Cellular and Molecular Biology

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work. Energy from the sun is transformed by photosentheis organisms into chemical energy in the form of ATP. ATP is an efficient storage molecules for the energy needed for cellular processes. It consist of Nitrogenous base (adenine) a simple sugar (ribose), and three Phosphate group.

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. It is called plasma membrane.

chomatin

A combination of DNA with histones.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A large organization of folded membranes, is reponsible for delivery of lipids and proteins to certain areas within the cystoplasmic. we

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction. Is an organelle surrounded by two lipids bilayer membranes. The nucleus contains chromosomes, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm and nucleoli.

Osmosis

A special process of diffusion occurring only with water molecules.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell. Is instrumental in storing, packaging, and shipping of protein.

energy transformation (Bioenergetics)

All living things require energy. Ultimate, the source of most energy for life on Earth is the sun. Photosentheis organisms (plants, some protists, and some bacteria) are able to harvest solar energy and transform it into chemical energy eventually stored within covalent bonds of molecules.

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Chloroplast

An organelle found in PLANT CELL and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs.

Mitochondria

Are center of cellular respiration ( the process of Breaking up covalent bonds within sugar molecules with the intake of oxygen and. Release of ATP, adenosine tri-phosphate)

Microfilaments

Are double- stranded chains of proteins, which serve to give structure to cell.

Microtubules

Are long, hollow cylindrical protein filaments, which give structure to the cell.

Centrioles

Are structure components of many cells, and are particularly common in animals. Are tubes constructed of a geometrical arrangement of microtubules, but is primarily the formation of structure skeleton around which cells split during mitosis and meiosis.

Ribosomes

Are the site of protein synthesis within cells. Are composed of certain protein molecular and RNA molecules (Ribosomal RNA, or rRNAs).

Nucleosomes

Chromosomes are long chains of subunits called ___________________.

regulatory gene

Code proteins that determine functional or physiological events, such as growth.

structure gene

Code proteins that form organs and structure characteristics.

Eukaryotic cells

Contain membrane-bound intracellular organelles, including a nucleus . The DNA within Eukaryotic is organized into chromosomes.

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy usable by living things

Histones

Each nucleosomes is composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a. Core of small proteins called ___________.

free ribosomes

Float unattached within the cytoplasm.

cellular metabolism

Is a general term that includes all types of energy transportation processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, growth, movement, etc. Energy transformation occurs as chemical are broken apart or synthesized within the cell.

facilitated diffusion

Is another method of transport across the cell membrane. Facilitated diffusion allows for transfer of substances across the membrane.

Endocytosis

Is the process whereby large molecules are taken up into a pocket of membrane.

light microscope

Is useful in examining most cells and some cell organelles (such as the nucleus).

Cystoskeleton

Provides structure support to a cell.

Transcriptions

Refers to the formation of RNA molecule, which corresponds t.o gene

cystoplasmic organelles

Since all of the organelles outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane exist within the cytoplasm.

passive transport

The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy

Diffusion

The process whereby molecules and ions flow through the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Genomes

The sum total of genetic information of many organisms, including human.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic

There are two main types of cells.

Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

Glycolysis

breakdown of the six-carbon sugar (glucose) into smaller carbon- containing molecules yielding ATP. Each molecule of glucose (six carbons) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

Prokaryotes cells

have no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles ( cell components that perform particular functions). DNA on this cell usually forms a alsingle chromosomes which is circular or loop-like and include all bacteria. Plants, Fungi, and animal cells as well as protozoa, are Eukaryotic.

Cell

is the smallest and most basic unit of living things (organisms).

cellular respiration

process that releases energy for the use by the cells. There are several types involving in cellular respiration. Some require Oxygen (aerobic cells) and some do not (anaerobics).

attached ribosomes

proteins that are attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER); proteins to be secreted out are made here.

DNA replication

the process of making a copy of DNA