CCP EXAM 3
public goods game
An economic game in which a group of people have the option to contribute some of their money to a common pool, after which the experimenter multiplies the money in the pool and then redistributes it to all the members of the group.
dictator game
An economic game in which a pair of people are randomly divided into the roles of a proposer, who determines how much of his or her money to give to the other participant, and a receiver, who receives the money from the proposer.
Which of the following people would NOT be considered universally to be physically attractive?
a person with an average-size body
altruistic punishment
a person's tendency to incur a cost to punish someone who isn't cooperating with the group
analytic thinking
a type of thinking characterized by a focus on objects and their attributes
holistic thinking
a type of thinking characterized by an orientation to the context as a whole
secularization theory
a view that religion is on the decline, and that people around the world are turning to secular and rational ways of understanding their lives
Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people
attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.
dispositional attribution
attributing behavior to the person's inner qualities and traits
The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?
autonomy
Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent with cultural norms. This is an example of
conventional moral reasoning.
Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT
cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.
Display rules
culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation and how intensely they should be exhibited
With which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated?
explicit communication
Ritualized Display
facial expressions that are expressed in some cultures but not in others as a function of cultural display rules
The founder of a new society wants to create a social system in which arranged marriages are the norm, rather than love marriages. In order for this founder to be successful, which of the following must this new society have?
large kin groups with strong ties within them
Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child. You are a judge who uses holistic reasoning, and must deter-mine which family is the correct one. This is before the days of DNA analysis, so you must use family resemblance as your guide. Based on research about reasoning styles, what do you do to establish a familial relationship?
look at which family has approximately the same combination of features as the child
Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) find that
lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.
associative reasoning
making decisions of categorization based on how similar the events appear to each other
rule based reasoning
making decisions of categorization based on whether the categories follow a fixed rule
You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just caught. You would love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of?
market pricing
communal sharing
members of a group emphasize their common identity rather than consider their idiosyncrasies
The relation between money and happiness is that
money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in developed countries.
Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a European-Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is
more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.
Antisocial punishment is an example of a(n)
non universal
A person says, "I do not need to maintain my friendships. I know that they will always be friends with me, and I will always be friends with them." According to the textbook, this person is likely to
not care so much whether a friend is like him or her.
Facial feedback hypothesis
one source of information we utilize when inferring our feelings is our facial expressions
authority ranking
people are linearly ordered along a hierarchical social dimension
propinquity effect
people are more likely to become friends with people with whom they frequently interact
equality matching
people keep track of what is exchanged and are motivated to pay back what has been exchanged in equivalent terms
similarly attraction effect
people tend to be attracted to those who are most like themselves
categorical perception
perceiving stimuli as belonging to separate and discrete categories, even though the stimuli may gradually differ from each other along a continuum
At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she
refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions?
shame
Analytic thinking is best characterized by
taxonomic categorization.
progressive
term describing efforts to promote forward-thinking social change
Residential mobility
the ability one has to physically move from one place to another -americans have been recognized as especially mobile people
Confucian scholars in seventeenth-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of
the ethic of divinity.
The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with
the ethic of divinity.
Subjective well-being
the feeling of how satisfied one is with one's life - factors: wealth, human rights, equality
relational mobility
the freedom one has to move between relationships - if one relationship is found to be insufficiently rewarding to devote appropriate relationship-maintenance efforts, it might be neglected and allowed to wither away
ideal affect
the kinds of feelings that people desire -asians: positive emotions that are low in arousal. -westerners: positive emotions high in arousal
Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal?
the mere exposure effect
mere exposure effect
the more we are exposed to a stimulus the more we are attracted to it
principle of equality
the principle that resources should be shared equally among the members of a group
According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?
the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss
fundamental attribution
the tendency to ignore external causes of behavior and to attribute other people's actions to internal causes
field independence
the tendency to separate objects from their backgrounds
field dependence
the tendency to view objects as bound to their backgrounds
Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she
tries to not have strong displays of emotions.
Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie?
two-factor theory of emotions
It is a valid task to objectively determine whether some cultures are morally more superior to others. True or false?
False—it is difficult to determine the appropriate standards with which to objectively compare the morality of different cultures.
Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart, Lisa. According to re-search discussed in the textbook on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa?
Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners.
Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?
It is an existential universal.
As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice?
Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.
ethic of autonomy
Moral reasoning that emphasizes individual rights and justice. Individual choices and freedoms are important to the extent that they do not harm others and others' choices and freedoms.
Which of the following characteristics would one think is attractive, regardless of what culture he or she is from?
blemish-free skin
Romantic love was evolutionarily advantageous because it
brought parents closer together to ensure survival of the child.
Jeremiah has moved around to ten different states in the United States within five years due to his job. This means that, com-pared to someone who has not moved around at all before, Jeremiah will
buy more things from national chain stores.
Yasmin is an executive at a company, and she wants to hire the most creative applicant for a new position. She decides to hire someone from an individualistic culture because she feels that individualists are more creative than collectivists. You _____________ with her statement because _____________.
disagree; individualists and collectivists are better at different types of creative thinking
Marina is going on a first date with someone who has moved to many different cities in the last few years. Marina's date will like her the most if she
dislikes local coffee shops in favor of national chain ones.
According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?
Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day
How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one's relationships?
Both are accounted for by relational mobility.
Empirically, arranged marriages are terrible because no one is ever satisfied with their marriages. True or false?
False—arranged marriages that last over ten years have greater marital satisfaction than love marriages.
Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that
Heidi, more so than Homare, would like a new person who is similar to her.
According to the textbook, which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective of cultural diversity?
How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?
Based on Kitayama and colleagues' study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would expect that, between Jun, who's Japanese, and Jerry, who's American,
Jun would feel more shame than Jerry.
preconventional moral reasoning
Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments Moral thinking based on the consequences of one's choices or actions (punishment, reward, or an exchange of favors)
Which of the following is true about arranged marriages?
Many preindustrial societies rely on love marriages rather than arranged marriages.
Benny and Matthew are good friends. Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant. Given this information, which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?
Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about playing baseball.
ethic of community
Moral reasoning that emphasizes interpersonal relationships and community. One's duties, obligations, and roles within the group are highlighted.
ethic of divinity
Moral reasoning that emphasizes the centrality of religious beliefs and spirituality.
Four single Japanese people are participating in a dating TV show. Three of them serve as targets, and they each spend time with the remaining person (the chooser). The chooser must then decide which person he or she wants to date. Which of the following people is the chooser most likely to choose?
Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the most bilateral facial symmetry.
An American student, Ronald, and his Chinese friend, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. According to cultural differences in attentional style, which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario?
Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud.
Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions?
Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.
Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in parts of northern Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of reindeer. English, on the other hand, has only a tiny fraction of words used to describe reindeer. Ac-cording to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what cultural difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this dis-parity in reindeer-related vocabulary size?
Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.
Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for fifteen years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than ten years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh, which person is likely to be happier?
Sanjay
antisocial punishment
Tendency to incur a cost to punish someone who is cooperating with the group
According to studies of immorality and thought, what will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife?
The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts.
Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is true?
The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the in-group.
principle of need
The principle that resources should be directed toward those who need them the most
An orthodox Baptist and a progressive Baptist are watching news coverage of China's ban on pornography. According to re-search on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?
The progressive Baptist is likelier to say, "That ban is immoral because it infringes on people's abilities to act as autonomous individuals to decide what is acceptable."
whorfian hypothesis
The proposal that the language one speaks determines or heavily influences the thoughts one can think or the saliency of different categories of thought.
A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find?
William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.
low-context culture
a culture in which people are expected to be direct and to say what they mean -western cultures relies on explicit communication
The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects
a ritualized display.
meritocracy
a social system in which individuals get ahead and earn rewards based on their individual efforts and abilities
Two-factor theory of emotions
a theory that emotional experience is based on two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of the cause of that arousal
Gemeinschaft
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
Gesellschaft
a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest
orthodox
adhering to the traditional and established, especially in religion
An example of communal sharing is
an office with a jar of coins, where workers can take or put in as many coins as they like.
Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car?
analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe
simpatico
emphasis placed on maintaining harmonious relationships and on making expressive displays of graciousness, hospitality, and personal harmony
Trust toward strangers
is weaker in collectivistic cultures.
Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among East Asians are
low arousal positive states.
Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions?
pride
A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook by Christmas, after which he will be paid $15,000. What is this an example of?
the relationships in Gesellschaft groups
saccades
type of eye movement in which the gaze shifts quickly from one fixation point to another
Based on the results from Schacter and Singer's experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most excitement?
when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused
avoid harm
a moral intuition to avoid behaviors that cause harm to others
Which of the following statements would be the most important to someone who is very liberal in North America?
"This is wrong because it is causing people a lot of pain."
You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?
$25
James-Lange Theory of Emotions
*Emotions are physiological responses or bodily reverberations to stimuli in the world *Products of autonomic nervous system: such as changes in heart rate, breathing, pupil dilation, tear secretion, blood flow to the skin, and stomach contractions
In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did found that
-Americans are more likely than Indians to use the principle of merit. -Indians are more likely than Americans to make decisions based on seniority. -Indians are equally likely as Americans to use the principle of equality.
Loyalty to ingroups
A moral intuition that people should put the interests of their ingroup ahead of those of their outgroup
naive dialecticism
A perspective in which events and objects in the world are perceived as interconnected and fluid. Such a view leads to the acceptance of contradictions between two opposing beliefs.
seniority system
A system that rewards those with longer service with positions of leadership.
respect for hierarchy
a moral principle that post-pubescent boys are conferred social status by allowing them to not have to sleep with parents or young children
Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues on the relationship between life satisfaction and positive affect, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected?
Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students' performance?
East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process, but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.
Derp has lived a privileged life and has always had very high subjective well-being. He is ready to change—he wants to be unhappy and have low subjective well-being. Based on the dynamic social impact theory, to which region of the United States should Derp move if he wants to become less happy and have low subjective well-being?
East South Central
Shweder's 3 codes of ethics
Ethic of autonomy, ethic of community, ethic of divinity
A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant?
He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.
Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?
Jack disobeys his father's commands.
The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective?
James-Lange theory of emotions
You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car, so that your company can submit a patent. Based on cultural differences in creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen?
Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.
If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that the
Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.
Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are. Jeremy's individualism score is 9 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18. Jason's individualism score is 12 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18. Which of the following statements is true?
Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.
Kohlberg's Model of Moral Development
Kohlberg says that there are three different types of morality. The first level of morality is the pre-conventional morality, which begins at age 9, and this type of morality focuses on obeying rules so that they can avoid punishments or they get rewards for certain behaviors. The next level of morality is the conventional morality, which starts in early teen years, and this stage of morality is focused on doing things to gain social approval. The final level is the post-conventional stage, which happens beyond teen years, and in this stage, people act on their basic rights to do what is right.
conventional moral reasoning
Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, the level of moral development at which a person makes judgments based on conventional standards of right and wrong
post conventional moral reasoning
Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, moral thinking based on carefully examined and self-chosen moral principles
Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply?
People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that he is excited.
According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is true in North America?
People who are very conservative have less variability in their endorsement of different ethics compared to people who are very liberal.
low relational mobility
Perceive that they have few opportunities to form new relationships, and their past relationships, and their commitments and obligations to them continue to guide them
Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset?
Person D, who is Korean
high relational mobility
Their relational ties are flexible enough and opportunities for new relationships are available enough, that they feel they can find new relationships and not feel overly bound by their old relationships
Achieve Purity
a moral intuition that people should be disgusted by contamination or behaviors governed by the carnal passions
Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong argument for legalization, while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?
Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true, but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true
high-context culture
a culture in which there is much consensual information shared among individuals so that much can be understood without it being explicitly explained -asian cultures
According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest?
a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality
market pricing
a form of exchange in which everyone gets out in proportion to what they put in
protect fairness
a moral intuition to attend to whether resources or rights are distributed fairly
Mandia met a friend called Martina in university. Martina's boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink, and makes Martina go to bars with him. Mandia knows that Martina's boyfriend makes her go to bars, but still thinks that Martina goes because she likes to go to bars. The term that best describes Mandia's thoughts is
fundamental attribution error.
People who are especially field dependent tend to be
holistic thinkers.