cell bio ch. 8

___-Type ATPases are ATP-Binding Cassette, they compromise a large superfamily of transport proteins that are related to each other in amino acid sequence and molecular mechanism

ABC

___-Type ATPases transport ions, sugars, amino acids, peptides, and polysaccharides

ABC

____-Type ATPases transport a variety of solutes, but the solute transported is specific to the particular ABC transporter of the superfamily

ABC

F-Type ATPases function to use either the energy from sugar oxidation (respiration) or the energy or solar radiation (phosphorylation) to produce a transmembrane proton gradient that drives ____ ____

ATP synthesis

_-Type ATPases are factor type, are found in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, they have 2 components (integral membrane and peripheral membrane ATPase)

F

_-Type ATPases, are phosphorylation types, reversibly phosphorylated by ATP as part of the transport mechanism, with an aspartic acid residue phosphorylated, located on the plasma membrane, pumps protons and cations

P

there are 4 types of transport ATPases 1. 2. 3. 4.

P-Type, V-Type, F-Type, ABC-Type

Indirect/secondary active transport is a ___/___ symporter

Sodium/Glucose

_ - Type ATPases are vacuole type and pump protons into such organelles as vacuoles, vesicles, lysosomes, endosomes, and golgi complexes. integral membrane protein and a peripheral ATPase

V

____ transport occurs when a substance needs to be transported against a gradient, and goes from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

active

a carrier protein is an ____ protein that alternates between two conformational states, such that the solute binding site of the protein is open or accessible first to one side of the membrane and then the other

allosteric

carrier proteins are _____ to their enzymes in their specificity and kinetics

analogous

indirect active transport is a ____ of calcium and potassium ions

antiport

transmembrane channels that allow the rapid passage of water

aquaporins

active transport always moves solutes ___ from thermodynamic equilibrium, ____ the concentration gradient or ______ the electrochemical potential, and always ____ the input of energy

away, up, against, requires

___ _____ bind one or more solute molecules on one side of the membrane and then undergo a conformational change that transfers the solute to the other side of the membrane

carrier proteins

_____ can either be uniporters, symporters, or antiporters

carriers

transporters are subject to _____ _____

competitive inhibition

the rate of simple diffusion is directly proportional to the ______ ______

concentration gradient

active transports enables the cell to maintain ____, _______ intracellular concentrations of specific inorganic ions

constant, non-equilibrium

____ always moves solutes toward equilibrium

diffusion

depending on the energy source, active transport is regarded as being either ____ or ____

direct, indirect

distinction between active transport and simple or facilitated diffusion concerns _____ __ ______

direction of transports

active transport has ____, it transports a solute across a membrane in one direction and will not transport that solute actively in other direction

directionality

active transport mechanisms can be divided into categories depending on the 1. source of ______ 2. whether or not two solutes are transported _______

energy, concomitantly

simple diffusion is always an ____ process requiring no input of metabolic energy

exergonic

direct or primary active transport is the accumulation of solute molecules/ions on one side of the membrane and is couple directly to an ______ chemical reaction, most commonly the ______ of ATP

exergonic, hydrolysis

if no input of energy is required it is called _____ _____ because the solute still diffuses down the concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

P Type ATPases pump protons and cations are some are ____

flippases

most ion channels are ___, meaning that they open and close in response to some stimulus

gated

example of facilitated diffusion

glucose transport

transporters or permeases are carrier proteins and they have a ___ degree of specificity for the solutes

high

ion channels are ____ selective, allowing the transport of a ____ type of ion

highly, single

channel proteins facilitate diffusion by forming _____ transmembrane channels

hydrophilic

ABC-Type ATPases are either ____ or ____ of molecules

importers, exporters,

transport proteins involved in facilitated diffusion of small molecules are ____ _____ proteins that contain several _______ segments

integral membrane, transmembrane

V type ATPases contain an ____ membrane protein and a ____ ATPase

integral, peripheral

in most cells osmosis makes water move _____ because the concentration of solutes is almost always higher inside a cell than outside

inward

transmembrane proteins that allow rapid passage of specific ions in the direction of the electro-chemical gradient

ion channels

three kinds of transmembrane protein channels

ion channels, porins, aquaporins

Indirect active transport is driven by ___ _____

ion gradients

lipid bilayers are relatively impermeable to ____

ions

porins are larger and ___ specific

less

____ gated channels are triggered by binding specific substrate to channel

ligand

_________ channels respond to mechanical forces that act on the membrane and are triggered by pressure

mechanosensitive

individual molecules are free to diffuse in both directions, but the ____ ____ will always be in the direction of the minimum free energy

net flux

simple and facilitated diffusion are both _____ with respect to the membrane; solute can move either in or out, depending on the concentration gradient

nondirectional

lipid bilayers are permeable to _____ molecules

nonpolar

membranes have a hydrophobic interior, so simple diffusion is good for small, relatively _____ molecules, such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, ethanol, water

nonpolar

_____ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to differences in solute concentrations

osmosis

P Type ATPases are located on the ____ membrane

plasma

transmembrane proteins that allow rapid passage of various solutes, are found in the outer membrane of the mitochondria, chloroplast, and many bacteria.

porins

there are two types of channel proteins 1. 2.

porins, ion channels

F-Type ATPases are involved in _____ transport

proton

V type ATPases ____ protons into organelles

pump

active transport allows various substances to be ____ from the cell or organelle

removed

F-Type ATPases also facilitate ____ process to synthesize ATP

reverse

carrier proteins show ____ kinetics, and the Vmax and Km for a transporter can be determined

saturation

ions associate with water to form a ____ __ _______

shell of hydration

unassisted net movement of a solute from a region of high concentration to a low concentration region

simple diffusion

three different mechanisms involved in the movement of solutes across membranes

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

3 main factors that affect the diffusion of solutes

size, polarity, and charge

generally lipid bilayers are more permeable to ____ molecules than larger molecules

smaller

indirect active transport uses ____ ion if an animal or ____ gradients if a plant/bacteria/fungi for transport

sodium, proton

direct/primary active transport is a ___/___ pump that is a P-Type ATPases

sodium/potassium

some transporters are also _____

stereospecific

Indirect active transport is a ____ of sugars and amino acids

symport

indirect or secondary active transport can be ____ or _____

symport, antiport

active transport provides ___ major functions in cells and organelles

three

molecules that are too large or too polar to cross the membrane can move in and out of cells with the help of ___ ___

transport proteins

active transport is a _____ or _____ process

unidirectional, vectorial

indirect or secondary active transport depends on the co-transport of two solutes with the movement of one solute ____ the concentration gradient driving the movement of the other solute ___ its gradient.

up, down

active transport makes the ____ ____ _____ _____ from the environment possible

uptake of essential nutrients

____ gated channels respond to changes in membrane potential

voltage