CCJ1020 Final Study Guide, Ch. 7-13
There are ________ federal judicial districts.
94
Who has the highest lifetime chance of going to prison?
A black male
________ are ultra-high-security prisons in the federal system.
Administrative maximum
Which U.S. Supreme Court case established the Court's authority as the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution?
Marbury v. Madison
What is prison argot?
Prison slang
________ among female inmates is very high.
Substance abuse
Probation is ordered by the ________.
court
An indictment is filed by the ________.
grand jury
Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a ________.
jury of their peers
Operational capacity is ________.
the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations
Prisoners' rights bear a strong resemblance to privileges because ________.
the rights of prisoners are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment
Proportionality means that ________.
there should be a direct relationship between the severity of the sanction and the seriousness of the crime
A(n) ________ institution is an enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives.
total
The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots.
"explosive decade"
The federal Speedy Trial Act allows for the dismissal of charges when a trial does NOT begin within ________ working days after indictment.
70
What is parens patriae?
A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she becomes delinquent, is abandoned, or is in need of care that the natural parents are unable or unwilling to provide
Which of the following is an exception to the hearsay rule?
A dying declaration
What is a hung jury?
A jury that is unable to agree on a verdict
Which of the following is a member of the courtroom work group?
A public defender
Which of the following is a characteristic of juvenile proceedings?
A specific right to treatment
Which of the following is considered to be the most secure prison ever built by the federal government?
ADMAX at Florence, Colorado
Which of the following is an example of a mixed sentence?
An offender is sentenced to spend weekends in jail and be supervised by a probation officer during the week.
What is a federal ADMAX prison?
An ultra-high-security prison
Why was the case of Griffin v. Wisconsin so significant?
Because it considers probation to be similar to incarceration and holds that the exclusionary rule does not apply
________ evidence requires interpretation or requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates.
Circumstantial
Which of the following statements regarding prison privatization is TRUE?
Correctional officers working in private prisons are not covered by state laws that govern the activities of public correctional officers.
Which of the following provides the first appellate level for courts of limited jurisdiction?
Courts of general jurisdiction
TV shows like The People's Court and Judge Judy are examples of which type of court?
Courts of limited jurisdiction
Which of the following is a characteristic of restorative justice?
Crime has individual and social dimensions of responsibility.
The defendant exercises choice in the court process in which of the following decisions?
Deciding what plea to enter
In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes identified the pains of imprisonment as ________ that prisoners experience.
Deprivations
A journalist who is writing an article on prison overcrowding in the U.S. and wants to use the estimate that shows the highest amount of overcrowding would probably choose which definition of prison capacity?
Design capacity
Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing?
Determinate sentencing
________ involves suspending criminal proceedings before sentencing and referring the offender to a private agency.
Diversion
Rhodes v. Chapman dealt with which inmate issue?
Double-celling
________ involves the construction, staffing, and operation of prisons by private companies for profit.
Evidence-based corrections
________ evidence is information having a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame.
Exculpatory
Which of the following is an advantage of the imposition of fines as a criminal sanction?
Fines can be made proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.
What is the earliest stage of the court process at which defendant may be given formal notice of the charges against them?
First appearance
Which of the following best describes a realist inmate?
Frank, who sees the time he spends in prison as an unfortunate cost of his involvement in crime
In which case did the Supreme Court approve a two-step procedure that separates the determination of guilt from the determination of the sentence?
Gregg v. Georgia
Under the federal home confinement program, an offender who is required to remain home at all times except for preapproved scheduled absences such as work or school has been placed under which level of restriction?
Home detention
The first juvenile court that was separate in form and function from adult criminal courts was created in ________.
Illinois
Offenders convicted of felonies in state court are most likely to receive which traditional sanction?
Imprisonment
Which landmark U.S. Supreme Court case guaranteed juveniles many of the same procedural due process rights as adults?
In re Gault
Which goal of sentencing focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality?
Incapacitation
The protectionist argument justifying capital punishment is fairly weak because the underlying social interest can also be met by which other sentencing option?
Incarceration
Which of the following statements regarding the state prison population in the U.S. is TRUE?
Incarceration rates are increasing while crime rates are decreasing
What is often described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States?
Intensive probation supervision
What impact did the Ashurst-Sumners Act have on prisons?
It effectively ended prison industries.
How did the Supreme Court case of Pell v. Procunier affect prisoners' rights?
It established a balancing test to weigh individual rights against public order and protection.
What effect did the USA PATRIOT Act have on the death penalty in the U.S.?
It expanded the list of federal crimes punishable by death.
What is the main limitation of the Crime Victims' Rights Act?
It only provides rights to victims of federal crimes.
What was the purpose behind the Prison Litigation Reform Act?
It was an effort to reduce the number of lawsuits brought by state prisoners in federal courts.
Which of the following arguments regarding the death penalty is a retentionist rationale?
Just deserts
________ guilt is established only when the prosecutor presents sufficient evidence to convince the judge or jury that the defendant is guilty as charged.
Legal
________ is a type of sentencing plan that allows no leeway in the imposition of a sentence for a person convicted of a crime.
Mandatory sentencing
Which of the following statements regarding mentally ill inmates is TRUE?
Mentally ill inmates can be required to take antipsychotic drugs against their will.
Based on the Supreme Court's ruling in Woodson v. North Carolina, when is a mandatory death sentence for first degree murder constitutional?
Never—mandatory application of the death penalty is unconstitutional.
What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?
Nolo contendere
________ appeals to federal appellate courts involve major questions of law and policy where there is considerable professional disagreement among the courts.
Nonconsensual
Which of the following is a characteristic of the social work model of probation and parole?
Officers assist clients meet the conditions imposed upon them by their sentences.
Which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from its beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?
Original jurisdiction
Which of the following is a prisoner reentry strategy?
Parole
What does research suggest about Serious Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) programs?
Participation in SVORI programs is associated with longer times to arrest.
The ________ system was an early American system of imprisonment that emphasized solitary confinement and saw penance as the main way to achieve rehabilitation.
Pennsylvania
What is the main priority of justice reinvestment?
Prioritizing the use of alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent offenders
According to critics of parole, why are there so many parole violations?
Prisoners are not properly reintegrated into society.
What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States?
Probation
Bob consigned all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral to ensure he would not abscond before trial. What type of bail did Bob post?
Property bond
Which type of indigent defense involves the use of full-time salaried state employees?
Public defender programs
Which of the following is considered an advantage of probation and parole?
Restitution
________ hearings determine whether parolees have violated the conditions of their parole.
Revocation
Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is NOT by itself cruel and unusual punishment?
Rhodes v. Chapman
________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals and incarcerate them to protect society.
Selective
Which of the following cases is an example where the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the use of antipsychotic drugs on a nonviolent offender who does not represent a danger while institutionalized must be in the defendant's best medical interest?
Sell v. U.S.
Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp?
Shock incarceration
________ is a sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions.
Social debt
Which sanction requires that offenders serve some time in a local jail before serving a period of supervised probation?
Split sentence
Which of the following best describes female offenders?
Survivor of physical or sexual abuse as children
Which type of inmate is most likely to think of prison as his home?
The colonizer
Career female offenders who have adapted to prison life and generally keep to themselves represent which style of adaptation to prison life?
The cool
Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served?
The inmate's behavior while incarcerated
What is civil death?
The legal status of inmates denied certain rights because they are incarcerated felons
Which of the following is one of the three most frequent violations for which probation or parole revocation occurs?
The offender abuses alcohol or drugs while under supervision.
Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
The offender acted under strong provocation.
Who makes the release decision when an offender is sentenced to shock parole?
The parole board
Which of the following is most likely to be a special condition of probation, rather than a general condition?
The probationer must surrender his or her driver's license.
If the prosecutor calls a witness to the stand, who conducts the redirect examination?
The prosecutor
Which era of corrections was characterized by a lack of innovation and a focus on custody and institutional security?
The punitive era
What appears to be the most dramatic result of the recent emphasis on the use of mandatory sentencing and other get-tough policies?
The use of incarceration as a sentencing option has increased significantly.
Why are regional jails becoming more popular?
They are more economical.
Which of the following is an advantage of intermediate sanctions?
They are socially cost-effective.
What is the purpose of an external or initial classification system in corrections?
To assign new inmates to a custody level
What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?
To give defendants the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for their detention
What was the original purpose of a jail?
To hold arrested suspects who are awaiting trial
Which of the following is a purpose of bail?
To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily
What was the main purpose of the 2008 Second Chance Act?
To reduce the number of parolees being returned to prison for technical violations
George has been accused of multiple crimes. Why would the prosecutor want to try George separately on each charge?
Trying charges separately would allow another trial on a new charge if George is found not guilty at a trial
________ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom.
Victims
Which of the following is a policy for dealing with serious offenders that focuses on protecting society and does NOT attempt rehabilitation?
Warehousing
When is a probable cause hearing necessary?
When the arrest was made without a warrant
A trial de novo occurs when ________.
a case is retried on appeal
The juvenile court's fact-finding process, which is similar to an adult trial, is known as a(n) ________ hearing.
adjudicatory
Community service and home detention are examples of ________ sentencing.
alternative
Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________ jurisdiction.
appellate
General conditions of probation ________.
apply to all probationers in a given jurisdiction
Female officers working in jails ________.
are disproportionately skewed toward jobs in the lower ranks
Defendants who are given the option of deposit bail ________.
are required to comply with various conditions imposed by the court
Mario is a criminal attorney with a private practice. He has been appointed by the court to serve as a defense attorney for an indigent defendant and receives a fee from the court at a rate set by the state government. Mario is a(n) ________ counsel.
assigned
A document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required and recording the pledge of money or property to be paid to the court if he or she does NOT appear is known as a(n) ________.
bail bond
The ________ keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom.
bailiff
The standard of proof required for conviction in a criminal trial is ________.
beyond a reasonable doubt
Currently, it is NOT clear whether juveniles ________.
can waive their Miranda rights
Most female inmates are housed in ________.
centralized state institutions dedicated exclusively to housing female offenders
A(n) ________ provides information about the defendant's personality, family life, business acumen, and so on, in an effort to show that the defendant is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged.
character witness
The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________.
charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense
During jury selection, challenges for cause ________.
claim that an individual juror cannot be fair or impartial
All states have a(n) ________.
court of last resort
The role of the ________ is to create a record of all that occurs during a trial.
court reporter
In juvenile court, a juvenile petition is similar to a ________ in adult court.
criminal complaint
A(n) ________ laws limits the right to bail for certain kinds of offenders?
danger
The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act requires that any state who accepts federal funds through the Act must ________.
deinstitutionalize status offenders
Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions.
deliberate indifference
Fifteen-year-old Mary breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) ________ child.
delinquent
Because Naomi's parents are unable to care for her, she is a(n) ________.
dependent child
The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ________.
determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant
General deterrence attempts to ________.
discourage potential offenders from committing crimes
The ________ hearing is the final stage in the processing of adjudicated juveniles and is similar to an adult sentencing hearing.
dispositional
While Bob was studying in the library, his wallet was stolen. When the thief was caught, Bob opted to resolve the case informally at a ________ staffed by volunteer mediators.
dispute-resolution center
Federal inmates are most commonly sentenced for ________.
drug law violations
A(n) ________ sentence imposes both a juvenile sanction and an adult criminal sentence on an adjudicated delinquent.
dual
Compared to the adult system, the juvenile justice system is more likely to ________.
employ diversion from further formal processing at all stages in the process
Under Roman law, the ________ had absolute control over the child.
father
Medium- and low-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________.
federal correctional institutions
Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions she must observe apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. These are known as ________ conditions.
general
A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement.
grievance procedure
The judge ________.
holds ultimate authority in ruling on matters of law
The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.
importation
A sentence of 8 to 15 years in prison is an example of ________ sentencing.
indeterminate
A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as an ________.
indictment
The first step in decision making in a case regarding a juvenile whose behavior is in violation of the law is known as ________.
intake
A subpoena ________.
is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court
A typical state prison today ________.
is fairly small, with a population of less than 500 inmates
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence.
juries, not judges
Transfer hearings are held in ________.
juvenile courts
The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n) ________.
juvenile petition
An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness.
lay
Parole boards make decisions regarding ________ parole.
mandatory
The use of ________ is increasing.
medical parole
Most people processed through jails in the U.S. are ________.
members of minority groups
The typical American prison today is ________.
minimum or medium custody
A juvenile confined in a private facility is likely to be held for a(n) ________ offense.
nondelinquent
When a defendant "stands mute" at arraignment, he or she is considered to have entered a ________ plea.
not guilty
According to John Irwin, an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer is a(n) ________.
opportunist
The juvenile court has ________ jurisdiction if the offense must begin with juvenile court authorities.
original
Joel has been sworn in as a witness in a criminal trial. When asked about the defendant's whereabouts at the time of the crime, Joel deliberately lies to give the defendant an alibi. Joel's action is known as ________.
perjury
Release on recognizance ________.
permits release on the basis of a written promise to appear.
In the majority of adjudicated delinquency cases, the judge decides to ________.
place the juvenile on formal probation
The Missouri Plan is a ________.
plan for restructuring state courts systems to increase efficiency and reduce case backlog
One of the leading formative influences on the staff culture of corrections officers is the ________.
potential threat that inmates pose
If a judge requests information on a convicted defendant's background, the probation or parole office will conduct a ________ investigation.
presentence
The socialization of inmates into the prison subculture is called ________.
prisonization
A drug court is an example of a(n) ________.
problem-solving court
Federal sentencing guidelines ________.
provide a range of punishments for a specific crime
Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of ________ evidence.
real
Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called ________.
regional jails
The primary objective of the juvenile court is ________.
rehabilitation
The American child-savers movement ________.
resulted in the creation of the reform school
The just deserts model of sentencing emphasizes ________.
retribution
In recent years, the juvenile justice system appears to be ________.
returning to the original principles of the juvenile court
The power of judicial review allows the U.S. Supreme Court to ________.
review lower-court decisions and state and federal statutes
Jack violated a condition of his parole. This resulted in parole ________ and he was returned to prison.
revocation
According to the Supreme Court decision in Wolff v. McDonnell ________.
sanctions cannot be levied against inmates without appropriate due process
An inmate organization whose members act together to pose a threat to the safety of corrections staff or the public is a(n) ________.
security threat group
Research into victim-impact statements has found that ________.
sentencing decisions are rarely affected by them
The biggest drivers of rising incarceration rates in the United States are ________.
sentencing policies
A ________ jury is isolated from the public and removed from all outside influences.
sequestered
One of the five philosophical principles that form the basis for the juvenile court movement holds that the ________ is the "higher or ultimate parent" of the child.
state
Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are ________.
status offenders
Juvenile courts have original jurisdiction over juveniles charged with ________.
status offenses
Micah is brought before a juvenile court judge and there is considerable evidence to show that Micah is guilty of violating the criminal law. In this situation, the judge has the power to ________.
still decide it is not in the child's best interest to be adjudicated delinquent
In prison argot, "crack kids" are ________.
streetwise young women with no respect for traditional prison values
The clerk of court is responsible for ________.
summoning members of the public for jury duty
As a new probation officer, the most active stage of your job will involve ________.
supervision of clients
American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ________.
the adversarial system
The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________.
the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples in crime labs
An important security tool in medium-security prisons is ________.
the count
"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________.
the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality
The Supreme Court's decision in the case of Furman v. Georgia was a statement against ________.
the manner in which statutes permitted the death penalty to be imposed
According to the National Institute of Corrections, ________ had the largest impact on reducing recidivism.
treatment-oriented intensive supervision
U.S. district courts are the ________ for the federal court system.
trial courts
Inmates who were over the age of 50 when they entered prison are most likely to have committed ________.
violent crimes
Many sexual aggressors in prison continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________.
want to avoid becoming victims themselves
According to the text, the fastest-growing population of jail inmates is ________.
women