gate, terminate with convulsions, coma, and death. Often found dead with illness, evidence of thrashing will usually be a parent. *Treatment: use dolomite or high magnesium limestone on pasture and including legumes in pasture mixes. Feed cows supplemental magnesium. *Vaccination: N/A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

*Other Names: IBR & red nose *Overview: acute contagious viral disease of cattle. *Cause: N/A? *Symptom: -The infection usually occurs in the air passages of the head and the wind pipe, in females the virus can cause inflammation of the vulva and vagina, and abortion occurs about 20 to 45 days after infection. *Treatment: N/A *Vaccination: It's advisable that heifers be vaccinated or revaccinated 30 to 60 days before breeding.

Blackleg

*Other Names: N/A *Overview: Highly fatal disease of young cattle. 6 months- 2 years are most likely to get it. *Cause: Spore forming, rod shaped, gas producing bacteria [Clostridium chauvoei]. this organism can live in the soil for many of years. *Symptom: -Lameness, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, usually depressed, and high fever -Swelling (small, hot, and painful) ->hip, shoulder, chest, back, neck, or elsewhere -Progression over time swelling enlarges and becomes spongy and gaseous (gas can sometimes be felt under the skin) -Dies 12 to 48 hours *Treatment: Treatment is useless *Vaccination: Entirely preventable by vaccination. clostridial vaccination in cattle 7-way type.

Anthrax

*Other Names: N/A *Overview: Highly infectious and fatal disease of mammals and humans. *Cause: Large spore-forming rectangular shaped bacterium called [Bacillus anthracis] *Symptoms: -The predominant sign of cattle with it is a progression from normal appearance to dead in a matter of hours. -Once the outbreak begins other signs of weakness, fever, excitement followed by depression, difficulty breathing, uncoordinated movements and convulsions -Bloody discharge from natural body openings as well as edema in different parts of the body. -After death the body of the animal decomposes rapidly. *Treatment: -Some animals my be saved if treated very early w/ penicillin or tetracyclines *Vaccination: very effective in preventing further disease from occurring in animals on a property that has a outbreak > immunity takes 10 to 14 days to devolope

Warts

*Other Names: N/A *Overview: More of an appearance problem than a physical problem *Cause: The contagious virus [Papillomavirus]. Four types of the virus are known to produce warts on cattle. *Symptom: -Warts usually shrink and drop off after a few months. *Treatment: Effectiveness of many home treatments including rubbing with various kinds of oil, toothpaste of various brands, etc. Warts can also be removed surgically with scissors or a side cutter. *Vaccination: If there is a severe outbreak in the herd and autogenous vaccine can be prepared from chemically treated warts taken from animals in a herd

Coccidiosis

*Other Names: N/A *Overview: One of the major disease problems for cattle producers. Calves from 1 to 6 months of age even sometimes 1 to 2 years are often affected. *Cause: Microscopic, one celled parasites *Symptom: diarrhea, rough coat, loss of appetite and weight, and general emaciation, general weakness. Manure may contain blood, mucus, and stringy masses of tissue (destruction of the epithelial cells) *Treatment: treat them with a coccidiostat. It is easier to prevent it then to treat it. Prevention can be to reduce the moisture on pasture, this will decrease parasitic contamination. *Vaccination: N/A

Foot-And-Mouth

*Other Names: N/A *Overview: highly communicable disease of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and deer. Extremely contagious and spreads rapidly unless it is contained. *Cause: There are several different strains of the virus that causes disease. It is caused by one of the smallest disease producing viruses known. *Symptom: -blister like lesions on the tongue call my nose and lip call mama in the mouth, on the teach in between the toes which then burst, leaving painful ulcers. Blisters caused a heavy flow of sticky, foamy saliva that hangs from the mouth. -they can sway from 1 foot to another due to tenderness of the feet -older cattle can have high fevers, stop eating, give less milk and become lame *Treatment: there is no official treatment. But a requirement of quarantining infected farms followed by slaughtering in burning all sip septa bull animals *Vaccination:N/A

Ringworm

*Other Names: N/A *Overview: transmissible infectious skin disease *Cause: A spore forming fungi [Trichophyton verrucosum]. The spores can remain alive for years in a dry environment. *Symptom: The grayish white scab is noticeably higher than the surrounding skin. Scab falls from older lesions leaving a ring with hairless area in the center. *Treatment: ringworm will usually cure itself without treatment. Common treatment include tropical application of 2% solution of iodine, thiabendazole paste or any fungicide used to treat athletes foot in men. *Vaccination: N/A

Vesicular Stomatits

*Other Names: VS *Overview: *Cause: virus. Black flies, snad flies and biting midges have all been shown capable of transmitting the virus. But other insects could also spread it. May move from animal to animal by contact or exposure to saliva or fluid from ruptured vesicles. *Symptoms: The incubation period for vesicular stomatitis is 2 to 8 days. The first sign of illness is often excessive salivation. If you look inside the mouth, you will see blanched and raised vesicles or blister-like lesions on the inner surfaces of the lips, gums, tongue, and/or dental pad. These blister-like lesions can also form on the lips, nostrils, coronary band, prepuce, vulva, and teats. The blisters will swell and break open, which causes mouth pain, discomfort, and reluctance to eat or drink. This can cause severe weight loss. *Treatment: no specific treatment or cure *Vaccination: N/A good sanitation and quarantine practices. Fly control is key

Calf Scours

*Other Names: calf diarrhea *Overview: Not a disease but a symptom of a disease that can have many causes. Causes more $ loss in a cow-calf producer than any other disease-related problem they encountered. *Cause: N/A (Not a disease but a symptom of a disease) *Symptom: -Diarrhea's: more fluid than normal from the bowel, often more frequently than normal. The discharge can be white, yellow, gray or blood stained, and is often foul smelling. -diarrhea can produce rapid dehydration Death is usually because loss of electrolytes, change in body chemistry, do you hydration, and change in acid base balance (rather than by invasion of an infectious agent) *Treatment: The treatment is very similar regardless of the cause. It should be directed towards correcting the dehydration, acidosis, and electrolyte loss. Antibiotic treatment can be giving simultaneously with the treatment for dehydration *Vaccination: N/A

Brucellosis

*Other Names: contagious abortion & Bangs disease *Overview: Infection causing abortions or premature calving, most commonly in the 5th to 8th week of pregnancy. *Cause: Infection with the bacterium [Brucella abortus]. Spread by -> vaginal discharge, aborted fetus, sometimes milk produced, and seman of affected bull. *Symptom: -Abortions or premature calving, retained afterbirth (difficult to get rebred and sometimes become sterile) *Treatment: N/A *Vaccination: Calfhood vaccination of heifer calves. must be done by an accredited vet and needs to be identified as officially vaccinated.

Pink eye

*Other Names: infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis *Overview: *Cause: Most cases of pinkeye are caused by the bacterium Moraxella bovis of which there are several strains. The bacteria produce a toxin which attacks the surface of the eye (cornea) and conjuctiva, causing inflammation and ulceration. Infective material discharged from the eyes of affected cattle can be spread to other animals by flies, or onto long grass grazed by the cattle. Sunlight and dust make the problem worse. *Symptom: The first signs seen are: copious watery eye discharge aversion to sunlight signs of irritation: for example, excessive blinking reddening and swelling of the eyelids and the third eyelid *Treatment: .Many cattle recover from pink-eye without treatment, 3-5 weeks after infection.Mustering cattle for the purpose of treating pink-eye may be unwise because dust and flies increase the spread of infection. Prevention is the best practice *Vaccination: There are vaccines available but prevention is usually more effective

Lepto

*Other Names: leptospirosis *Overview: N/A *Cause: at least five species of leptospira, a corkscrew like bacteria *Symptom: -Multiple abortions, yellow mucous membranes and bloody appearing urine, which is seen only occasionally, lactating cow is it may become sick call my yellow and blood tinged, abortions 2 to 5 weeks after infection *Treatment: diagnosis is confirmed by a blood test or culturing the organism *Vaccination: vaccines are available for five of the Leptospira species that affect cattle. Should be done 30 to 60 days before the breeding season

Johne's Disease

*Other Names: paratuberculosis *Overview: chronic wasting disease that causes considerable production loss in adult ruminants *Cause: [Mycobacterium paratuberculosis]. Also a bacterium related to tuberculosis *Symptom: -calves through visible signs do not generally appear until cattle are 2 to 5 years of age sometimes older. -inflamed intestinal track resulting in severe weight loss, diarrhea, and lower milk production. -Frequently eat well, and look bright however, they appear to be unthrifty. -Body temperature may or may not be elevated *Treatment: there is no cure *Vaccination: N/A

Vibrosis

*Other Names: vibro *Overview: *Cause: Vibriosis is a venereal disease of cattle caused by a bacterial infection with Campylobacter fetus. Vibriosisis spread at joining either from an infected bull to an uninfected cow or vice versa. Infected bulls can act as carriers for many years. Bulls are the main source of infection in a herd and are responsible for transmission of infection. *Symptom: Vibriosis causes performance loss during the breeding season, leading to infertility and loss of early pregnancies. Typical clinical signs of this disease would include a high per - centage of cows in the herd returning to heat during the breeding season. They may also show prolonged or irregular estrus periods. *Treatment: Bulls can be tested *Vaccination: Control of this disease can be accomplished by vaccination. Initially, the vaccine should be administered at 60 and 30 days ahead of breeding. After the initial vaccination and booster, only a single annual injection is required. Bulls, cows and heifers can be effectively vaccinated.

Identify Diseases That Are Zoonotic

- Anthrax - Brucellosis - Mad Cow - Ringworm -TB - Foot and mouth -Listeriosis -Vesicular Stomatits

Identify Diseases That Are Often Mistaken for Rabies and Why?

1.) Mad Cow- central nervous system disease like rabies 2.) Listeriosis- central nervous system disease like rabies

Identify Diseases That Are Reportable To The CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Anthrax - Foot And Mouth - Mad Cow - Brucellosis

dystocia

difficult labor