CBS Level II

Lesson 51

¡Este año voy a ponerme en forma! New Year Resolutions Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. This lesson introduces a new concept: talking about the future within the context of New Year Resolutions. Talking about the future One way of talking about the future in Spanish involves saying what you're "going to do". This construction uses part of the verb ir combined with the word a and this is followed by an infinitive. Before we consider the construction in full, let's remind ourselves about the conjugation of ir. ir - to go voy vamos vas vais va van Consider the following examples: voy a bailar I am going to dance vamos a cantar we are going to sing van a cenar they / you (plural, formal) are going to eat Note that although the infinitive is translated as "to sing", "to dance", etc., it is still necessary to use the word a to convey the meaning of something that is going to happen in the future. It's also important to point out that this is not the "future tense". There is a future tense in Spanish which is formed differently. However, for the time being this construction allows us to talk about things which are going to happen at some point in the future. In some grammar books you may find this tense referred to as the "immediate future". Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 51 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: talking about the future Lesson 51 Notes New Year Resolutions The phrase for "New Year Resolutions" in Spanish is los buenos propósitos. This does not translate exactly the concept of "resolutions", but it's how Spanish speakers talk about the decisions they've made for the New Year. To ask someone if they have made resolutions, you could say: ¿tienes buenos propósitos para este año? do you have (New Year) resolutions for this year? Using the construction we've covered in this lesson, you could add: ¿qué vas a hacer en 2008? what are you going to do in 2008? You can find below a list of vocabulary for New Year Resolutions, including some bonus items not covered in the main podcast. Vocabulary ahorrar to save el dinero money voy a ahorrar dinero I'm going to save money el ejercicio exercise hacer to do voy a hacer más ejercicio I'm going to do more exercise aprender to learn voy a aprender más español I'm going to learn more Spanish voy a estudiar más I'm going to study more fumar to smoke dejar de + infinitive to stop (doing something) voy a dejar de fumar I'm going to stop smoking demasiado too much voy a dejar de comer demasiado I'm going to stop eating too much voy a dedicar más tiempo a mi familia I'm going to spend more time with my family voy a mejorar mi español I'm going to improve my Spanish voy a ponerme en forma I'm going to get fit A word about reflexive verbs in this construction Note that when you use reflexive verbs you can choose where to put your reflexive pronoun. Look at the alternatives below and consider carefully the location of the reflexive pronoun: Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 51 page 2 voy a ducharme I'm going to have a shower me voy a duchar I'm going to have a shower Both phrases mean exactly the same thing, but you have the option of bringing the reflexive pronoun (in this example, me) to the front of the phrase. If you leave it at the end it has to attach itself to the infinitive. Equally, note that the reflexive pronoun (wherever it is!) has to agree with the subject of the verb. Consider the entire conjugation of levantarse using this construction: levantarse - to get up voy a levantarme me voy a levantar vamos a levantarnos nos vamos a levantar vas a levantarte te vas a levantar vais a levantaros os vais a levantar va a levantarse se va a levantar van a levantarse se van a levantar You may find that one or other of these constructions is used more in the area you're familiar with. Examples from the Bonus Podcast The following examples were used in the bonus podcast and we have provided the items as vocabulary for your convenience. You may find that one or other of these constructions is used more in the area you're familiar with. Vocabulary bailar en la discoteca to dance in the disco / club enviar una tarjeta postal a mi madre to send a postcard to my mother escribir una carta to write a letter jugar al golf to play at golf pasar una semana de vacaciones en Mallorca to spend a week of holidays in Mallorca comprar un ordenador to buy a computer leer un libro to read a book dar una fiesta to have/throw a party hacer mis deberes / tareas to do my homework Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 51 page 3

Lesson 52

¡Kara bailó con Enrique Iglesias! Introducing the preterite tense Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. This lesson introduces the preterite tense which is used to talk about single, completed actions in the past. Using the preterite tense The preterite tense (el pretérito indefinido) is used in Spanish to talk about single, completed actions in the past: actions which happened once. Consider the example Mark gave in the show: "This morning I got out of bed. I washed. I had a shower. I shaved. I put on my clothes. I ate my breakfast ..." Each action in this paragraph tells part of the story which happened in the past. Note that Mark is not talking about "every morning", or about "what he used to do when he was young". He is talking specifically about what he did "this morning". As you know, verbs in Spanish take different forms depending on who is doing (or in this case, "who did") the action. So just as hablar in the present tense is conjugated in six parts, as we have seen in previous lessons, the preterite tense also has six different parts: hablar (to speak) - PRETERITE hablé hablamos hablaste hablasteis habló hablaron So consider these examples taken from the show: ayer hablé con mi madre yesterday I spoke with my mother ayer canté una canción yesterday I sang a song durante el fin de semana bailé con mi amigo during the weekend I danced with my friend Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 53 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: talking about things that happened in the past Lesson 53 Notes Note that in English we normally use a slightly different from of this tense for questions. Consider the following two examples: ¿hablaste español ayer? did you speak Spanish yesterday? hablaste español ayer you spoke Spanish yesterday So, in English, we use the "did you + infinitive" / "did he + infinitive" form in a question, whereas in a statement we use the simple past tense: "you spoke", "she sang", etc. Pay particular attention to the 3rd person singular of the preterite tense of a regular -ar verb. You should note the difference in stress between the form habló ("he spoke", preterite tense, stress on the -ó) and hablo ("I speak", present tense, stress on the ha-). Some other examples of -ar verbs in the preterite As you know, hablar is a regular -ar verb. This means that the endings for hablar are exactly the same as those for other regular -ar verbs in the preterite tense. Listed below are two other examples of regular -ar verbs in the preterite. cantar (to sing) - PRETERITE canté cantamos cantaste cantasteis cantó cantaron bailar (to dance) - PRETERITE bailé bailamos bailaste bailasteis bailó bailaron Exercise: put your preterites to the test! Using the regular -ar verbs you've already come across, translate the following phrases into Spanish. Where vocabulary is more difficult we have provided the infinitive. Answers can be found at the end of the lesson. 1. we spoke 2. they sang 3. he danced 4. she had a coffee (use tomar un café) 5. you (singular, informal) had dinner (use cenar) 6. you (singular, formal) cooked (use cocinar) 7. they worked in an office yesterday Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 53 page 2 8. you (plural, informal, Spain) listened to music* (use escuchar) 9. she bought a newspaper (un periódico) 10.I studied Spanish *In Spanish, "to listen to music" is escuchar música, so you should be aware that escuchar means "to listen to something", and you don't need to translate the "to". Some useful time phrases When you're talking in the past it's useful to know some time phrases which are associated with the past. Time phrases ayer yesterday esta mañana this morning durante el fin de semana during the weekend durante las vacaciones during the holidays el año pasado last year la semana pasada last week hace dos años two years ago hace tres semanas three weeks ago The combination of these phrases and your new-found knowledge of the preterite tense of -ar verbs should help you to be able to form some example phrases about what you did in the past. Donʼt forget that you can try out your Spanish on the Radio Lingua forum. Visit http://www.radiolinguamedia.com/bb/cbf-bb/viewforum.php?f=2 and join other learners who are trying out their Spanish. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 53 page 3 Exercise Answers 1. we spoke: hablamos 2. they sang: cantaron 3. he danced: bailó 4. she had a coffee: tomó un café 5. you (singular, informal) had dinner: cenaste 6. you (singular, formal) cooked: (usted) cocinó 7. they worked in an office yesterday: ayer trabajaron en una oficina 8. you (plural, informal, Spain) listened to music*: escuchasteis música 9. she bought a newspaper: compró un periódico 10.I studied Spanish: estudié español Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 53 page 4 All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008

Lesson 53

¡Kara bailó con Enrique Iglesias! Introducing the preterite tense Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. This lesson introduces the preterite tense which is used to talk about single, completed actions in the past. Using the preterite tense The preterite tense (el pretérito indefinido) is used in Spanish to talk about single, completed actions in the past: actions which happened once. Consider the example Mark gave in the show: "This morning I got out of bed. I washed. I had a shower. I shaved. I put on my clothes. I ate my breakfast ..." Each action in this paragraph tells part of the story which happened in the past. Note that Mark is not talking about "every morning", or about "what he used to do when he was young". He is talking specifically about what he did "this morning". As you know, verbs in Spanish take different forms depending on who is doing (or in this case, "who did") the action. So just as hablar in the present tense is conjugated in six parts, as we have seen in previous lessons, the preterite tense also has six different parts: hablar (to speak) - PRETERITE hablé hablamos hablaste hablasteis habló hablaron So consider these examples taken from the show: ayer hablé con mi madre yesterday I spoke with my mother ayer canté una canción yesterday I sang a song durante el fin de semana bailé con mi amigo during the weekend I danced with my friend Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 53 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: talking about things that happened in the past Lesson 53 Notes Note that in English we normally use a slightly different from of this tense for questions. Consider the following two examples: ¿hablaste español ayer? did you speak Spanish yesterday? hablaste español ayer you spoke Spanish yesterday So, in English, we use the "did you + infinitive" / "did he + infinitive" form in a question, whereas in a statement we use the simple past tense: "you spoke", "she sang", etc. Pay particular attention to the 3rd person singular of the preterite tense of a regular -ar verb. You should note the difference in stress between the form habló ("he spoke", preterite tense, stress on the -ó) and hablo ("I speak", present tense, stress on the ha-). Some other examples of -ar verbs in the preterite As you know, hablar is a regular -ar verb. This means that the endings for hablar are exactly the same as those for other regular -ar verbs in the preterite tense. Listed below are two other examples of regular -ar verbs in the preterite. cantar (to sing) - PRETERITE canté cantamos cantaste cantasteis cantó cantaron bailar (to dance) - PRETERITE bailé bailamos bailaste bailasteis bailó bailaron Exercise: put your preterites to the test! Using the regular -ar verbs you've already come across, translate the following phrases into Spanish. Where vocabulary is more difficult we have provided the infinitive. Answers can be found at the end of the lesson. 1. we spoke 2. they sang 3. he danced 4. she had a coffee (use tomar un café) 5. you (singular, informal) had dinner (use cenar) 6. you (singular, formal) cooked (use cocinar) 7. they worked in an office yesterday Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 53 page 2 8. you (plural, informal, Spain) listened to music* (use escuchar) 9. she bought a newspaper (un periódico) 10.I studied Spanish *In Spanish, "to listen to music" is escuchar música, so you should be aware that escuchar means "to listen to something", and you don't need to translate the "to". Some useful time phrases When you're talking in the past it's useful to know some time phrases which are associated with the past. Time phrases ayer yesterday esta mañana this morning durante el fin de semana during the weekend durante las vacaciones during the holidays el año pasado last year la semana pasada last week hace dos años two years ago hace tres semanas three weeks ago The combination of these phrases and your new-found knowledge of the preterite tense of -ar verbs should help you to be able to form some example phrases about what you did in the past. Donʼt forget that you can try out your Spanish on the Radio Lingua forum. Visit http://www.radiolinguamedia.com/bb/cbf-bb/viewforum.php?f=2 and join other learners who are trying out their Spanish. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 53 page 3 Exercise Answers 1. we spoke: hablamos 2. they sang: cantaron 3. he danced: bailó 4. she had a coffee: tomó un café 5. you (singular, informal) had dinner: cenaste 6. you (singular, formal) cooked: (usted) cocinó 7. they worked in an office yesterday: ayer trabajaron en una oficina 8. you (plural, informal, Spain) listened to music*: escuchasteis música 9. she bought a newspaper: compró un periódico 10.I studied Spanish: estudié español Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 53 page 4 All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008

Lesson 49

¡Qué guapa estás! Describing people Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In lesson 49 we'll be taking a further look at adjectives and learning more ways to describe the physical characteristics of people. Adjectives which come before the noun In our previous lesson we learned that most adjectives come after the noun. Consider this example: el hombre inteligente the intelligent man There are some adjectives which come before the noun in Spanish, and we'll look at a few of these in this lesson. To begin with, let's think about a very common word which you may not think of as an adjective. You first came across this word in one of the first lessons of Coffee Break Spanish when learning to say "thank you very much". The word is mucho and it means "a lot of " or "much". In the plural form, the adjective means "many". Firstly, let's look at the four forms of mucho: mucho masculine feminine singular mucho mucha plural muchos muchas Mucho is really just an adjective like negro, blanco, etc., but it comes before the noun. Look at the following examples: examples of mucho masc singular mucho tiempo much time, a lot of time fem singular mucha comida much food, lots of food masc plural muchos gatos many cats fem plural muchas casas many houses Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 49 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: more adjectives and descriptions Lesson 49 Notes You should now realise why you say muchas gracias and not "muchos gracias". The word gracias is feminine plural and you therefore need to make mucho agree in its feminine plural form. If you want to use another adjective with mucho, the other adjective follows the noun, as normal: doubling up on adjectives mucha comida española lots of Spanish food muchos gatos negros many black cats muchas camisas blancas many white shirts Another example of this type of adjective is the word cuánto. This means "how much..." or "as much...". Consider the common phrase: ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! "how much time since seeing you" This is the Spanish equivalent of "long time no see". Cuánto has to agree with tiempo and therefore the masculine plural is used. Cuánto can also be used as a question: ¿cuántos gatos hay? how many cats are there? You can also use other adjectives in conjunction with cuánto and they will follow the noun as with mucho above: ¿cuántas palomas blancas hay? how many white doves are there? Possessive adjectives Another group of words which we may not necessarily consider as adjectives are the possessive adjectives, "my", "your", "her", "our", etc. The table below gives the various forms of these: Possessive adjectives English m. sing. f. sing. m. plur. f. plur. my mi mi mis mis your tu tu tus tus his / her / its your (sing form) su su sus sus our nuestro nuestra nuestros nuestras your vuestro vuestra vuestros vuestras their your (plur formal) su su sus sus Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 49 page 2 Note that these adjectives are just like any other adjective: they agree with the noun they qualify. So, even if two brothers are talking about "our house", they would say nuestra casa (as opposed to "nuestros casa*" because the word for "our" has to agree with "house" and has nothing to do with who is talking! More physical descriptions In lesson 48 we looked at some words which you can use to describe people physically. These included the words rubio and moreno, meaning "fair-haired" and "dark haired" respectively. However, to be more specific about hair colour in Spanish you use a different construction. Look at the following examples: tiene el pelo negro he/she has black hair tiene el pelo blanco he/she has white hair Literally, these forms could be translated as "he/she has the hair black/white", but this does not sound correct in English. The same goes for describing people's eye colour: tiene los ojos azules he/she has blue eyes tiene los ojos verdes he/she has green eyes There is one exception: when you're describing someone as "red-haired" then you use the word pelirrojo. Note also that pelirrojo does not change form when describing females. es pelirrojo he/she is red-haired / has red hair A word about the title of this lesson The title of this lesson is ¡qué guapa estás! We've learned in this lesson that guapo/a means "goodlooking". In lesson 46 we discussed the use of ser and estar. Normally when talking about someone being "good-looking" we would use ser, because it is an inherent characteristic. However, when you say to a female, ¡qué guapa estás! it means "how pretty you look", suggesting that the lady in question is looking particularly pretty on this occasion! Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 49 page 3 In lesson 50 weʼll be taking the opportunity to try out all the vocabulary and constructions used in the past few lessons with a personality quiz. Donʼt miss lesson 50 and the bonus materials!

Lesson 60

A ver cuánto sabes... Let's see how much you know... Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we put to the test everything you've learned since lesson 51. We begin the lesson guide with a quick summary of each grammar topic covered. Present tense review We now know all three conjugations of the present tense. Some of this content was covered prior to unit 6. The endings are as follows: -ar verbs: PRESENT -o -amos -as -áis -a -an -er verbs: PRESENT -o -emos -es -éis -e -en -ir verbs: PRESENT -o -imos -es -ís -e -en We also covered a number of irregular verbs in the present tense in earlier lessons, and discussed radical changing verbs (e > ie, o > ue, e > i) and reflexive verbs. Some examples of radical changing verbs and a reflexive verb are given below. Note that in the conjugations of radical changing verbs, the forms which exhibit the radical change are given in italics, and that the example of the reflexive verb given, acostarse, is also a radical-changing verb. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 60 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: testing what you've learned in unit 6 Lesson 60 Notes pensar (to think): PRESENT pienso pensamos piensas pensáis piensa piensan jugar (to play): PRESENT juego jugamos juegas jugáis juega juegan pedir (to ask for): PRESENT pido pedimos pides pedís pide piden acostarse (to go to bed): PRESENT me acuesto nos acostamos te acuestas os acostáis se acuesta se acuestan Immediate future: ir a + infinitive Within the context of New Year's Resolutions, we covered the construction ir a + infinitive which can convey an immediate future. Look at the example below: ir a + infinitive examples voy a viajar a México I am going to travel to Mexico vamos a hablar más español we are going to speak more Spanish van a comer menos they are going to eat less This construction is very straightforward. Now that we've learned the imperfect tense, note that the construction can also be used in the imperfect. The above examples are given below in the imperfect, along with appropriate translations. ir a + infinitive examples (using imperfect) iba a viajar a México I was going to travel to Mexico íbamos a hablar más español we were going to speak more Spanish iban a comer menos they were going to eat less Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 60 page 2 Preterite tense review We learned to deal with the preterite tense, the tense that is used to talk about single completed actions in the past. Note that there is another tense used in similar situations which we will cover in unit 7, but there are regional differences in the use of this tense, so for the purposes of unit 6 we will concentrate on the preterite tense. The conjugations of regular verbs in the preterite tense are as follows: -ar verbs: PRETERITE -é -amos -aste -asteis -ó -aron -er vebrs: PRETERITE -í -imos -iste -isteis -ió -ieron -ir verbs: PRETERITE -í -imos -iste -isteis -ió -ieron Note that -er and -ir verbs have the same endings in the preterite. We also covered a number of irregular verbs in the preterite. Four common ones are given below: hacer (to do/make): PRETERITE hice hicimos hiciste hicisteis hizo hicieron ir (to go): PRETERITE fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fue fueron ver (to see): PRETERITE vi vimos viste visteis Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 60 page 3 vio vieron dar (to give): PRETERITE di dimos diste disteis dio dieron Two other verbs, commonly found in the preterite are nacer (to be born) and morir (to die). The forms you particularly need to remember of these verbs are nací (I was born) nació (he/she/it was born), nacieron (they were born), murió (he/she/it died) and murieron (they died). Imperfect tense review Most recently we have been working on the imperfect tense. This is used to talk about ongoing actions or actions of indeterminate duration in the past. We learned three common situations where keywords trigger the imperfect. They were: Imperfect tense was/were doing something used to do something would do something (in the past) We also learned that very often descriptions in the past use the imperfect tense, primarily because when you are describing something, eg. weather, clothes, appearance, feelings, etc., you tend to be talking about an ongoing situation, or a situation of indeterminate duration. The conjugations of regular verbs in the imperfect tense are as follows: -ar verbs: IMPERFECT -aba -ábamos -abas -abais -aba -aban -er vebrs: IMPERFECT -ía -íamos -ías -íais -ía -ían -ir verbs: IMPERFECT -ía -íamos -ías -íais -ía -ían Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 60 page 4 Note again that -er and -ir verbs follow the same conjugation. There are only three verbs in Spanish which are irregular in the imperfect tense: ir, ver and ser. Their conjugations are as follows: ir (to go): IMPERFECT iba íbamos ibas ibais iba iban ver (to see): IMPERFECT veía veíamos veías veíais veía veían ser (to be): IMPERFECT era éramos eras erais era eran Note that verbs can be irregular in one tense and regular in others. We considered examples such as tener (to have), which is irregular in the present but regular in the imperfect. Equally, practicar (to practise) is slightly irregular in the preterite, but is regular in the present and imperfect. Testing what youʼve learned In the bonus podcast for this lesson, you will be given a test to check your understanding of the various grammatical points we've covered in lessons 51-59. The translations of each question are given below. Each example is worked through on the bonus podcast. Spanish English 1 voy a bailar toda la noche I am going to dance all night 2 van a leer el libro mañana they are going to read the book tomorrow 3 vivimos en Zaragoza pero vamos a ir a Córdoba durante las vacaciones we live in Zaragoza but we are going to go to Córdoba during the holidays 4 venden la casa en el invierno they are selling the house in (the) winter 5 hablé español con Miguel I spoke Spanish to/with Miguel 6 el año pasado fuimos a Venezuela y vimos muchas cosas last year we went to Venezuela and we saw lots (of things) 7 dimos una vuelta en coche we went for a run/drive in the car 8 los dos niños nacieron en 1998 the two children were born in 1998 9 cuando era joven tocaba la guitarra when I was young I played/used to play the guitar Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 60 page 5 10 antes te levantabas temprano, pero ahora te levantas tarde before you used to get up early, but now you get up late 11 hacía mis deberes cuando llegó mi amigo I was doing my homework when my friend arrived 12 cuando éramos niños hablábamos francés con nuestra abuela, pero murió en 1984 y después era más difícil when we were children we spoke/used to speak French with our grandmother, but she died in 1984 and afterwards it was more difficult Coming up in unit 7: por and para (yes, the time has finally come!); the perfect tense; more about pronouns, and lots more situations where you can use the Spanish you now know. All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 60 page 6

Lesson 54

Dos por uno: two for the price of one The preterite tense of -er and -ir verbs Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we continue to talk about the preterite tense, this time looking at -er and -ir conjugations. Preterite tense of -er verbs You already know that there are three regular conjugations in Spanish: -ar, -er and -ir verbs. Just as these conjugations differ in the present tense, we have to learn the preterite tense of verbs ending in -er and -ir, which differ from -ar verbs in the preterite. Consider carefully the full conjugation of comer, a regular -er verb. comer (to eat) - PRETERITE comí comimos comiste comisteis comió comieron You may have noticed that the "we" (1st person plural) form of hablar in the preterite took the same form as the present, ie. hablamos. The word hablamos can therefore mean "we speak" (present) or "we spoke" (preterite). However, with -er verbs, the present tense form ends in -emos and the preterite form ends in -imos. So, comemos means "we eat" and comimos means "we ate". Here's another example, this time using vender, meaning "to sell". vender (to sell) - PRETERITE vendí vendimos vendiste vendisteis vendió vendieron Preterite tense of -ir verbs ...and now the good news! The preterite tense of -ir verbs uses exactly the same endings as the preterite of -er verbs. Two examples are given below: subir meaning "to go up" and abrir meaning "to open". Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 54 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: the preterite tense of -er and -ir verbs Lesson 54 Notes subir (to go up) - PRETERITE subí subimos subiste subisteis subió subieron abrir (to open) - PRETERITE abrí abrimos abriste abristeis abrió abrieron Exercise: put your preterites to the test! Test your knowledge of -er and -ir verbs in this quiz. Answers can be found at the end of the lesson. 1. he drank a beer 2. we understood (use entender) 3. I sold the house 4. they lived in Mexico (use vivir) 5. you (plural, formal) wrote a letter (use escribir una carta) 6. you (plural, informal, Spain) shared a paella (use compartir) 7. I read a book (use leer) 8. you (singular, informal) ran to the market (use correr al mercado) 9. we opened the window ("window" is la ventana) 10. he didn't suffer much (use sufrir) Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 54 page 2 Exercise Answers 1. he drank a beer: bebió una cerveza 2. we understood: entendimos 3. I sold the house: vendí la casa 4. they lived in Mexico: vivieron en México 5. you (plural, formal) wrote a letter: (ustedes) escribieron una carta 6. you (plural, informal, Spain) shared a paella: compartisteis una paella 7. I read a book: leí un libro 8. you (singular, informal) ran to the market: corriste al mercado 9. we opened the window: abrimos la ventana 10. he didn't suffer much: no sufrió mucho All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 54 page 3

Lesson 59

Estaba muy cansado Describing in the past Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we look at the remaining conjugations of the imperfect tense and consider the three verbs which are irregular in the imperfect. Further examples of describing in the past are given. Imperfect conjugations So far we have covered regular -ar verbs in the imperfect tense. The following endings are added to the 'stem' of the verb (the infinitive minus the -ar ending): -ar verbs: imperfect endings -aba -ábamos -abas -abais -aba -aban As you know, there are three conjugations of regular verbs in Spanish: -ar, -er and -ir. The good news is that although we have to learn other endings for -er and -ir verbs, they both use the same endings. -er and -ir verbs: imperfect endings -ía -íamos -ías -íais -ía -ían Let's now look at some examples of -er and -ir verbs in the imperfect. vender (to sell) - IMPERFECT vendía vendíamos vendías vendíais vendía vendían Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 59 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: further study of the imperfect Lesson 59 Notes comer (to eat) - IMPERFECT comía comíamos comías comíais comía comían vivir (to live) - IMPERFECT vivía vivíamos vivías vivíais vivía vivían abrir (to open) - IMPERFECT abría abríamos abrías abríais abría abrían Note that all of the above examples use the same endings, and that they are all entirely regular in their formation. Irregular verbs in the imperfect We have learned a number of "irregular verbs" in the course of our lessons. However, it's important to understand that many verbs are only irregular in certain tenses. Take the example of practicar which was discussed in lesson 58: this is a regular verb in the present tense, but in the preterite it takes on a spelling change in the yo form for reasons of pronunciation (practiqué). There are only three verbs in Spanish which exhibit irregularities in the imperfect tense: ir (to go), ver (to see) and ser (to be). Their full conjugations are given below: ir (to go) - IMPERFECT iba íbamos ibas ibais iba iban ver (to see) - IMPERFECT veía veíamos veías veíais veía veían Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 59 page 2 ser (to be) - IMPERFECT era éramos eras erais era eran Note that even though they are formed "irregularly", these verbs do follow standard patterns in the imperfect tense. There are no surprises! Equally, it's important to note that many other verbs which you may consider to be irregular are not irregular in the imperfect tense. Take, for example, estar (the other verb meaning "to be") and venir ("to come") which are conjugated below. estar (to be) - IMPERFECT estaba estábamos estabas estabais estaba estaban venir (to come) - IMPERFECT venía veníamos venías veníais venía venían Both estar and venir are regular in the imperfect. Further practice on describing in the past In the bonus podcast for this lesson, your understanding of the imperfect tense for describing things in the past will be tested. You will be asked to translate some sentences from Spanish to English, and vice versa. The full list of sentences is given below, both in Spanish and English. Spanish English 1 La camiseta era roja The t-shirt was red 2 Llevaba una chaqueta azul He was wearing a blue jacket 3 Estaba muy contento I was very happy 4 Tenía el pelo negro He had black hair 5 Era difícil hablar español It was difficult to speak Spanish 6 Después de tanto trabajo estábamos cansados After so much work we were tired 7 El libro era muy interesante The book was very interesting 8 Sabía que tenía hambre I knew he was hungry Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 59 page 3

Lesson 62

Estamos listos para aprender Expressing purpose using 'para' Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we cover further uses of para. Using ʻparaʼ with an infinitve to convey purpose Previously we learned to used para when talking about 'destinations', eg. when talking about the recipient of a gift: este regalo es para ti this present/gift is for you The word para can also be used to talk about purpose. Consider the examples below: estoy aquí para ayudarte I'm here (in order) to help you estoy aquí para aprender español I'm here (in order) to learn Spanish In each case, the word para can be translated as "in order to..." and you should note that it is followed by the infinitive. Further examples are given in the recording in the context of parties: voy a la fiesta para ver a mis amigos I'm going to the party (in order) to see my friends voy a la fiesta para comer y beber / bailar / celebrar I'm going to the party (in order) to eat and drink / dance / celebrate voy a la fiesta para dar un regalo a mi amigo I'm going to the party (in order) to give a present to my friend voy a la fiesta para conocer a nuevos amigos I'm going to the party (in order) to get to know people / meet new friends Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 62 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: using 'para' to talk about purpose Lesson 62 Notes The personal ʻaʼ Note in two examples above, the word a is added before the direct object when the object is a person. We will be covering this in future episodes. ¿por qué? porque and ¿para qué? The phrase for "why" in Spanish is ¿por qué...? This literally translates as "for what...?" The answer to "why" is often "because", and in Spanish this is porque... However, you should note that there is another phrase which is sometimes used in specific circumstances: ¿para qué vas a la fiesta? would mean "for what reason are you going to the party?" or "you're going to the party in order to do what?", and it must be answered by para...: voy a la fiesta para hablar con Miguel: "I'm going to the party in order to (so that I can) speak to Miguel". The verb regalar In Spanish to say "to give a gift/present to someone" you can use dar un regalo a alguien. However, there is a verb which contracts the whole concept of giving a gift to someone into one word: regalar. This is a normal, regular -ar verb: regalar (to give a gift) - PRESENT regalo regalamos regalas regaláis regala regalan Consider the following examples in different tenses: ¿Qué me regalas? What are you giving me (as a present)? mi madre me regaló un libro my mother gave me a book mis amigos me regalaron una pulsera my friends gave me a bracelet The full conjugation of regalar in the preterite is given below: regalar (to give a gift) - PRETERITE regalé regalamos regalaste regalasteis regaló regalaron Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 62 page 2 Talking birthdays The phrase in Spanish for "happy birthday" is feliz cumpleaños or, within the context of the song, cumpleaños feliz. Cumpleaños feliz, cumpleaños feliz Te deseamos todos, cumpleaños feliz Te deseamos todos means "we all wish you". When wishing someone cumpleaños feliz, you can also add in the phrase ¡que cumples muchos más! which means something along the lines of "may you have many more". All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 62 page 3

Lesson 61

Este regalo es para ti Using "for" in Spanish Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we introduce the famous 'por' and 'para' in the context of birthdays. Conversation Mark and Kara begin the lesson with a conversation about what Kara did during the holidays. The transcript is provided here. Spanish English M ¿Qué hiciste durante las vacaciones? What did you do during the holidays? K Fui a un concierto con Antonio. I went to a concert with Antonio. M ¿Qué más hiciste durante las vacaciones? What else did you do during the holidays? K Fuimos también al cine. We also went to the cinema. M ¿Qué película visteis? What film did you see? K Vimos "Step Up 2: the Streets" We saw "Step Up 2: the Streets". M Pues, yo no conozco esta película. Es una película ... ¿de qué trata la película? Well I don't know this film. Is it a .... What is the film about? K El baile. Dance M A mí no me gusta este tipo de película de todos modos I don't like that kind of film anyway. M ¿Qué más hicisteis o hiciste tú durante las vacaciones? What else did you both do, or what else did you do during the holidays? K Un día dimos una vuelta a Loch Lomond One day we went for a run (in the car) to Loch Lomond M Y dime, cuando estabais en Loch Lomond, ¿qué tal el tiempo? ¿Qué tiempo hacía? And tell me, when you were at Loch Lomond, what was the weather like? K Hacía sol pero no hacía mucho calor It was sunny but it wasn't very warm M Pero por lo menos no llovía At least it wasn't raining! K No. No M Y ¿algo más? ¿Hiciste algo más durante las vacaciones? And anything else? Did you do anything else during the holidays? Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 61 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: introducing por and para Lesson 61 Notes K Sí, fui a una fiesta. Mi amiga celebraba su cumpleaños. Yes, I went to a party. My friend was celebrating her birthday. M ¿Qué le diste a tu amiga como regalo? What did you give to your friend as a present? K Le di un libro y una pulsera I gave her a book and a bracelet. Introducing ʻparaʼ When you give something to someone in Spanish you could say: este regalo es para ti this present/gift is for you In this phrase, the "destination" of the present is "you". Look at the further examples below: este libro es para Miguel this book is for Miguel esta casa es para Marta this house is for Marta esta carta es para vosotros/as / ustedes this letter is for (all of) you If you think of the above examples using the concept of "destination" it will help you to work out future uses of para. In each case the "destination" of the gift, book, house, letter, etc. is "you", Miguel, Marta, "all of you", etc. Continuing the concept of "destination", another use of para is when you talk about the destination you are heading off to. Consider the following examples: salgo para Francia I'm leaving for France esta tarde salgo para Madrid this evening I'm leaving for Madrid Introducing ʻporʼ Staying within the concept of birthdays, to say "thank you for..." you use the word por to translate the word "for". gracias por la música thank you for the music The reason for using por and not para in this case will become clear when we consider that por is used to mean "in exchange for". Consider the following example: ¿quieres cambiar mi CD por tu libro? do you want to change my CD for your book? Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 61 page 2 voy a comprar la casa por 150,000 euros I'm going to buy the house for 150,000 euros In both of these cases, the concept of "in exchange for" comes into play. In the first example, the exchange is clear: if you give my your book I will give you my CD - a straight exchange. In the second example it may not be as obvious, but there is still a clear exchange taking place: if I give the seller €150,000, then he/she will give me the house - again, an exchange is taking place. Now consider again "thank you for...": gracias por el regalo thank you for the gift Once again, although it is not particularly obvious, an exchange is being made. You gave me the gift, and in return I am giving you my thanks. Further examples of por and para will be covered in forthcoming lessons. Examples given in the bonus podcast In the bonus podcast for this lesson, you will be given a test to check your understanding of the various grammatical points we've covered in lessons 51-59. The translations of each question are given below. Each example is worked through on the bonus podcast. Spanish English 1 esta pulsera es para ti this bracelet is for you 2 voy para Italia I'm going to Italy 3 salimos para Venezuela mañana we're heading to Venezuela tomorrow 4 muchas gracias por la pulsera thank you very much for the bracelet 5 ayer salieron para Inglaterra yesterday they set off for England 6 cambio 200 dólares por 100 libras I'm (ex)changing $200 for £100 7 gracias por el regalo que me diste thank you for the present you gave me 8 quiero cambiar el vino blanco por un vino tinto I want to change the white wine for a red wine 9 cuando era joven salía para España en julio when I was young I used to set off for Spain in July 10 fuimos para la discoteca a las once we went off to the disco at eleven All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 61 page 3

Lesson 42 notes

La rutina diaria More present tenses Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this week's notes we'll be continuing to talk about regular verbs in the present tense within the context of your daily routine. We'll also be talking about time. A little review We begin this lesson with a review of the six parts of a regular -ar verb. Given that we're talking about daily routine this week, let's look at a new verb in this case: desayunar, meaning "to have breakfast". desayunar (to have breakfast) desayuno desayunamos desayunas desayunáis desayuna desayunan You'll already be familiar with the word el desayuno, meaning "breakfast". Note that it's exactly the same as the verb form for "I have breakfast". Saying at what time you do things Talking about the time at which you do things in Spanish is very easy. "At five o'clock" in Spanish is a las cinco; "at six o'clock" is a las seis; "at seven o'clock" is a las siete, and so on. The only time this changes is when you're talking about "at one o'clock" when las becomes la. This makes perfect sense, of course, since there's only one hour at one o'clock! giving times a la una at one o'clock a las dos at two o'clock a las tres at three o'clock a las cuatro at four o'clock a las cinco at five o'clock a las seis at six o'clock a las siete at seven o'clock Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 42 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: talking about your daily routine; saying at what time you do things Lesson 42 Notes a las ocho at eight o'clock a las nueve at nine o'clock a las diez at ten o'clock a las once at eleven o'clock a las doce at twelve o'clock a mediodía at noon / midday a medianoche at midnight ... y media half past... To say "half past four" you say a las cuatro y media. To say "at what time..." in Spanish, you literally say "at what hour...": ¿a qué hora...? Putting it all together You can now say at what time you have breakfast: desayuno a las siete I have breakfast at seven Given that we already know how to say "(do) you have breakfast", we can now create the question: ¿a qué hora desayunas? at what time do you have breakfast? Other daily activities A number of other daily activities were covered in this lesson. The chart below gives these: infinitive first person singular translation desayunar desayuno I have breakfast salir salgo de la casa I leave home llegar llego al trabajo I arrive at work comer como I have lunch volver vuelvo a casa I return home descansar descanso I have a rest/break cenar ceno I have dinner Notice that some of these verbs in the infinitive form end in -er and -ir. You'll also notice in the list of questions below that there are sometimes -es endings in the tú form where you may expect -as, based on what we learned previously when conjugating -ar verbs. Don't worry about this just now - we'll be covering this in a future lesson. It just means that the 6 forms will be very slightly different when you conjugate these verbs, as you can already see in the question forms below. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 42 page 2 Question Answer ¿a qué hora...? ... a las 7, 8, 9, etc. (¿a qué hora...) desayunas? desayuno ... ¿... sales de la casa? salgo ... ¿... llegas al trabajo? llego ... ¿... comes? como ... ¿... vuelves? vuelvo ... ¿... descansas? descanso ... ¿... cenas? ceno ... Comprehension text Below you will find the text of Mark's daily routine. This is a transcription of the text from lesson 42. Desayuno a las siete y media. Salgo de la casa a las ocho y llego al trabajo a las ocho y media, más o menos. Como a la una y vuelvo a casa a las cinco y media. Luego descanso y ceno a las ocho. Having read and understood the text, try to make up one yourself. Don't forget that you can post your own efforts on the Radio Lingua Network forum: Direct link: http://www.radiolinguamedia.com/bb/cbf-bb/viewtopic.php?t=37 Mark used the phrase más o menos, meaning "more or less". Another way of giving an approximate time is to say ... a eso de las ocho, again meaning "around eight o'clock". All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2007 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 42 page 3

Lesson 43 notes

Me levanto y me ducho Reflexive verbs Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this week's notes we'll discuss the concept of reflexive verbs. A little review To begin with, let's consider one of the first phrases you learned back in the early lessons of Coffee Break Spanish: me llamo ... At the time we translated this as "my name is ...", or "I am called ...". However, the actual literal translation of this phrase is "I call myself ". It's an example of a reflexive verb. In many languages reflexive verbs are used to talk about things that you do "to yourself ". Obvious examples include "to wash yourself ", "to dress yourself ", etc. However, in some languages verbs are used reflexively when they're "normal" in English. Think of the verb "to shower" (or "to take a shower") in English. In Spanish you can't say "I shower": you must say "I shower myself ". Starting the day the reflexive way... It so happens that in Spanish most of what happens in the morning and in the evening involves reflexive verbs. Starting with "waking up" and "getting up", you need to use reflexive verbs throughout this part of the day. some reflexive verbs me despierto I wake (myself) up me levanto I get (myself) up me ducho I shower (myself) me baño I bath (myself) / I have a bath me afeito I shave (myself) me maquillo I put on my makeup me peino I do my hair me visto I dress (myself) Note that in many cases the word "myself " is not really necessary. Often there is a more effective translation. Consider for example "I shower (myself)" and "I have/take a shower", or "I shave (myself)" and "I have a shave", or just "I shave". As you get more familiar with reflexive verbs you'll encounter verbs which don't have any "self " element in their translation. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 43 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: more about your daily routine Lesson 43 Notes ...and ending it reflexively too! By coincidence (or design!) the words which describe the later part of the day are also reflexive. more reflexive verbs me acuesto I go to bed me desnudo I get undressed me duermo I go to sleep Enough about "me"! Most of the verbs so far are more or less regular. As with almost all "I" forms, they end in -o. It's very important to remember that the word me does not mean "I", but rather "myself ". When it comes to talking about other people, whether "you", "he", "she", etc. the me is replaced by another "reflexive pronoun". In addition to the changing reflexive pronoun, the verb form also has to change. Have a look at the table below which shows the "you" informal form of some of the verbs we've covered so far. 2nd person examples of reflexive verbs te despiertas you wake up te levantas you get up te duchas you shower / have a shower te maquillas you put on your makeup te vistes you get dressed te acuestas you go to bed In most of the examples above the -o ending turns to -as, although as you have probably noticed that in the case of te vistes the ending is -es. You also need to make sure that you use the reflexive pronoun te in each of these cases. Conjugating reflexive verbs To conjugate a reflexive verb in its six parts you need to learn the six reflexive pronouns. These are very easy to learn and they make perfect sense! reflexive pronouns me nos te os se se Now let's consider a reflexive verb in a full conjugation. The infinitive form of a reflexive verb adds the se pronoun to the end of the infinitive, so "to shower oneself " is ducharse, and "to get up" is levantarse, etc. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 43 page 2 We'll take the verb "to get up". We have to use the standard endings we now know for an -ar verbs, and add the reflexive pronouns: levantarse - to get up me levanto nos levantamos te levantas os levantáis se levanta se levantan Here is a translation of each part of this verb: levantarse - to get up I get up we get up you (inf. singular) get up you (inf. plural) get up he/she/it gets up you (formal singular) get up they get up you (formal plural) get up Most of the other verbs work in exactly the same way. ducharse - to shower me ducho nos duchamos te duchas os ducháis se ducha se duchan maquillarse - to put on makeup me maquillo nos maquillamos te maquillas os maquilláis se maquilla se maquillan More time phrases In the last episode we learned some basic time phrases. We can now add to these: a las cinco at five o'clock a las cinco y cinco at 5:05 a las cinco y diez at 5:10 a las cinco y cuarto at 5:15 a las cinco y veinte at 5:20 a las cinco y veinticinco at 5:25 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 43 page 3 a las cinco y media at 5:30 a las seis menos veinticinco at 5:35 a las seis menos veinte at 5:40 a las seis menos cuarto at 5:45 a las seis menos diez at 5:50 a las seis menos cinco at 5:55 Comprehension text Check how much you understand of this text. Juan se despierta a las siete y se levanta a las siete y cuarto. Desayuna a las siete y media. Se ducha y se afeita a las ocho menos cuarto. Antes de salir de la casa se viste. Sale de la casa a eso de las ocho y cuarto y llega al trabajo a las nueve. Después del trabajo vuelve a casa y descansa un poco. Cena con su familia a las ocho. A las diez y media se acuesta y se duerme sobre las once. Now try to change all the 3rd person verbs in this passage into 1st person verbs: _____________ a las siete y _____________ a las siete y cuarto. _____________ a las siete y media. _____________ y _____________ a las ocho menos cuarto. Antes de salir de la casa _____________. _____________ de la casa a eso de las ocho y cuarto y _____________ al trabajo a las nueve. Después del trabajo _____________ a casa y _____________ un poco. _____________ con _____________ familia a las ocho. A las diez y media _____________ y _____________ sobre las once. Answers to this exercise can be found on page 5. Having read and understood the text, try to make up one yourself. Don't forget that you can post your own efforts on the Radio Lingua Network forum: Direct link: http://www.radiolinguamedia.com/bb/cbf-bb/viewtopic.php?t=37 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 43 page 4 Answers to exercise: Me despierto a las siete y me levanto a las siete y cuarto. Desayuno a las siete y media. Me ducho y me afeito a las ocho menos cuarto. Antes de salir de la casa me visto. Salgo de la casa a eso de las ocho y cuarto y llego al trabajo a las nueve. Después del trabajo vuelvo a casa y descanso un poco. Ceno con mi familia a las ocho. A las diez y media me acuesto y me duermo sobre las once. All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2007 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 43 page 5

Lesson 57

Nació en Austria en 1756 Identity quiz Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we put the preterite tense to use in an identity quiz and look at a few more irregular verbs in the preterite tense. See the end of this lesson guide for the answers to each quiz. Text 1 Nació en Austria en 1756. Tocó violín en un concierto en Alemania por primera vez a la edad de seis años. Después tocó en Francia, Italia, Austria, Holanda y muchos otros sitios. Escribió muchas obras musicales muy conocidas. Murió en Viena en 1791 a la edad de 35 años. nació < nacer to be born Austria Austria tocó < tocar to play (an instrument) el violín violin Alemania Germany por primera vez for the first time la edad age Holanda Holland los Países Bajos the Netherlands un sitio a place escribió < escribir to write una obra (musical) work carretera en obras road under repair conocido/a well-known murió < morir to die Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 57 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: identity quiz and two more irregular verbs in the preterite Lesson 57 Notes Text 2 Este hombre muy conocido nació en 1949 en Hicksville, Long Island. Es uno de los artistas estadounidenses más conocidos. Su albúm "The Stranger" ganó un premio Grammy en 1977 y una de las canciones más conocidas de este disco se llama "Just the way you are". el hombre man Austria Austria un artista artist estadounidense US / American más conocido/a most well-known el albúm album ganar to win un premio prize una canción song un disco record Text 3 (bonus podcast only) Esta mujer nació el 13 de octubre de 1925 en Grantham, Reino Unido. Estudió química en la universidad de Oxford. Se casó con Dennis en 1951 y en 1953 nacieron sus hijos gemelos, Carol y Mark. Fue elegida primera ministra del Reino Unido en 1979, y ejerció este cargo hasta 1990. el Reino Unido United Kingdom la química chemistry se casó < casarse to get married nacieron < nacer to be born los hijos gemelos twin children fue elegido/a he/she was elected la primera ministra prime minister ejercer to carry out, execute a role un cargo task, role hasta until Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 57 page 2 Text 4 (bonus podcast only) Esta persona es actriz estadounidense muy conocida. Nació en febrero de 1969 en California, pero también pasó un año de su infancia en Grecia. Fue escogida como una de las personas más guapas del mundo por la revista People en 1999. Se casó con un actor muy conocido en 2000 pero se divorciaron en 2005. En 2003 ganó un Globo de Oro por el papel de Rachel Green en una serie muy popular. actriz actress pasar to spend la infancia infancy Grecia Greece fue escogido/a he/she was chosen guapo/a good looking la revista magazine divorciarse to get divorced un Globo de Oro Golden Globe el papel role una serie (TV) series Nacer y morir Two other verbs which are irregular in the preterite tense are nacer (to be born) and morir (to die). Their conjugations are given below. Pay particular attention to the vowel changes in morir. nacer (to be born) - PRETERITE nací nacimos naciste nacisteis nació nacieron morir (to die) - PRETERITE morí morimos moriste moristeis murió murieron Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 57 page 3 Answers The four mystery personalities are: 1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 2. Billy Joel 3. Margaret Thatcher 4. Jennifer Aniston All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 57 page 4

Lesson 58

Nació en Austria en 1756 Identity quiz Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we put the preterite tense to use in an identity quiz and look at a few more irregular verbs in the preterite tense. See the end of this lesson guide for the answers to each quiz. Text 1 Nació en Austria en 1756. Tocó violín en un concierto en Alemania por primera vez a la edad de seis años. Después tocó en Francia, Italia, Austria, Holanda y muchos otros sitios. Escribió muchas obras musicales muy conocidas. Murió en Viena en 1791 a la edad de 35 años. nació < nacer to be born Austria Austria tocó < tocar to play (an instrument) el violín violin Alemania Germany por primera vez for the first time la edad age Holanda Holland los Países Bajos the Netherlands un sitio a place escribió < escribir to write una obra (musical) work carretera en obras road under repair conocido/a well-known murió < morir to die Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 57 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: identity quiz and two more irregular verbs in the preterite Lesson 57 Notes Text 2 Este hombre muy conocido nació en 1949 en Hicksville, Long Island. Es uno de los artistas estadounidenses más conocidos. Su albúm "The Stranger" ganó un premio Grammy en 1977 y una de las canciones más conocidas de este disco se llama "Just the way you are". el hombre man Austria Austria un artista artist estadounidense US / American más conocido/a most well-known el albúm album ganar to win un premio prize una canción song un disco record Text 3 (bonus podcast only) Esta mujer nació el 13 de octubre de 1925 en Grantham, Reino Unido. Estudió química en la universidad de Oxford. Se casó con Dennis en 1951 y en 1953 nacieron sus hijos gemelos, Carol y Mark. Fue elegida primera ministra del Reino Unido en 1979, y ejerció este cargo hasta 1990. el Reino Unido United Kingdom la química chemistry se casó < casarse to get married nacieron < nacer to be born los hijos gemelos twin children fue elegido/a he/she was elected la primera ministra prime minister ejercer to carry out, execute a role un cargo task, role hasta until Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 57 page 2 Text 4 (bonus podcast only) Esta persona es actriz estadounidense muy conocida. Nació en febrero de 1969 en California, pero también pasó un año de su infancia en Grecia. Fue escogida como una de las personas más guapas del mundo por la revista People en 1999. Se casó con un actor muy conocido en 2000 pero se divorciaron en 2005. En 2003 ganó un Globo de Oro por el papel de Rachel Green en una serie muy popular. actriz actress pasar to spend la infancia infancy Grecia Greece fue escogido/a he/she was chosen guapo/a good looking la revista magazine divorciarse to get divorced un Globo de Oro Golden Globe el papel role una serie (TV) series Nacer y morir Two other verbs which are irregular in the preterite tense are nacer (to be born) and morir (to die). Their conjugations are given below. Pay particular attention to the vowel changes in morir. nacer (to be born) - PRETERITE nací nacimos naciste nacisteis nació nacieron morir (to die) - PRETERITE morí morimos moriste moristeis murió murieron Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 57 page 3 Answers The four mystery personalities are: 1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 2. Billy Joel 3. Margaret Thatcher 4. Jennifer Aniston All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 57 page 4

Lesson 63

Por la mañana canto por Marta Various uses of 'por' Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we cover further common uses of the word por. Exchanging for... We've already seen that por is used in situations when an exchange takes place: quiero cambiar mi cd por tu libro I want to exchange my CD for your book gracias por el regalo thanks for the gift Note that even with gracias por... an exchange is taking place: Marta gave Enrique the gift, and Enrique gave Marta his thanks in exchange for the gift. Time phrases with ʻporʼ A number of common expressions involving times of the day use por: Spanish English por la mañana in the morning por la tarde in the afternoon / evening por la noche at night Given that mañana also means "tomorrow". to say "tomorrow morning" you use the expression mañana por la mañana. Sending things by a means of transport When people travel "by plane" Spanish you use ir en avión, . However, when you send something by plane, boat, train, etc., you use the phrase por avión. Consider the following examples: enviamos esta carta por avión we're sending this letter by air(mail) Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 63 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: more on 'por' and 'para' Lesson 63 Notes This use of por applies to most methods of sending things or information: Spanish English por avión by plane por barco by boat / sea por tren by train por correo by mail por correo electrónico by email por fax by fax por teléfono by phone Using ʻporʼ when describing location or movement The word por is also used when identifying a location in a number of phrases. We have already come across the use of por aquí meaning "around here" in phrases such as ¿hay un banco por aquí? In these location phrases, por is translated in a number of ways including "around", "through", "along", etc. Consider the following phrases: Spanish English por aquí around here por allí around there por la calle along the street por las montañas through the mountains por las playas along the beaches por el túnel through the tunnel por todas partes everywhere por todas partes del mundo throughout the world por todo el mundo throughout the world Using ʻporʼ as ʻon behalf ofʼ The final use of por we will consider in this lesson is when it is used to mean "on behalf of...". lo hago por ti I'm doing it for you / on behalf of you In this example, por is used to mean "on behalf of ", ie. "I'm doing it for you so that you don't have to do it". A similar situation is when por is translated as "out of...": lo hago por amor I'm doing it for (out of) love Consider the following two sentences: Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 63 page 2 canto por mi amigo I'm singing for my friend (on behalf of my friend) canto para mi amigo I'm singing for my friend (in honour of him) In the first example, por is used because I am singing on behalf of my friend. My friend is ill, he cannot sing, so I am singing on his behalf. In the second example, however, I am singing for my friend, in honour of him. The song I am singing is 'directed' at him: he is the destination of the song. To be absolutely clear, para would be used in the situation where someone is performing a song and begins with "this one is for my wife...". This situation is reflected in the title of this episode: por la mañana canto por Marta. In the morning I am singing on behalf of Marta, because she has a sore throat and cannot sing! All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 63 page 3

Lesson 47

Quiero pensar y puedo volver Radical-changing verbs Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In lesson 47 we discuss a group of verbs which change their spelling in certain parts of the conjugation. These are commonly known as "spelling-changing verbs", "stem-changing verbs" or "radical-changing verbs". Conjugating querer Querer can mean "to love" or "to want". We've come across this verb in several situations already. Examples include: quiero cantar I want to sing te quiero I love you Look at the full conjugation of querer in the table below: querer - to want / to love quiero queremos quieres queréis quiere quieren Look carefully at the vowels in the stem of the verb. The table below highlights the differences: querer - to want / to love quiero queremos quieres queréis quiere quieren So, with the verb querer, the forms for yo, tú, él/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes change the vowel from e to ie. The nosotros (we) and vosotros (you, informal plural) keep the e of the infinitive. This is Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 47 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: looking at 'radical changing' verbs Lesson 47 Notes sometimes called the "1,2,3 and 6 pattern", since the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 6th parts of the conjugation change. This same change can be seen in many other verbs. The other example given in lesson 47 is pensar, meaning "to think": pensar - to think pienso pensamos piensas pensáis piensa piensan You will notice again that parts 1, 2, 3 and 6 change the -e- of the infinitive to -ie-. See below for further examples of verbs which have this 'radical change'. Please be aware that some of the verbs below have additional irregularities. These verbs are marked with an asterisk. Radical-changing verbs: e > ie advertir to warn cerrar to close defender to defend despertarse to wake onself up empezar to start perder to lose sentir to feel tener* to have venir* to come Conjugating poder Let's take a look at another radical-changing verb which uses a different spelling change. Again, we have already come across this verb in a number of scenarios. The verb is poder, meaning "to be able to...". poder - to be able to ... puedo podemos puedes podéis puede pueden In this verb the spelling change is o > ue, where the -o- of the infinitive becomes -ue- in parts 1, 2, 3 and 6. The other verb given as an example in lesson 47 is volver, meaning "to return" or "to come back": Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 47 page 2 volver - to return vuelvo volvemos vuelves volvéis vuelve vuelven Further examples of verbs which use this o > ue spelling change are listed below. Once again, this list is not exhaustive. Radical-changing verbs: o > ue acostarse to go to bed contar to count dormir to sleep encontrar to find mostrar to show volar to fly Other radical changes There are a couple of other radical changes which you'll come across in your studies of Spanish. With every radical-changing verb the pattern is the same: parts 4 and 5 follow the vowel of the infinitive and the change takes place in parts 1, 2, 3 and 6. Consider the following examples using jugar (to play) and pedir (to ask): jugar - to play (Change: u > ue) juego jugamos juegas jugáis juega juegan pedir - to ask (Change: e > i) pido pedimos pides pedís pide piden One final point: these spelling changes aren't particularly "radical"! In this situation the word "radical" comes from the Latin radix, meaning "root", as in each case it's the root of the verb which changes, and you add the endings to the root. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 47 page 3

Vocabulary Lessons 41-80

The translations provided here are based on the original context in which the word was used in the course, so these word lists should be used in conjunction with the lesson guides provided. In some cases, further explanations of the words and phrases used are given in the lesson notes.. Please note that any full phrases which are given as questions will come at the end of the Spanish version of this word list as they begin with ¿ Spanish English a eso de las ocho around 8 o'clock a eso de... around... a la una at one o'clock a las cinco y cinco at 5:05 a las cinco y cuarto at 5:15 a las cinco y diez at 5:10 a las cinco y media at half past five a las cinco y media at 5:30 a las cinco y veinte at 5:20 a las cinco y veinticinco at 5:25 a las dos at two o'clock a las seis menos cinco at 5:55 a las seis menos cuarto at 5:45 a las seis menos diez at 5:50 a las seis menos veinte at 5:40 a las seis menos veinticinco at 5:35 a las tres at three o'clock a medianoche at midnight a mediodía at noon / midday a veces sometimes acompañar accompany acostarse go to bed advertir warn afeitarse shave ahorrar save albóndiga (f) meatball albúm (m) album alquilar hire altitud (f) altitude alto/a tall andén (m) platform así es la vida such is life / that's life así que so / therefore Austria (f) Austria Coffee Break Spanish: Level 2 Wordlist (Spanish - English) page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com Level 2 Wordlist Spanish-English Spanish English auto (m) car (LAm) autobús (m) bus autocar (m) coach averiarse break down ayer yesterday ayer hablé con mi madre yesterday I spoke with my mother azul blue bajo/a small bañarse have a bath billete de ida y vuelta (m) return / round-trip ticket bisabuelo/a (m/f) great-grandfather / great grandmother blanco / blanca / blancos / blancas white (m / f / m,pl / f,pl) boda (f) wedding boquerón (m) anchovy buenos propósitos (m, pl) New Year resolutions calamar (m) squid camisa (f) shirt cargo (m) task / role carro (m) car (LAm) casarse get married casi almost cenar dine, have dinner cerrar close chaqueta (f) jacket charlatán / charlatana talkative (m/f) cierro I close coche (m) car comer eat comportarse behave comprar buy concierto (m) concert conducir drive conocido/a famous / well-known contar count contento / contenta happy (m / f) contentos / contentas happy (m,pl / f,pl) cruzar cross cubrir cover cumpleaños (m) birthday dar una fiesta throw / have / give a party dar una vuelta go for a walk / stroll / drive de todos modos anyway decidir decide defender defend dejar de (+ infinitive) stop (doing something) dejar de fumar stop / give up smoking delgado/a slim desayunar have breakfast Coffee Break Spanish: Level 2 Wordlist (Spanish - English) page 2 Spanish English descansar have a rest / relax desnudarse get undressed despertarse wake up di I gave diario, -a daily difícil difficult dinero (m) money dirección (f) address disco (m) record discoteca (f) disco / club disfrutar de take advantage of / make the most of distinto different divorciarse get divorced dormirse go to sleep dos veces twice ducharse shower / have a shower durante during durante el fin de semana during the weekend edad (f) age ejercer carry out / execute a role ejercicio (m) exercise el año pasado last year el fin de semana que viene next weekend ella she ellos / ellas they empezar start / begin empiezo I start / begin en cuanto pueda as soon as I can en vez de instead of / in place of encontrar find encontré I found encuentro I find entrada (f) ticket (eg. theatre) es una persona contenta she is a happy person Es una persona contenta, pero en este momento está triste. He / she is a happy person, but at this moment he / she is sad. escuela de idiomas (f) language school esquiar ski esta mañana this morning estación de autobuses (f) bus station estadounidense American estamos en el estudio We are in the studio estancia (f) stay estoy cansado/a I am (feeling) tired estoy contento/a I am (feeling) happy estoy en la cocina I am in the kitchen estoy leyendo I'm reading Coffee Break Spanish: Level 2 Wordlist (Spanish - English) page 3 Spanish English estoy lista para aprender español con Coffee Break Spanish I'm ready to learn Spanish with Coffee Break Spanish estropearse break down estudiar study extrema (f) extreme él he famoso/a famous fácil easy feliz happy feo/a ugly fin de semana (m) weekend fui I went gafas de sol (f, pl) sunglasses gamba (f) prawn gambas al ajillo (f, pl) prawns in garlic gato (m) cat gemelos/as (m/f, pl) twins Globo de Oro (m) Golden Globe gordo/a fat gracias por... thank you for... Grecia (f) Greece guapo/a good-looking hace dos años two years ago hacer la maleta pack your suitcase hasta las nueve until nine o'clock / see you at nine he cantado I have sung incluir include infancia (f) infancy / childhood interpretar interpret / play a role ir go ir de copas go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de fiesta go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de juerga go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de pachanga go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out jersey (m) sweater juego I play jugar play jugué I played leer read levantarse get up libro (m) book llegar arrive llegué I arrived llevar wear / carry lo importante the important thing Coffee Break Spanish: Level 2 Wordlist (Spanish - English) page 4 Spanish English Madrid está en España Madrid is in Spain maleta (f) suitcase manera (f) way maquillarse put on makeup marcar dial (a number) Mark y Kara están contentos Mark and Kara are happy matricularse register / matriculate más o menos more or less me cuesta... I find... difficult me desperté I woke up me despierto I wake up mejor better mejorar improve mensaje (m) message mesa (f) table mi madre es profesora my mother is a teacher mi madre me regaló un libro my mother gave me a book mientras tanto in the meantime molestar annoy / bother montaña (f) mountain moreno/a dark-haired / dark-skinned morir die mostrar show mucha comida much food / lots of food muchas gracias thank you very much mucho tiempo much time / a lot of time muchos gatos negros many black cats muestro I show murió he / she died nació he / she was born no lo sé I don't know no sé I don't know no tengo mucha hambre I'm not very hungry nosotros / nosotras we nunca never número de teléfono (m) telephone number ordenador (m) computer paloma (f) dove papel (m) role (lit. "paper") parar stop pasarlo fenomenal have a brilliant time pedir ask / order pedir la cuenta ask for the bill peinarse do / comb hair pelirrojo red-haired película (f) film pelo (m) hair pensé I thought Coffee Break Spanish: Level 2 Wordlist (Spanish - English) page 5 Spanish English perder lose perdido/a lost perdóname excuse me (informal) perdóneme excuse me (formal) permiso de conducir (m) driving license pesado/a heavy / boring pido I ask / order pienso I think pinchazo (m) puncture / flat tyre playa (f) beach ponerse en forma get fit por avión by plane por barco by boat por correo electrónico by email por la mañana in the morning por lo menos at least por primera vez for the first time practiqué I practised premio (m) prize preocuparse worry primera ministra (f) prime minister pronunciar pronounce pulsera (f) bracelet quedamos a las ocho we'll meet at eight / we are meeting at eight quedamos en la plaza we'll meet in the square / we are meeting in the square quedar meet (someone) quiero cantar I want to sing química (f) chemistry recado (m) message recibir receive regalar give a present / gift regalo (m) present / gift Reino Unido (m) United Kingdom reunión (f) meeting revista (f) magazine rico/a delicious romper break rubio/a fair-haired rutina (f) routine rutina diaria (f) daily routine salgo para Francia I'm leaving for France salir go out salir de juerga go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out se comporta bien he/she behaves well seguro (m) insurance Coffee Break Spanish: Level 2 Wordlist (Spanish - English) page 6 Spanish English sencillo one-way / single sentir feel serie (f) series (television) siempre always sitio (m) place soler tend to son las once it is eleven o'clock soy escocés I'm Scottish subir go up / climb suelo ir a la playa I usually go to the beach sufrir suffer tal vez perhaps taquilla (f) ticket office / ticket booth tarea (f) task / piece of homework / chore taxi (m) taxi te despiertas you wake up te quiero I love you teléfono (m) telephone tener have tener razón be right tontería (f) silly thing / nonsense trabajador / trabajadora hard-working (m/f) trabajar work tú you usted you (formal) ustedes you (plural, formal) va he / she / it / you (singluar, formal) goes vais you go (plural, informal) vamos we go van they / you (plural, formal) go variable variable / varied vas you go (singular, informal) vengo I come venir come vestirse get dressed vi I saw violín (m) violin volar fly volcán (m) volcano volver return volví I returned vosotros / vosotras you (plural, informal) voy I go voy a bailar I am going to dance voy a hacer más ejercicio I'm going to do more exercise ya veremos we'll see yo I Coffee Break Spanish: Level 2 Wordlist (Spanish - English) page 7 Spanish English ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! long time no see! (literally: "how much time without seeing you!") ¡cumpleaños feliz! happy birthday! ¡pero bueno! come on! ¿a qué hora quedamos? at what time shall we meet? / at what time are we meeting? ¿cenamos en un restaurante? shall we eat in a restaurant? ¿cómo estás? how are you (feeling)? ¿de qué trata la película? what is the film about? ¿diga? / ¿dígame? hello? ¿dónde quedamos? where shall we meet? / where are we meeting? ¿eres católico? are you Catholic? ¿estás lista para empezar? are you ready to begin? ¿hablaste español ayer? did you speak Spanish yesterday? ¿qué hacemos esta noche? what are we doing this evening? ¿vamos al cine? shall we go to the cinema? Coffee Break Spanish: Level 2 Wordlist (Spanish - English) page 8

Lessons 61-80 Word list

These word lists should be used in conjunction with the lesson guides provided. In some cases, further explanations of the words and phrases used are given in the lesson notes. Please note that any full phrases which are given as questions will come at the end of the Spanish version of this word list as they begin with ¿ Spanish English acompañar accompany albóndiga (f) meatball alquilar hire altitud (f) altitude andén (m) platform así es la vida such is life / that's life auto (m) car (LAm) autobús (m) bus autocar (m) coach averiarse break down billete de ida y vuelta (m) return / round-trip ticket boda (f) wedding boquerón (m) anchovy calamar (m) squid carro (m) car (LAm) casi almost coche (m) car conducir drive cruzar cross cumpleaños (m) birthday de todos modos anyway dirección (f) address disfrutar de take advantage of / make the most of distinto different dos veces twice el fin de semana que viene next weekend en cuanto pueda as soon as I can en vez de instead of / in place of entrada (f) ticket (eg. theatre) escuela de idiomas (f) language school esquiar ski estación de autobuses (f) bus station estancia (f) stay estoy leyendo I'm reading Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 61-80 Word list page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com Lessons 61-80 Word list Spanish English estropearse break down extrema (f) extreme gamba (f) prawn gambas al ajillo (f, pl) prawns in garlic gracias por... thank you for... hacer la maleta pack your suitcase he cantado I have sung incluir include lo importante the important thing maleta (f) suitcase manera (f) way marcar dial (a number) matricularse register / matriculate me cuesta... I find... difficult mejor better mensaje (m) message mi madre me regaló un libro my mother gave me a book mientras tanto in the meantime molestar annoy / bother montaña (f) mountain nunca never número de teléfono (m) telephone number parar stop pasarlo fenomenal have a brilliant time pedir la cuenta ask for the bill película (f) film perdido/a lost perdóname excuse me (informal) perdóneme excuse me (formal) permiso de conducir (m) driving license pesado/a heavy / boring pinchazo (m) puncture / flat tyre playa (f) beach por avión by plane por barco by boat por correo electrónico by email por la mañana in the morning por lo menos at least preocuparse worry pronunciar pronounce pulsera (f) bracelet recado (m) message recibir receive regalar give a present / gift regalo (m) present / gift reunión (f) meeting rico/a delicious romper break Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 61-80 Word list page 2 Spanish English salgo para Francia I'm leaving for France seguro (m) insurance sencillo one-way / single soler tend to suelo ir a la playa I usually go to the beach tal vez perhaps taquilla (f) ticket office / ticket booth tarea (f) task / piece of homework / chore taxi (m) taxi teléfono (m) telephone tener razón be right tontería (f) silly thing / nonsense variable variable / varied volcán (m) volcano ya veremos we'll see ¡cumpleaños feliz! happy birthday! ¡pero bueno! come on! ¿de qué trata la película? what is the film about? ¿diga? / ¿dígame? hello? Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 61-80 Word list page 3 English Spanish accompany acompañar address dirección (f) almost casi altitude altitud (f) anchovy boquerón (m) annoy / bother molestar anyway de todos modos as soon as I can en cuanto pueda ask for the bill pedir la cuenta at least por lo menos be right tener razón beach playa (f) better mejor birthday cumpleaños (m) bracelet pulsera (f) break romper break down averiarse break down estropearse bus autobús (m) bus station estación de autobuses (f) by boat por barco by email por correo electrónico by plane por avión car coche (m) car (LAm) auto (m) car (LAm) carro (m) coach autocar (m) come on! ¡pero bueno! cross cruzar delicious rico/a dial (a number) marcar different distinto drive conducir driving license permiso de conducir (m) excuse me (formal) perdóneme excuse me (informal) perdóname extreme extrema (f) film película (f) give a present / gift regalar happy birthday! ¡cumpleaños feliz! have a brilliant time pasarlo fenomenal heavy / boring pesado/a hello? ¿diga? / ¿dígame? hire alquilar I find... difficult me cuesta... I have sung he cantado I usually go to the beach suelo ir a la playa in the meantime mientras tanto Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 61-80 Word list page 4 English Spanish in the morning por la mañana include incluir instead of / in place of en vez de insurance seguro (m) I'm leaving for France salgo para Francia I'm reading estoy leyendo language school escuela de idiomas (f) lost perdido/a meatball albóndiga (f) meeting reunión (f) message mensaje (m) message recado (m) mountain montaña (f) my mother gave me a book mi madre me regaló un libro never nunca next weekend el fin de semana que viene one-way / single sencillo pack your suitcase hacer la maleta perhaps tal vez platform andén (m) prawn gamba (f) prawns in garlic gambas al ajillo (f, pl) present / gift regalo (m) pronounce pronunciar puncture / flat tyre pinchazo (m) receive recibir register / matriculate matricularse return / round-trip ticket billete de ida y vuelta (m) silly thing / nonsense tontería (f) ski esquiar squid calamar (m) stay estancia (f) stop parar such is life / that's life así es la vida suitcase maleta (f) take advantage of / make the most of disfrutar de task / piece of homework / chore tarea (f) taxi taxi (m) telephone teléfono (m) telephone number número de teléfono (m) tend to soler thank you for... gracias por... the important thing lo importante ticket (eg. theatre) entrada (f) ticket office / ticket booth taquilla (f) twice dos veces variable / varied variable volcano volcán (m) Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 61-80 Word list page 5 English Spanish way manera (f) wedding boda (f) we'll see ya veremos what is the film about? ¿de qué trata la película? worry preocuparse Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 61-80 Word list page 6

Lessons 51-60 Word list

These word lists should be used in conjunction with the lesson guides provided. In some cases, further explanations of the words and phrases used are given in the lesson notes. Please note that any full phrases which are given as questions will come at the end of the Spanish version of this word list as they begin with ¿ Spanish English ahorrar save albúm (m) album Austria (f) Austria ayer yesterday ayer hablé con mi madre yesterday I spoke with my mother buenos propósitos (m, pl) New Year resolutions cargo (m) task / role casarse get married chaqueta (f) jacket comprar buy cubrir cover decidir decide dejar de (+ infinitive) stop (doing something) dejar de fumar stop / give up smoking di I gave dinero (m) money disco (m) record discoteca (f) disco / club divorciarse get divorced durante el fin de semana during the weekend edad (f) age ejercer carry out / execute a role ejercicio (m) exercise el año pasado last year encontré I found esta mañana this morning estadounidense American fui I went gemelos/as (m/f, pl) twins Globo de Oro (m) Golden Globe Grecia (f) Greece hace dos años 2 years ago infancia (f) infancy / childhood jugué I played Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 51-60 Word list page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com Lessons 51-60 Word list Spanish English leer read llegué I arrived me desperté I woke up mejorar improve ordenador (m) computer pelo (m) hair pensé I thought ponerse en forma get fit por primera vez for the first time practiqué I practised premio (m) prize primera ministra (f) prime minister química (f) chemistry Reino Unido (m) United Kingdom revista (f) magazine serie (f) (TV) series sitio (m) place subir go up / climb sufrir suffer vi I saw violín (m) violin volví I returned voy a bailar I am going to dance voy a hacer más ejercicio I'm going to do more exercise ¿hablaste español ayer? did you speak Spanish yesterday? Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 51-60 Word list page 2 English Spanish age edad (f) album albúm (m) American estadounidense Austria Austria (f) buy comprar carry out / execute a role ejercer chemistry química (f) computer ordenador (m) cover cubrir decide decidir did you speak Spanish yesterday? ¿hablaste español ayer? disco / club discoteca (f) during the weekend durante el fin de semana exercise ejercicio (m) for the first time por primera vez get divorced divorciarse get fit ponerse en forma get married casarse go up / climb subir Golden Globe Globo de Oro (m) Greece Grecia (f) hair pelo (m) I am going to dance voy a bailar I arrived llegué I found encontré I gave di I played jugué I practised practiqué I returned volví I saw vi I thought pensé I went fui I woke up me desperté improve mejorar infancy / childhood infancia (f) I'm going to do more exercise voy a hacer más ejercicio jacket chaqueta (f) last year el año pasado magazine revista (f) money dinero (m) New Year resolutions buenos propósitos (m, pl) place sitio (m) prime minister primera ministra (f) prize premio (m) read leer record disco (m) save ahorrar series (television) serie (f) Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 51-60 Word list page 3 English Spanish stop (doing something) dejar de (+ infinitive) stop / give up smoking dejar de fumar suffer sufrir task / role cargo (m) this morning esta mañana twins gemelos/as (m/f, pl) two years ago hace dos años United Kingdom Reino Unido (m) violin violín (m) yesterday ayer yesterday I spoke with my mother ayer hablé con mi madre Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 51-60 Word list page 4

Lessons 41-50 Word List

These word lists should be used in conjunction with the lesson guides provided. In some cases, further explanations of the words and phrases used are given in the lesson notes. Please note that any full phrases which are given as questions will come at the end of the Spanish version of this word list as they begin with ¿ Spanish English durante during a eso de las ocho around 8 o'clock a eso de... around... a la una at one o'clock a las cinco y cinco at 5:05 a las cinco y cuarto at 5:15 a las cinco y diez at 5:10 a las cinco y media at half past five a las cinco y media at 5:30 a las cinco y veinte at 5:20 a las cinco y veinticinco at 5:25 a las dos at two o'clock a las seis menos cinco at 5:55 a las seis menos cuarto at 5:45 a las seis menos diez at 5:50 a las seis menos veinte at 5:40 a las seis menos veinticinco at 5:35 a las tres at three o'clock a medianoche at midnight a mediodía at noon / midday a veces sometimes acostarse go to bed advertir warn afeitarse shave alto/a tall así que so / therefore azul blue bajo/a small bañarse have a bath bisabuelo/a (m/f) great-grandfather / great grandmother Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com Lessons 41-50 Word list Spanish English blanco / blanca / blancos / blancas white (m / f / m,pl / f,pl) camisa (f) shirt cenar dine, have dinner cerrar close charlatán / charlatana talkative (m/f) cierro I close comer eat comportarse behave concierto (m) concert conocido/a famous / well-known contar count contento / contenta happy (m / f) contentos / contentas happy (m,pl / f,pl) dar una fiesta throw / have / give a party dar una vuelta go for a walk / stroll / drive defender defend delgado/a slim desayunar have breakfast descansar have a rest / relax desnudarse get undressed despertarse wake up diario, -a daily difícil difficult dormirse go to sleep ducharse shower / have a shower ella she ellos / ellas they empezar start / begin empiezo I start / begin encontrar find encuentro I find es una persona contenta she is a happy person Es una persona contenta, pero en este momento está triste. He / she is a happy person, but at this moment he / she is sad. estamos en el estudio We are in the studio estoy cansado/a I am (feeling) tired estoy contento/a I am (feeling) happy estoy en la cocina I am in the kitchen estoy lista para aprender español con Coffee Break Spanish I'm ready to learn Spanish with Coffee Break Spanish estudiar study Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 2 Spanish English él he famoso/a famous fácil easy feliz happy feo/a ugly fin de semana (m) weekend gafas de sol (f, pl) sunglasses gato (m) cat gordo/a fat guapo/a good-looking hasta las nueve until nine o'clock / see you at nine interpretar interpret / play a role ir go ir de copas go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de fiesta go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de juerga go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de pachanga go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out jersey (m) sweater juego I play jugar play levantarse get up libro (m) book llegar arrive llevar wear / carry Madrid está en España Madrid is in Spain maquillarse put on makeup Mark y Kara están contentos Mark and Kara are happy más o menos more or less me despierto I wake up mesa (f) table mi madre es profesora my mother is a teacher moreno/a dark-haired / dark-skinned morir die mostrar show mucha comida much food / lots of food muchas gracias thank you very much mucho tiempo much time / a lot of time muchos gatos negros many black cats muestro I show Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 3 Spanish English murió he / she died nació he / she was born no lo sé I don't know no sé I don't know no tengo mucha hambre I'm not very hungry nosotros / nosotras we paloma (f) dove papel (m) role (lit. "paper") pedir ask / order peinarse do / comb hair pelirrojo red-haired perder lose pido I ask / order pienso I think quedamos a las ocho we'll meet at eight / we are meeting at eight quedamos en la plaza we'll meet in the square / we are meeting in the square quedar meet (someone) quiero cantar I want to sing rubio/a fair-haired rutina (f) routine rutina diaria (f) daily routine salir go out salir de juerga go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out se comporta bien he/she behaves well sentir feel siempre always son las once it is eleven o'clock soy escocés I'm Scottish te despiertas you wake up te quiero I love you tener have trabajador / trabajadora hard-working (m/f) trabajar work tú you usted you (formal) ustedes you (plural, formal) va he / she / it / you (singluar, formal) goes vais you go (plural, informal) vamos we go van they / you (plural, formal) go Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 4 Spanish English vas you go (singular, informal) vengo I come venir come vestirse get dressed volar fly volver return vosotros / vosotras you (plural, informal) voy I go yo I ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! long time no see! (lit. "how much time since seeing you!") ¿a qué hora quedamos? at what time shall we meet? / at what time are we meeting? ¿cenamos en un restaurante? shall we eat in a restaurant? ¿cómo estás? how are you (feeling)? ¿dónde quedamos? where shall we meet? / where are we meeting? ¿eres católico? are you Catholic? ¿estás lista para empezar? are you ready to begin? ¿qué hacemos esta noche? what are we doing this evening? ¿vamos al cine? shall we go to the cinema? Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 5 English Spanish always siempre are you Catholic? ¿eres católico? are you ready to begin? ¿estás lista para empezar? around 8 o'clock a eso de las ocho around... a eso de... arrive llegar ask / order pedir at 5:05 a las cinco y cinco at 5:10 a las cinco y diez at 5:15 a las cinco y cuarto at 5:20 a las cinco y veinte at 5:25 a las cinco y veinticinco at 5:30 a las cinco y media at 5:35 a las seis menos veinticinco at 5:40 a las seis menos veinte at 5:45 a las seis menos cuarto at 5:50 a las seis menos diez at 5:55 a las seis menos cinco at half past five a las cinco y media at midnight a medianoche at noon / midday a mediodía at one o'clock a la una at three o'clock a las tres at two o'clock a las dos at what time shall we meet? / at what time are we meeting? ¿a qué hora quedamos? behave comportarse blue azul book libro (m) cat gato (m) close cerrar come venir concert concierto (m) count contar daily diario, -a daily routine rutina diaria (f) dark-haired / dark-skinned moreno/a defend defender die morir difficult difícil dine, have dinner cenar do / comb hair peinarse dove paloma (f) during durante easy fácil eat comer fair-haired rubio/a famous famoso/a Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 6 English Spanish famous / well-known conocido/a fat gordo/a feel sentir find encontrar fly volar get dressed vestirse get undressed desnudarse get up levantarse go ir go for a walk / stroll / drive dar una vuelta go out salir go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de copas go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de fiesta go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de juerga go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out ir de pachanga go out on the town / go partying / have a good night out salir de juerga go to bed acostarse go to sleep dormirse good-looking guapo/a great-grandfather / great grandmother bisabuelo/a (m/f) happy feliz happy (m / f) contento / contenta happy (m,pl / f,pl) contentos / contentas hard-working (m/f) trabajador / trabajadora have tener have a bath bañarse have a rest / relax descansar have breakfast desayunar he él he / she / it / you (singluar, formal) goes va he / she died murió He / she is a happy person, but at this moment he / she is sad. Es una persona contenta, pero en este momento está triste. he / she was born nació he/she behaves well se comporta bien how are you (feeling)? ¿cómo estás? I yo I am (feeling) happy estoy contento/a I am (feeling) tired estoy cansado/a I am in the kitchen estoy en la cocina I ask / order pido I close cierro I come vengo I don't know no lo sé Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 7 English Spanish I don't know no sé I find encuentro I go voy I love you te quiero I play juego I show muestro I start / begin empiezo I think pienso I wake up me despierto I want to sing quiero cantar interpret / play a role interpretar it is eleven o'clock son las once I'm not very hungry no tengo mucha hambre I'm ready to learn Spanish with Coffee Break Spanish estoy lista para aprender español con Coffee Break Spanish I'm Scottish soy escocés lose perder Madrid is in Spain Madrid está en España many black cats muchos gatos negros Mark and Kara are happy Mark y Kara están contentos meet (someone) quedar more or less más o menos much food / lots of food mucha comida much time / a lot of time mucho tiempo my mother is a teacher mi madre es profesora play jugar put on makeup maquillarse red-haired pelirrojo return volver role (lit. "paper") papel (m) routine rutina (f) shall we eat in a restaurant? ¿cenamos en un restaurante? shall we go to the cinema? ¿vamos al cine? shave afeitarse she ella she is a happy person es una persona contenta shirt camisa (f) show mostrar shower / have a shower ducharse slim delgado/a small bajo/a so / therefore así que sometimes a veces start / begin empezar study estudiar sunglasses gafas de sol (f, pl) sweater jersey (m) table mesa (f) Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 8 English Spanish talkative (m/f) charlatán / charlatana tall alto/a thank you very much muchas gracias they ellos / ellas they / you (plural, formal) go van throw / have / give a party dar una fiesta ugly feo/a until nine o'clock / see you at nine hasta las nueve wake up despertarse warn advertir we nosotros / nosotras We are in the studio estamos en el estudio we go vamos wear / carry llevar weekend fin de semana (m) we'll meet at eight / we are meeting at eight quedamos a las ocho we'll meet in the square / we are meeting in the square quedamos en la plaza what are we doing this evening? ¿qué hacemos esta noche? where shall we meet? / where are we meeting? ¿dónde quedamos? white (m / f / m,pl / f,pl) blanco / blanca / blancos / blancas work trabajar you tú you (formal) usted you (plural, formal) ustedes you (plural, informal) vosotros / vosotras you go (plural, informal) vais you go (singular, informal) vas you wake up te despiertas long time no see! (lit. "how much time since seeing you!") ¡cuánto tiempo sin verte! Coffee Break Spanish: Lessons 41-50 Word list page 9

Lesson 56

Toqué la guitarra todo el día Spelling changes in the preterite Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we discuss some verbs which have spelling changes in the preterite. We also consider reflexive verbs in the preterite. Radical changing verbs When we looked at the present tense, we learned about some verbs which change their stem in certain parts of the conjugation. Consider the present tense of pensar below: pensar (to think) - PRESENT pienso pensamos piensas pensáis piensa piensan As you know, the spelling change in the present tense happens in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person singular and the 3rd person plural (or the yo, tú, él/ella/usted, and ellos/ellas/ustedes forms). It's very important to remember that the reason for this is that the stress falls on the -e- (first syllable) in these forms of the conjugation . The infinitive is pensar, with the stress on the -ar (second syllable). In pienso, piensas and piensa, the stress is on the first syllable and the -e- of the infinitive changes to - ie-. However, consider now the natural stress of the preterite tense. Take the verb hablar as an example. We've highlighted the stressed syllable in each case in bold: hablar (to speak) - PRETERITE hablé hablamos hablaste hablasteis habló hablaron If we now superimpose this pattern onto the verb pensar you will be able to see very clearly that at no times is the -e- of the infinitive the stressed syllable in the preterite tense. For this reason, there's no 'radical change' in the preterite tense. See the table below for the full conjugation of pensar. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 56 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: more preterites - reflexives and spelling changes Lesson 56 Notes pensar (to think) - PRETERITE pensé pensamos pensaste pensasteis pensó pensaron Let's consider another couple of examples of the verbs which we learned as radical changing verbs in the present tense and see how they are regular in the preterite. Cerrar below changes to cierro, cierras, cierra, cerramos, cerráis, cierran in the present tense: E > IE. However, in the preterite it doesn't change at all: cerrar (to close) - PRETERITE cerré cerramos cerraste cerrasteis cerró cerraron Equally, some verbs changed from O > UE in the present tense. Encontrar became encuentro, encuentras, encuentra, encontramos, encontráis, encuentran in the present. In the preterite, again there is no change: encontrar (to meet/find) - PRETERITE encontré encontramos encontraste encontrasteis encontró encontraron The same happens with some of the -er and -ir verbs which were radical changing verbs in the present, but no longer exhibit these changes in the preterite. Take volver as an example below. In the present it becomes vuelvo... In the preterite, there's no radical change and it follows the regular endings for -er verbs: volver (to return) - PRETERITE volví volvimos volviste volvisteis volvió volvieron A reflexive example: despertarse We also came across a radical-changing reflexive verbs in the present tense, and this provides us with a good opportunity to cover reflexives in the preterite. Just as the reflexive pronouns are used in front of the conjugated verb in the present, they are also used in front of the conjugated verb in the preterite. Consider despertarse below in the preterite tense and pay close attention both to the lack of radical change in the spelling of each form, and the reflexive pronouns. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 56 page 2 despertarse (to wake up) - PRETERITE me desperté nos despertamos te despertaste os despertasteis se despertó se despertaron Other spelling changes While most radical changing verbs don't exhibit the same vowel changes as they do in the present tense, there are some other predictable spelling changes in the preterite tense. The reason these are 'predictable' is because they exhibit changes to ensure that the surrounding letters maintain their correct sound when followed by the normal endings of the preterite tense. Take the example of llegar, meaning "to arrive". The 'g' of llegar is a hard 'g' sound, similar to the 'g' in English "go". You know that 'g' in Spanish is pronounced this way when followed by -a, -o and -u, as in llegar, gordo, Uruguay. However, when it is followed by an -e or -i, the pronunciation changes to the guttural ge- / gi- sound, as in general, Gijón. Now consider the standard endings of an -ar verb in the preterite tense. They are -é, -aste, ó, -amos, asteis, -aron. So parts 2, 4, 5 and 6 begin with -a- and part 3 begins with -o-. If -g- comes before -aor -o- there's no change in pronunciation: the -g- will still be pronounced as a hard 'g'. However, the yo form of the conjugation in the preterite tense ends in -é so if the -g- comes immediately before it, it would result in the sound -ge-. This cannot happen, so an extra -u- is added, to maintain the hard sound of the -g-. Note that this -u- has no effect on the pronunciation of the -e-: it simply makes the -g- sound hard. This sounds terribly complicated, but it is perhaps clearer when we look at the whole conjugation of llegar in the preterite: llegar (to arrive) - PRETERITE llegué llegamos llegaste llegasteis llegó llegaron Note that it's only the first person singular which exhibits this change, with the -u- added to "keep the 'g' hard". This happens in other verbs. Consider jugar below: jugar (to play) - PRETERITE jugué jugamos jugaste jugasteis jugó jugaron Similar spelling changes happen with other verbs where, for example, a 'c' has to remain hard. Have a look at practicar and tocar below: practicar (to practise) - PRETERITE practiqué practicamos practicaste practicasteis practicó practicaron Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 56 page 3 tocar (to touch / play an instrument) - PRETERITE toqué tocamos tocaste tocasteis tocó tocaron Without this change from -c- to -qu- the verbs would look like practicé and tocé, which would have to be pronounced "practithay" or "practisay" (LAm) and "tothay" or "tosay" (LAm). Again, the change of the -c- to -qu- does not affect the pronunciation of the -e-: it simply "keeps the 'c' hard". You will come across many verbs which exhibit these spelling changes. In addition, there are also many verbs which are completely irregular in the preterite tense, although they do follow the standard patterns you will now recognise. All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 56 page 4

Lesson 48

Una paloma blanca Agreement of adjectives Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In lesson 48 we cover in detail a topic which has come up several times in previous lessons: adjectives and their agreement with the nouns they qualify. You say contento and I say contenta... We've seen many times that adjectives can change depending on who or what you are describing. Consider the following examples: Mark está contento Mark is happy Kara está contenta Kara is happy We can see that the word contento changes to contenta when it's used to describe a female person, or indeed any noun which is feminine. The word also changes if we want to describe more than one person as you can see from the examples below: Los hombres están contentos The men are happy Las mujeres están contentos The women are happy This is a very common pattern in Spanish. While the dictionary form of the adjective ends in -o, you have to change the ending to -a, -os or -as if you're dealing with particular nouns. adjectives ending in -o (dictionary form) masculine feminine singular -o -a plural -os -as Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 48 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: looking at adjectives and their agreements Lesson 48 Notes One important point to mention is that when you are talking about a group of male and female people you must use the masculine plural form, even if there is just one male and many females. Consider the following examples: Mark y Kara están contentos Mark and Kara are happy Mi hijo y mis nueve hijas están contentos My son and my nine daughters are happy Even where there are nine daughters and only one son in the second example, the masculine plural form of the adjective is used. Let's consider two other adjectives: "black", negro, and "white", blanco. negro (black) • blanco (white) masculine feminine singular negro • blanco negra • blanca plural negros • blancos negras • blancas This gives rise to the following examples: examples of negro masc singular el libro negro the black book fem singular la casa negra the black house masc plural los gatos negros the black cats fem plural las camisas negras the black shirts examples of blanco masc singular el gato blanco the white cat fem singular la paloma blanca the white dove masc plural los zapatos blancos the white shoes fem plural las mesas blancas the white tables Adjectives ending in -e Some adjectives end in -e in the singular. They have the same form for both masculine and feminine nouns. In the plural the ending becomes -es. Examples include importante, inteligente, interesante, etc. Look at the table below for the adjective endings and examples using importante. Once again, you'll find that the dictionary form of these adjectives ends in -e, but you have to add an -s if you're dealing with a plural noun. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 48 page 2 adjectives ending in -e (dictionary form) masculine feminine singular -e -e plural -es -es examples of inteligente masc singular el hombre inteligente the clever man fem singular la ciudad importante the important town masc plural los libros interesantes the interesting books fem plural las niñas inteligentes the clever girls Other adjectives Some adjectives do not end in -o or -e in their dictionary forms. We've already come across a number of these: consider the adjectives used for describing nationalities. The table below shows the main patterns which you should learn, using some common adjectives. Example adjectives ending in consonants m. sing. f. sing. m. plur. f. plur. translation español española españoles españolas Spanish inglés inglesa ingleses inglesas English francés francesa franceses francesas French alemán alemana alemanes alemanas German japonés japonesa japoneses japonesas Japanese trabajador trabajadora trabajadores trabajadoras hard-working charlatán charlatana charlatanes charlatanas talkative We learned earlier that adjectives ending in -e in their dictionary form take the -es ending in the plural. There are also some adjectives which end in consonants and which have the same form for both masculine and feminine singular. Here are some examples: Example adjectives with same masc and fem forms m. sing. f. sing. m. plur. f. plur. translation azul azul azules azules blue difícil difícil difíciles difíciles difficult fácil fácil fáciles fáciles easy feliz* feliz felices* felices* happy natural natural naturales naturales natural Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 48 page 3 Towards the end of lesson 48 we learned a number of adjectives used to describe people. Adjectives used to describe physical characteristics of people m. sing. f. sing. m. plur. f. plur. translation alto alta altos altas tall bajo baja bajos bajas small delgado delgada delgados delgadas slim gordo gorda gordos gordas fat moreno morena morenos morenas dark-haired, dark-skinned rubio rubia rubios rubias fair-haired guapo guapa guapos guapas good-looking feo fea feos feas ugly Position of adjectives You will already have noticed that in most cases, adjectives come after the noun in Spanish: el hombre inteligente the intelligent man la casa pequeña the small house There are some situations where adjectives come after the noun, but these will be covered in future lessons. ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 48 page 4

Lesson 45

¿A qué hora quedamos? Making arrangements Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. Lesson 45 is the second of two lessons dealing with making arrangements. Letʼs party! Four different phrases, all roughly meaning the same thing, were introduced in lesson 45. These are listed below: to go out on the town to go out partying to have a good night out ir de juerga ir de copas ir de fiesta ir de pachanga Since all of these phrases use the verb ir they can be conjugated as follows: ir de pachanga - to go out (partying) voy de pachanga vamos de pachanga vas de pachanga vais de pachanga va de pachanga van de pachanga As an alternative you can use the verb salir, literally meaning "to go out": to go out partying salir de juerga salir de copas salir de fiesta salir de pachanga Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 45 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: more arrangements and the verb quedar Lesson 45 Notes Another irregular verb: dar Another irregular verb was introduced in lesson 45. The verb dar literally means "to give", but it's used in number of idiomatic phrases including: dar una fiesta to throw/have/give a party dar una vuelta to go for a walk/stroll/drive In the case of dar una vuelta, the word vuelta is linked to the verb volver which we've already encountered in the context of vuelvo a casa a las cinco, etc. when we learned to talk about our daily routine. The full conjugation of dar is given below: dar - to give doy damos das dais da dan Arranging to meet people The word quedar is used when you want to arrange to meet people. It can be used to make arrangements about where and when to meet: ¿dónde quedamos? where shall we meet? / where are we meeting? quedamos en la plaza we'll meet in the square / we are meeting in the square ¿a qué hora quedamos? at what time shall we meet? / at what time are we meeting? quedamos a las ocho we'll meet at eight / we are meeting at eight Conversation Below is the text of the conversation between Mark and Kara in lesson 45. Conversation Mark ¿Qué hacemos esta noche? Kara No sé. ¿Vamos al concierto en la plaza? Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 45 page 2 Mark Hmm. No me gusta mucho la música clásica. Kara ¿Cenamos en un restaurante? Mark Hmm. No tengo mucha hambre. Kara ¿Damos una vuelta? Mark Estoy cansado. Kara ¿Vamos al cine? Mark Sí, ¡vamos! Kara ¿A qué hora quedamos? Mark A las nueve, ¿te parece bien? Kara Sí, y ¿dónde quedamos? Mark En la estación de autobuses. No está lejos del cine. Kara Perfecto. Hasta las nueve. Conversation: notes no sé I don't know You can also say no lo sé, literally meaning "I don't know it" un concierto a concert no tengo mucha hambre I'm not very hungry Note that because hambre is feminine, you must say no tengo mucha hambre no está lejos del cine it's not far from the cinema hasta las nueve until nine o'clock All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2007 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 45 page 3

Lesson 50

¿Listos para jugar? Testing your language with a quiz Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. This lesson puts much of what you have learned in unit 5 to the test with an identity quiz. Listed below are some of the words and phrases you'll need for the quiz. New vocabulary llevar to wear, to carry un jersey sweater las gafas glasses las gafas de sol sunglasses comportarse to behave se comporta bien he/she behaves well famoso/a famous conocido/a famous, well-known el papel role literally "paper"; used to talk about the role an actor/actress plays nació he/she was born To say "I was born" you say nací. murió he/she died el abuelo grandfather el bisabuelo great-grandfather a veces sometimes siempre always mucha gente dice que... many people say that ... Note that in Spanish this construction involves a singular verb (dice), whereas it is a plural phrase in English. interpretar to interpret Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 50 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: Identity Quiz Lesson 50 Notes así que ... so ... These notes include the text of each of the mystery personalities of lesson 50. Also included are the four additional personalities given in the bonus podcast. To allow you to play along, the answers are given at the end of the notes. Persona número 1 Este hombre es inglés. Nació en Londres en 1975. Es futbolista y cuando tenía 18 años empezó a jugar por Manchester United. También ha jugado por Real Madrid y LA Galaxy. Su esposa también es muy famosa. Es cantante. Tienen tres hijos: Brooklyn, Romeo y Cruz. Persona número 2 Este hombre es de Sudáfrica. Es bastante viejo - tiene ochenta y nueve años. No es muy alto - es bastante bajo. Tiene el pelo gris. Es un hombre muy famoso y en 1993 ganó el Premio Nobel de la Paz. Persona número 3 Es una mujer muy conocida, muy famosa. Es inglesa, y bastante vieja. Tiene ochenta y un años. Tiene una hija que se llama Anne. Tiene tres hijos: Charles, Andrew y Edward. Esta mujer viaja mucho y vive en una casa muy grande en Londres... o sea ¡un palacio! Persona número 4 Esta persona es una mujer muy conocida. Es americana y bastante joven. Nació en 1981 y ha sido modelo, actriz y cantante. Su abuelo y su bisabuelo trabajan en un hotel bastante famoso. Es rubia, es guapa y a veces no se comporta muy bien... Persona número 5 Es un hombre americano y tiene cincuenta y dos años. Es bastante alto y tiene el pelo negro, bueno ya un poco gris. Lleva gafas y siempre lleva un jersey negro. Trabaja para una compañía muy grande de ordenadores. En español se llama "Manzana". Persona número 6 Este hombre tiene el pelo blanco y lleva barba - también blanca. Siempre lleva ropa roja y cada año en diciembre visita a los niños para darles regalos de Navidad. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 50 page 2 Bonus questions The following additional personalities were given in the bonus podcast. Again, answers can be found at the end of the notes. Persona número 7 Es americano. Es hombre y es bastante joven. Tiene veintiséis años. Es cantante y sus canciones son muy conocidas. Es alto y mucha gente dice que es muy guapo. Su cancíon más importante de este año se llama "What goes around comes around". Persona número 8 Es político americano. Nació en 1946 así que tiene 61 años. Es bastante alto. Hasta el año 2001 era presidente de los Estados Unidos. Su esposa se llama Hilary. Persona número 9 Este hombre murió este año. Era muy famoso. Era italiano y era bajo y gordo. Nació en Módena en Italia en 1935. Tenía el pelo negro y era cantante de ópera. Su canción más conocida era la aria de Puccini que se llama Nessun Dorma. Persona número 10 Este hombre es actor escocés. Nació en 1930 así que ahora tiene setenta y siete años. Es muy famoso. Tiene un acento muy escocés - ¡quizás aún más que Mark de Coffee Break Spanish! Ha interpretado el papel de James Bond en siete películas. Answers to all questions can be found on page 4. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 50 page 3 Answers 1 David Beckham 2 Nelson Mandela 3 Queen Elizabeth II 4 Paris Hilton 5 Steve Jobs 6 Santa Claus 7 Justin Timberlake 8 Bill Clinton 9 Luciano Pavarotti 10 Sean Connery Feliz Navidad y Próspero Año Nuevo from the whole team at Radio Lingua All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2007 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 50 page 4

Lesson 44

¿Qué hacemos esta noche? Making arrangements Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. Lesson 44 is the first of two lessons in which we&#039;ll talk about making arrangements. This lesson introduces the verb ir which is an irregular verb. Regular verbs Before we tackle the idea of irregular verbs, let&#039;s consider the verbs we have already come across in the past few lessons. Take, for example, the verb cenar meaning &quot;to dine&quot; or &quot;to have dinner&quot;. The full conjugation is given below: cenar - to dine ceno cenamos cenas cenáis cena cenan We&#039;ve come to recognise these endings (-o, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an) as the endings of a &quot;regular -ar verb&quot; in the present tense. This means that for many verbs we can simply remove the -ar ending of the infinitive and add the endings to it to conjugate the verb in full. We&#039;ve also come across some verbs which follow other regular patterns, although we haven&#039;t covered these in great detail as yet. Think of comer meaning &quot;to eat&quot;, or &quot;to have lunch&quot;. The full conjugation of comer is given below to allow you to compare it to cenar. comer - to eat como comemos comes coméis come comen Note that here the endings are very similar to the -ar endings, but they use &quot;-e-&quot; as the vowel rather than &quot;-a&quot;, eg. comemos as opposed to cenamos. Since verbs like cenar and comer follow regular patterns, they&#039;re called &quot;regular verbs&quot;. However, in most languages, Spanish - and English - included, there are verbs which do not follow the regular patterns. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 44 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: making arrangements and irregular verbs Lesson 44 Notes Some English examples Let&#039;s consider for a moment some examples of regular English verbs. to walk I walk we walk you walk you walk he/she/it walks they walk to speak I speak we speak you speak you speak he/she/it speaks they speak You&#039;ll notice from the tables above that these regular English verbs have only one change: the &quot;he/ she/it&quot; form adds -s to the end of the other forms. Now consider an irregular verb in English: to be I am we are you are you are he/she/it is they are In this example there are three completely different words used: &quot;am&quot;, &quot;are&quot; and &quot;is&quot;. This verb doesn&#039;t follow regular patterns, so it is an irregular verb. Irregular verbs in Spanish There are quite a number of irregular verbs in Spanish. Don&#039;t be too concerned, though: even the irregularities are often regular! This may seem confusing, but as you become more familiar with irregular verbs, you&#039;ll recognise more and more patterns. You will also find that it&#039;s often the very common verbs which are irregular. This is the case in most languages: as languages change over time, it is normally the words which are used most often in daily speech which change the most over the centuries. The verb &quot;to be&quot; is one of the most commonly used words or concepts in any language, so it&#039;s hardly surprising that it&#039;s very often an irregular verb in many languages. The example used in lesson 44 was another very common verb: &quot;to go&quot;. In Spanish, this is the verb ir. The full conjugation is given below: ir - to go voy vamos vas vais va van If we put aside the fact that the words voy or vamos seem to have very little to do with the infinitive ir, you can immediately see that even this irregular verb follows familiar patterns. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 44 page 2 Another irregular verb introduced in lesson 44 was hacer, meaning &quot;to do&quot;: hacer - to do / to make hago hacemos haces hacéis hace hacen Again, like ir, where the particular irregularity in the conjugation was in the &quot;I&quot; part, hacer becomes hago in the &quot;I&quot; form. If we apply the theory that it&#039;s the most commonly used forms which change the most over time, people do tend to talk about themselves, hence the fact that the &quot;I&quot; form is very likely to be the most irregular form of an irregular verb. Making arrangements This lesson introduced the concept of making arrangements. We used the phrase: ¿qué hacemos esta noche? what are we doing this evening? This could equally be translated as &quot;what will we do this evening&quot;, even though this English form implies a future tense and the Spanish form is very definitely the present tense, hacemos. To answer the question, it is possible to make suggestions using verbs in the 1st person plural, the &quot;we&quot; form: ¿vamos al cine? &quot;shall we go to the cinema?&quot; Again, note that this literally means &quot;are we going to the cinema?&quot; or &quot;do we go to the cinema&quot;. Other examples include: ¿cenamos en un restaurante? &quot;shall we eat in a restaurant?&quot; ¿vamos a una fiesta? &quot;shall we go to a party?&quot; ¿estudiamos el español? &quot;shall we study Spanish?&quot; We will cover more examples in lesson 45. A challenge Using the list of regular verbs below, try to come up with more suggestions in answer to the question ¿qué hacemos esta noche? Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 44 page 3 Some verbs with regular &quot;we&quot; forms estudiar to study hablar to speak charlar / platicar to chat tocar el piano to play the piano jugar al fútbol to play football / soccer ver la televisión to watch television cantar to sing bailar to dance For your convenience we have provided the correct &quot;we&quot; forms on page 5. Don&#039;t forget that you can post your own efforts on the Radio Lingua Network forum: Direct link: http://www.radiolinguamedia.com/bb/cbf-bb/viewtopic.php?t=74 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 44 page 4 Suggested answers Please note that although the suggested translations all begin with &quot;shall we...&quot; which is actually the future tense in English, the Spanish verbs are in the present tense, so the literal translation is really &quot;are we studying Spanish&quot; or &quot;do we study Spanish&quot;. It is perfectly normal to use the Spanish present tense in this way. &quot;we&quot; forms for the previous examples ¿estudiamos el español? shall we study Spanish? ¿hablamos italiano? shall we speak Italian? ¿charlamos / platicamos con nuestros amigos? shall we chat with our friends? ¿tocamos el piano? shall we play the piano? ¿jugamos al fútbol? shall we play football / soccer? ¿vemos la televisión? shall we watch television? ¿cantamos una canción? shall we sing a song? ¿bailamos juntos? shall we dance together? All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2007 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 44 page 5

Lesson 41 notes

¿Qué haces durante el fin de semana? Learning about the present tense Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this week's notes we'll be covering regular verbs in the present tense within the context of what you do at the weekend. ¿Qué haces? In this lesson Mark began by asking the question: ¿qué haces durante el fin de semana? You'll remember the phrases hace sol and hace buen tiempo from our discussion of weather. Hace comes from the verb haccer, meaning "to do" or "to make". ¿Qué haces? then means "what do you do...". The whole question means "What do you do during the weekend?" One example answer given was the phrase "I work in a restaurant": in Spanish, trabajo en un restaurante. While it's obviously important to be able to say "I work", it's time now to learn how to talk about other people. In English we say "I work", "you work", but the word "work" changes when we're talking about "he" or "she": it becomes "works". Something similar happens in Spanish, but there are six different forms in Spanish to learn for each verb. This may appear challenging initially, but you shouldn't let it worry you. Once you're familiar with the patterns it will all make perfect sense. In this lesson we're learning how to conjugate verbs. This means that we'll learn verbs in a pattern made up of six forms. Have a look at the table below which will help you identify the order and the pattern of each part. Singular Plural I we you (singular, informal) you (plural, informal)* he, she, it, you (singular, formal) they you (plural, formal) In different grammar books, each part of the verb is referred to in a different way. Sometimes they're just numberd 1-6, and in other texts they're referred to as "1st person singular", "2nd person plural", etc. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 41 page 1 In this edition: talking about what you do at the weekend and learning about the present tense www.radiolingua.com CoffeeBreakSpanish.com Lesson 41 Notes Singular Plural 1 or 1st person singular 4 or 1st person plural 2 or 2nd person singular 5 or 2nd person plural 3 or 3rd person singular 6 or 3rd person plural We've been looking at the word "work(s)" in English. Let's now take the verb trabajar, meaning "to work" and put it into a grid like the one used above. We'll provide this here in a Spanish version and an English version to make it very clear what each part refers to. trabajar (to work) trabajo trabajamos trabajas trabajáis* trabaja trabajan to work I work we work you work (informal, singular) you work (informal, plural)* he works she works it works you work (formal, singular) they work you work (formal, plural) *The 5th part of the verb (2nd person plural) is used mostly in Spain in informal situations when speaking to a group of people. In most Latin American countries you'll find that even form informal situations the 6th part (3rd person plural) is used. It is useful, however, to recognise the 2nd person plural form as it is widely used in Spain and some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world. While learning six parts of a verb may appear quite complicated, as soon as you learn the patterns, other verbs work very similarly. Like many languages, Spanish has "regular" and "irregular" verbs. The regular verbs work exactly the same way as each other. They come in three varieties: verbs whose infinitives end in -ar, verbs ending in -er and verbs ending in -ir. We'll stick with -ar verbs here. Let's look at another example of a "regular -ar verb: bailar, meaning "to dance". Here's the full conjugation: bailar (to dance) bailo bailamos bailas bailáis baila bailan So, using this example, "we dance" would be translated as bailamos, and "he dances" as baila. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 41 page 2 How do you know who's doing what?! You may be asking yourself: "If baila means 'he dances', 'she dances', 'it dances' and sometimes even 'you dance', how on earth can you tell who is dancing?" Normally the context will help you out, but you can use the pronouns to be 100% clear. Here are the pronouns based on our table above: subject pronouns I: yo we: nosotros/as you: tú you (plural): vosotros/as he: él she: ella you (formal): usted they: ellos/as you (formal): ustedes Things should start making more sense now! Do you remember when you learned ¿cómo estás? and ¿cómo está usted? When you use the word estás, there's only one person you could be referring to: you (singular, informal). However, with está, it could be "he", "she", or "you". The word usted is used to clear up any misunderstanding. Please note that you do not need to use these pronouns. They tend only to be used where there is any doubt. Consider again our word in English "work". If we didn't use pronouns then we'd have no idea who is working! It could be "I", "you" (singular), "we", "you" (plural), "they"... The fact that Spanish words have different endings for each person makes it really easy to know who is doing what. Let's consider one final example of a regular -ar verb: hablar, meaning "to speak". hablar (to speak) hablo hablamos hablas habláis habla hablan Translating the present tense The word hablas in Spanish means "you speak". It also, however, means "you are speaking", "are you speaking?" "do you speak" and "you do speak"! The correct version in English depends on the context. In Spanish it's just that one versatile little word! There is, in fact, another form which you can use for "I am speaking" but we'll come to that in future episodes. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 41 page 3 Test yourself By now you should be getting the hang of this! Let's put it to the test! Below you'll find a test to see how much you understand of this whole concept. Answers are overleaf. You'll need the following vocabulary to help you: Vocabulary hablar to speak charlar to chat used more in Spain platicar to chat used more in Latin America viajar to travel trabjar to work bailar to dance cantar to sing estudiar to study Translate the following Spanish phrases into English: 1. hablo español 2. viajamos a España 3. trabajan en el restaurante 4. estudiamos francés 5. cantan en español 6. ¿bailas con Enrique? 7. Carlos platica con Ana 8. ¿estudiáis inglés en la universidad? 9. trabajas en una tienda 10. usted canta una canción Translate the following English verb forms into Spanish: 11. you sing (singular, informal) 12.we are dancing 13. they study English 14. you are chatting (singular, formal) 15. he travels to Spain 16. do you speak Spanish? (plural, informal) 17. are we singing? 18. do you dance? (plural, informal) 19. she works 20. you speak English (plural, formal) Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 41 page 4 Answer Key 1. I speak Spanish / I am speaking Spanish / I do speak Spanish, etc. 2. We travel to Spain / we are travelling to Spain / we do travel to Spain, etc. 3. they work in the restaurant / they are working... 4. we study French / we are studying... 5. they sing in Spanish OR you (plural, formal) sing in Spanish 6. are you dancing with Enrique? / do you dance with Enrique? 7. Carlos chats with Ana / Carlos is chatting with Ana 8. do you (plural, informal) study English at (the) university? 9. you work in a shop / you are working... 10. you (singular, formal) sing a song 11. cantas 12. bailamos 13. estudian inglés 14. (usted) charla / platica 15. viaja a España 16. ¿habláis espanol? OR in Latin America: ¿hablan espanõl? 17. ¿cantamos? 18. ¿bailáis? 19. trabaja 20. hablan inglés Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 41 page 5

Lesson 55

¿Qué hiciste durante el fin de semana? The preterite tense of irregular verbs Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. In this lesson we continue to talk about the preterite tense, and consider some common irregular verbs. "What did you do...?" The verb hacer means "to do", as you already know. In the preterite tense the verb is conjugated as follows: hacer (to do/make) - PRETERITE hice hicimos hiciste hicisteis hizo hicieron In fact, this conjugation helps us understand one aspect of Spanish spelling. As you know, the letter "c" in Spanish has a different pronunciation depending on the vowel which follows it. The table below lists these differences. Please note the variations in pronunciation for Latin American Spanish. Spain Latin America -ca- c as in cat c as in cat -ce- th as in think s as in say -ci- th as in theatre s as in see -co- c as in cottage c as in cottage -cu- c as in cook c as in cook The letter "z" is linked to the letter "c" in Spanish. However, its pronunciation does not change. It is always pronounced as a "th" in Spain, and has the "s" sound in Latin American Spanish. However, you will have great difficulty in finding any Spanish words which have the combination "-zi-" or "-ze-" since the spelling rules normally dictate that "c" changes to "z" when it is followed by "-a", "-o" or "-u", as in hizo. Of course, it would be impossible to maintain the "th" or "s" sound in hizo if it were written with a "c": hico (which does not exist) would be pronounced "eeko", following the pronunciation rules we've outlined above. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 55 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: the preterite tense of -some irregular verbs Lesson 55 Notes Other irregular preterites Some other common irregular verbs are conjugated below. Note that in almost all cases, the verbs follow similar patterns. If you know these patterns, your understanding of Spanish will increase hugely. ir (to go) - PRETERITE fui fuimos fuiste fuisteis fue fueron ver (to see) - PRETERITE vi vimos viste visteis vio vieron dar (to give) - PRETERITE di dimos diste disteis dio dieron "Giving" in Spanish In English we can say "I give my mother a book", or "she gave me a gift". However, in Spanish, you must "give to" a person, so the example sentences would become "I give to my mother a book" (or "I give a book to my mother") and "she gave to me a gift" (or "she gave a gift to me"). These examples would be as follows in Spanish: le doy a mi madre un libro I give (to) my mother a book mi madre me dio un libro my mother gave (to) me a book In this last example the word me means "to me". It's an example of an indirect object pronoun. We have, in fact, already come across this type of pronoun when we learned me gusta which literally means "to me is pleasing...". The full list of indirect object pronouns is given below. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 55 page 2 Indirect Object Pronouns me to me te to you (informal, singular) le to him / her / it to you (formal, singular) nos to us os to you (informal, plural, Spain) les to them to you (formal, plural) We will discuss indirect object pronouns in more detail in future lessons. All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2008 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 55 page 3

Lesson 46

¿Ser o estar? To be ... or (not) to be! Programme Notes Coffee Break Spanish notes guide you through the content of each lesson. Lesson 46 deals with the two verbs in Spanish which mean &quot;to be&quot;, ser and estar. The question of ser or estar is often seen as difficult by learners, but once you learn a few simple rules you won&#039;t have any problems at all! Using estar At the beginning of most of the Coffee Break Spanish lessons, Mark asks Kara: ¿estás lista para empezar? are you ready to begin? Kara traditionally answers: estoy lista para aprender español con Coffee Break Spanish I&#039;m ready to learn Spanish with Coffee Break Spanish Both these examples use the verb estar because being ready is a temporary situation in this case. Look at these other examples of estar being used to describe temporary situations or conditions: estar - temporary situations or conditions ¿cómo estás? how are you (feeling)? estoy cansado I am (feeling) tired estoy contento I am (feeling) happy Note that in these three examples it&#039;s possible to introduce the concept of &quot;to be feeling&quot;. If you&#039;re trying to work out whether you need to use estar or ser, then ask yourself if you can add in the concept of &quot;to be feeling&quot;: if so, it&#039;s 99% likely to be estar! Let&#039;s consider the final example, estoy contento. This means that you are (feeling) happy at the moment. You may well not be a particularly cheerful person all the time, but at the moment you&#039;re feeling happy. Feeling happy is a temporary situation or condition. So, our second question to help us decide on ser or estar is: &quot;can I add in the concept of &#039;at the moment&#039;?&quot; If so, then this will help you to be more certain that it&#039;s estar! In addition to temporary conditions, there&#039;s another situation where estar is also used: if you&#039;re talking about a location then you&#039;ll be using estar. Have a look at the examples below: Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 46 page 1 CoffeeBreakSpanish.com In this edition: the two verbs which mean &quot;to be&quot; in Spanish: ser and estar Lesson 46 Notes estar - locations Estoy en la cocina I am in the kitchen Estamos en el estudio We are in the studio Madrid está en España Madrid is in Spain Until now we&#039;ve been looking at estar in temporary situations, but you&#039;ll notice from these examples that estar is used for all locations, both temporary and permanent. If you say, &quot;I am in the kitchen&quot; then it&#039;s likely that you&#039;ll move from the kitchen at some point. On the other hand, Madrid is fairly permanently in Spain! This does not fit the temporary situation requirement for estar, but we&#039;re now talking about locations - and all locations use estar. Here is a summary of estar rules: ESTAR: Summary temporary description temporary location permanent Before leaving estar, let&#039;s conjugate the verb in the present tense. It&#039;s fairly regular, but be careful with the accents: if you miss out the accents then some of these words can mean something totally different! estar - to be estoy estamos estás estáis está están Using ser We&#039;ll begin by conjugating ser. It&#039;s much more irregular than estar, but the advantage is that we&#039;ve come across almost all of these forms in previous lessons. ser - to be soy somos eres sois es son If estar is used for temporary descriptions, then we can normally assume that ser is used for permanent descriptions. This assumption isn&#039;t 100% guaranteed, but it works in most situations. Consider the examples below. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 46 page 2 ser - inherent characteristics, saying who you are soy escocés I&#039;m Scottish mi madre es profesora my mother is a teacher ¿eres católico? are you Catholic? es una persona contenta she is a happy person In the above examples we are describing inherent characteristics of people, or simply talking about who they are. In most cases these characteristics do not change. Note in particular the final example. Earlier we learned estoy contento, meaning &quot;I am happy&quot;. This, however, referred to a temporary situation - &quot;I am (feeling) happy (at the moment)&quot;. In the case of es una persona contenta, we are describing an inherent characteristic of the person, rather than a temporary situation. The following situation is quite possible: Es una persona contenta, pero en este momento está triste. He/she is a happy person, but at this moment he/she is sad. Note that in this sentence both ser and estar are used (highlighted in red). Es and está both mean &quot;he/she is&quot;, but as we now know, they are used in different ways. We can extend this idea of describing inherent characteristics: ser is also used for physical descriptions. We&#039;ll be covering descriptions in later lessons, but for the moment, remember that ser is also used for physical descriptions. The table below shows the main uses of ser, including a few which we&#039;ve not covered so far in these notes. SER: Summary who you are soy Mark mi padre es profesor physical characteristics soy alto es morena inherent qualities es honrado eres católico time, price son las once son diez euros Hopefully this makes sense! There is another way to think about ser... Basically, if your situation is not a temporary description, and not a location, then there&#039;s a good chance you&#039;re looking at ser! SER: Summary not a temporary description not a location The flowchart overleaf will help you decide whether you need ser or estar. Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 46 page 3 Coffee Break Spanish: Lesson 46 page 4 Is it a location? All materials ©Copyright Radio Lingua Ltd 2007 Are you describing a temporary situation? Can you add &quot;at the moment&quot; without changing the meaning? Are you talking about time or date? estar Are you talking about the price of something? Are you talking about ser name, job, religion ... ? Are you describing someoneʼs physical characteristics? NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES YES