CBNS Quiz 1

True or False: K+ ions are more concentrated inside the membrane.

False

True or False: Negative ion influx results in depolarization.

False

True or False: Oligodendrocytes are in the PNS.

False

True or False: The axon contains lots of mitochondria.

False

True or False: The axon terminal contains microtubules.

False

True or False: The endoplasmic reticulum extends through the axon and into the terminal buttons.

False

True or False: There are lots of ribosomes in the axon.

False

What is the CNS surrounded by that the PNS is not surrounded by?

Meninges

What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

Microtubules, microfilaments, and neurofilaments.

What advantages does MRI have over CT?

More detail. No X-ray radiation is used. A brain slice image can be taken at any angle.

True or False: Amino acids are linked through peptide bonds.

True

True or False: Ca2+ ions are more concentrated outside the membrane.

True

True or False: Decreasing extracellular K+ would hyperpolarize the membrane potential.

True

True or False: Movement from the soma to the axon terminal is anterograde transmission.

True

True or False: Positive ion influx results in depolarization.

True

True or False: Schwann cells are in the CNS.

True

True or False: The axon contains microtubules.

True

True or False: The axon terminal contains lots of mitochondria.

True

True or False: The composition of proteins in the cell membrane is different in the axon than at the soma.

True

True or False: The membrane potential is always driven toward the equilibrium potential of the ion to which the membrane is most permeable.

True

True or False: Na+ ions are more concentrated outside the membrane.

True.

What is the Goldman equation?

V(m) = 61.54 mV log ( P(K)[K+]o + P(Na)[Na+]o )/( P(K)[K+]i + P(Na)[Na+]i )

What is the difference between white and grey matter?

White matter is made up of mostly axons. Grey matter is made up of mostly cell bodies.

What does the Golgi stain stain for?

Whole cells (but only stains a small percentage of all cells due to unknown mechanisms).

How is the resting membrane potential established?

1. Charge separation. 2. Selective permeability. 3. Concentration gradients.

How many neurons are there in the human brain?

About 100 billion.

What is the difference between dorsal roots and ventral roots?

Dorsal roots are sensory fibers that relay information from your senses. Central roots are outgoing motor fibers that allow for motor function control.

What does the Nissl stain stain for?

Cell bodies

What is the subarachnoid space filled with?

Cerebrospinal fluid

What is the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm - contents within the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus. Cytosol - watery fluid inside the cell.

Does the somatic PNS and the autonomic PNS innervate the same or different tissues?

Different tissues The somatic PNS innervates skin, joints, and muscles. The autonomic PNS innervates internal organs, blood vessels, and glands.

What imaging technique is most useful for imaging precise location and orientation of white matter tracts?

Diffusion tensor imaging.

What are the three layers of the meninges?

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater

What is the Nerst equation?

E(ion) = 2.303 RT/zF log [ion]o/[ion]i E(ion) - equilibrium potential R - gas constant T - absolute temperature F - Faraday's constant z - charge of the ion (valence)

True or False: Na+ is the most permeable ion across the cell membrane at rest.

False (K+ is the most permeable ion across the cell membrane at rest).

True or False: All glia myelinate neurons.

False (astrocytes and microglia do not myelinate).

True or False: Ependymal cells myelinate CNS neurons.

False (ependymal cells line the ventricular system and oligodendrocytes myelinate CNS neurons).

True or False: The delayed rectifier channel is a Na+ channel.

False (it is potassium and it opens after the Na channel, so it is delayed, and it returns the membrane voltage back to around where it was before the Na channels opened, so they call it a rectifier).

True or False: Myelination slows axonal conductance.

False (it speeds up conductance).

True or False: The sodium-potassium pump lets 2 Na ions our and 3 K ions in.

False (lets 3 Na ions out and 2 K ions in).

True or False: Astrocytes are immune cells.

False (microglia are immune cells).

True or False: The Golgi stain stains cell bodies.

False (the Nissl stain stains cell bodies)

True or False: Phospholipids that compose cell membranes have a hydrophilic inside and hydrophobic outside.

False (they have a hydrophobic inside and hydrophilic outside, the phosphate group is quite polar compared to the inner hydrocarbon chain).

What does increasing the concentration gradient or temperature do to the absolute value of the equilibrium potential (E(ion))?

Increases it.

What are the main types of glia?

Myelinating Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

What are the two major types of nervous system cells in the brain?

Neurons and glia.

What are the gaps in the myelination of myelinated axons called?

Nodes of Ranvier

Where are the majority of cytosolic proteins produced?

On free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

Where are the majority of membrane proteins produced?

On ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary - the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide. Secondary - e.g. coiling of amino acids in the polypeptide. Tertiary - the three dimensional folding of the polypeptide. Quaternary - the bonding together of different polypeptides.

What relatively small organelle is a major site of protein synthesis?

Ribosome

What are the two main components of the PNS?

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

What are the two main components of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

What are the two main components of the CNS?

The brain and the spinal cord.

What are the two main components of the mammalian nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

What does the Nerst equation help you calculate?

The exact value of the equilibrium potential for each ion in mV.

Define electric potential.

The force exerted on a charged particle (an ion).

What is the neuron doctrine?

The nervous system is made up of individual cells.

What does the Goldman equation take into account that the Nerst equation does not?

The permeability of the membrane to different ions.

Does the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic serious system innervate mostly the same or different tissues?

The same tissues, including all sorts of tissues (organs, glands, smooth muscles, and cardiac muscles).