Cellular respiration

What would be the ATP yield for a molecule that is catabolized to form one molecule of pyruvate in a eukaryotic cell? A. 10 ATP B. 12.5 ATP C. 25 ATP D. 30 ATP E. 32 ATP

B

Which is the best definition for cellular respiration? (p. 120) A) The use of oxygen in a cell. B) The oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy from chemical bonds. C) Production of ATP in a cell. D) Respiration of cells to get energy to survive. E) Reduction of NADH to drive chemical reactions in a cell.

B

Aerobic respiration involves the transfer of many electrons from glucose to electron carriers such as NAD+ over a series of multiple steps. Ultimately though, it is the reaction of glucose with oxygen to generate carbon dioxide, water and energy. Why doesn't glucose react directly with oxygen in cells? A. Oxygen cannot accept electrons, and thus an electron carrier like NAD+ is needed. B. Oxygen and glucose are localized in different subcellular compartments. C. The direct reaction of oxygen with glucose would be extremely destructive to cells. D. The reaction of oxygen with glucose is not spontaneous.

A

As electrons move along the electron transport chain, they lose potential energy. How is the energy that is released used by the cell? A. The energy is used to transport protons against their concentration gradient B. The energy is used to pump electrons along the electron transport chain C. The energy is converted directly into ATP D. The energy is used to pump NAD+ into the cytoplasm so it can be used in glycolysis

A

One way to generate acetyl-CoA is to convert pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by stripping off a C02 molecule. The removal of CO2 is referred to as what type of reaction? A. Decarboxylation B. Glycolytic C. Carboxylation D. Acetylation

A

This process is common to all living cells: A. Glycolysis B. Alcohol fermentation C. The Krebs cycle D. Electron transport chain reactions E. Pyruvate oxidation

A

What aspect of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells? A. Glycolysis B. Pyruvate oxidation C. The Krebs cycle D. The electron transport chain E. ATP synthesis

A

What is the role of NAD+ in the process of cellular respiration? a. It functions as an electron carrier. b. It functions as an enzyme. c. It is the final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration. d. It is a nucleotide source for the synthesis of ATP.

A

What molecule can oxidize NADH? A. Acetaldehyde B. Lactate C. Ubiquinone D. Glucose E. Isocitrate

A

What process must occur to allow amino acids to be catabolized for energy? A) Deamination B) Depurination C) Dephosphorylation D) Dehydration E) Deoxygenation

A

When yeast ferment a product, they create CO2, but animal cells do not. What is the difference in their fermentation strategies? (p. 136) A) Yeast prefer to make ethanol. B) Ethanol has two carbons, while lactate has three. C) Yeast get more energy when they ferment than do animals. D) Animals have a central nervous system which allows for better metabolic decisions. E) Yeast are protists, and do things differently than more-evolved creatures such as animals.

A

Where in a eukaryotic cell does pyruvate oxidation occur? (p. 128) A) In the mitochondrion. B) In the electron transport chain. C) In the cytoplasm, just like in prokaryotes. D) Anywhere in the cell, provided pyruvate dehydrogenase is present. E) Two of the above are locations where pyruvate oxidation occurs.

A

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the oxidation of pyruvate? a. Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the cytoplasm. b. Pyruvate oxidation only occurs if oxygen is present. c. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA. d. Pyruvate oxidation results in the production of NADH.

A

Why are the components of the electron transport chain embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane rather than floating freely in the cytoplasm of mitochondrial matrix? A. To generate and maintain the proton gradient essential for ATP production. B. To separate the ATP from the ADP. C. Because electrons cannot float in the matrix. D. Because NADH cannot localize to the mitochondrial matrix.

A

Why does NAD+ serve as important electron carrier? (p. 121) A) It is readily reduced and oxidized. B) It is insoluble and is stationary within the cell. C) It can accept electrons in a variety of positions along its length. D) It "protects" electrons from winding up in fatty acid precursors where the energy would be wasted. E) All of the above are correct.

A

Why is the energy generated from the catabolism of sugars and other macromolecules ultimately harnessed to generate ATP? A. ATP can be used by cells to drive endergonic reactions B. ATP can be used to make RNA, which is an energy storage molecule in the cell C. ATP synthesis is an exergonic reaction D. ATP is required to generate the proton gradient in the intermembrane space of mitochondria

A

Protein catabolism

After protein is broken down into peptide and amino acid by hydrolysis. The nitrogen-containing side group is removed by deamination. The remaining molecule will the join Glycolysis or Krebs cycle. For example: glutamate and beta-ketoglutarate

A chemical agent that makes holes in the inner membrane of the mitochondria would: a. stop the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain. b. stop ATP synthesis. c. stop the Krebs cycle. d. all of the above.

B

A human cell has a mutation in the gene that encodes the enzyme that generates lactate from pyruvate, rendering that enzyme completely non-functional. Assuming that there is ample glucose present, how would this cell generate energy in the presence of oxygen? A. Glycolysis coupled with ethanol fermentation B. Aerobic respiration C. Primarily through the break down of proteins into amino acids D. This cell would have no way to generate energy under these conditions because it cannot carry out the reactions needed for glycolysis

B

For one molecule of glucose, what is the maximum number of ATP molecules created directly from the Krebs cycle? (p. 134) A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

B

Glucose is not our only food source, nor the only one we can utilize in our bodies to generate energy. Other primary sources of energy include other sugars, proteins, and fats. What metabolic intermediate are fats primarily converted into? A. Pyruvate B. Acetyl-CoA C. Krebs cycle intermediates D. Electron transport chain components E. ATP Synthase

B

If you take into account the amount of ATP generated by ATP synthase per molecule of NADH produced in aerobic respiration, the net number of ATP molecules produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, and the fact that NADH molecules produced in the cytoplasm have to be transported into the mitochondria, what is the predicted energy yield of glycolysis in eukaryotic cells? A. 2 ATP B. 5 ATP C. 7 ATP D. 32 ATP E. 30 ATP

B

Many types of cancer cells have been detected to secrete significant levels of lactate. Do you think these cells are likely undergoing beta-oxidation? A. Yes, because beta-oxidation can generate intermediates that would lead to the production of lactate. B. No, because if lactate is being produced, the cell is not likely making use of the pathways needed to make use of the products of beta-oxidation. C. Yes, because lactate stimulates beta-oxidation. D. No, because lactate is consumed in beta-oxidation

B

Phosphofructokinase is regulated by a number of factors, including high levels of ATP. Why is this enzyme regulated by ATP levels? A. If ATP levels are high, this provides a mechanism to directly inhibit the Krebs cycle, thus preventing further generation of NADH, FADH2 and ATP molecules that are not needed. B. If ATP levels are high, it is important to directly inhibit the reaction that commits the substrate to glycolysis to allow the substrate to be available for other reactions, since the cell has ample energy. C. If ATP levels are high, it is important to inhibit ATP synthase, and phosphofructokinase directly inhibits ATP synthase. D. If ATP levels are high, this provides a mechanism to directly inhibit the electron transport chain, thus preventing the formation of a proton gradient in the intermembrane space of mitochondria.

B

The direct source of energy for the ATP produced by ATP synthase comes from: a. the electron transport chain. b. the proton gradient. c. substrate-level phosphorylation. d. the oxidation reactions occurring during respiration.

B

The majority of the ATP produced during aerobic respiration is made by— a. the electrons carried by NADH b. the movement of hydrogen ions through an ATP synthase enzyme c. substrate-level phosphorylation d. autophosphorylation

B

True or False: The purpose of fermentation is to make ethanol. (p. 137) A) True B) False

B

What are the products of one turn of the Krebs cycle? A. 1 CO2, 2 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP B. 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP C. 2 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP D. 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP E. 4 CO2, 12 NADH, 4 FADH2, 4 ATP

B

What evidence supports the idea that glycolysis evolved early in the history of life? a. Glucose is a simple molecule. b. The reaction of glycolysis is common to all living things. c. Glycolysis requires few steps compared with other reactions. d. All of the above.

B

What important metabolic intermediate does not cross the inner membrane of the mitochondria? A. ATP B. Acetyl-CoA C. Pyruvate D. Oxygen

B

What is different about the way that NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the electron transport chain? A. NADH is oxidized and FADH2 is reduced. B. NADH contributes its electrons to the first transmembrane complex in the electron transport chain and FADH2 contributes its electrons after the first transmembrane complex. C. More protons are transported into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria in response to one molecule of FADH2 as compared to the number of protons transported in response to one molecule of NADH. D. The electrons from NADH ultimately go on to reduce oxygen to generate water, whereas the electrons from FADH2 are used to reduce pyruvate to lactate.

B

What is the net number of ATP generated directly during glycolysis per molecule of glucose? A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 E. 8

B

What is/are the product(s) of pyruvate oxidation? (p. 128) A) O2 B) Acetyl-CoA C) NAD+ D) ATP E) All of the above are created during pyruvate oxidation

B

What stage of cellular respiration can occur in human cells with or without oxygen present? A. The Krebs cycle B. Glycolysis C. The electron transport chain D. Pyruvate oxidation

B

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding cellular respiration? a. Enzymes catalyze reactions that transfer electrons. b. Electrons have a higher potential energy at the end of the process. c. Carbon dioxide gas is a byproduct. d. The process involves multiple redox reactions.

B

Which of the following is most directly responsible for creation of ATP at the mitochondrial inner membrane? (p. 132) A) Vast quantities of NADH. B) A proton gradient. C) A lot of FADH2 in the cell. D) Movement of electrons along the membrane itself. E) The activity of NADH dehydrogenase.

B

Which of the following statements is false? (p. 124) A) Some ATP is consumed in glycolysis. B) Glycolysis releases two pyruvate and two CO2 molecules. C) Some ATP is created through substrate-level phosphorylation. D) Overall, glycolysis releases energy and is thus termed exergonic. E) All of the above statements are true.

B

Why is fermentation an important metabolic function in cells? a. It generates glucose for the cell in the absence of O2. b. It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ . c. It oxidizes pyruvate. d. It produces ATP.

B

Yeast cells that have mutations in genes that encode enzymes in glycolysis can still grow on glycerol. They are able to utilize glycerol because it: a. enters glycolysis after the step affected by the mutation. b. can feed into the Krebs cycle and generate ATP via electron transport and chemiosmosis. c. can be utilized by fermentation. d. can donate electrons directly to the electron transport chain.

B

f citrate levels are high in the cell, but ATP levels are low, what do you think will happen in the cell? A. In the presence of glucose, glycolysis will run to generate energy for the cell, but the Krebs cycle will be inhibited. B. Glycolysis will be inhibited, but the Krebs cycle will be functional, allowing it to be utilized to breakdown acetyl-CoA generated from beta-oxidation. C. The electron transport chain will be inhibited, causing a build-up of NADH and FADH2. This will inhibit the Krebs cycle, but in the presence of glucose, glycolysis will still run coupled with fermentation to regenerate NAD+. D. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle will both be inhibited, thus under these conditions there will be no mechanism to generate ATP.

B

hy must NAD+ be present during glycolysis? (p. 125) A) It creates pyruvate directly from glucose. B) A glycolysis intermediate must be oxidized in order to receive a phosphate so that substrate-level phosphorylation may occur. C) It powers the electron transport chain. D) It is a coenzyme which allows the 6 carbons of glucose to separate from each other, leading to two three-carbon products. E) This is a trick question: NAD+ is only involved in the Krebs cycle.

B

uring what step of glycolysis are two ATP molecules required? A. Cleavage and rearrangement B. Glucose priming C. Oxidation D. Pyruvate formation E. Acetyl-CoA formation

B

. How many oxidation reactions occur during the Krebs cycle? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5 E. 8

C

. Regardless of the electron or hydrogen acceptor used, one of the products of fermentation is always: A. ADP B. ATP C. NAD+ D. pyruvate E. alcohol

C

. The energy associated with a molecule of glucose is stored in its— a. Proton b. Electron c. chemical bond

C

A biochemist wants to control the initial substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs in the tracheal cells of grasshoppers once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane. He has access to the following inhibitors: Rotenone - an electron transport chain inhibitor, Oligomycin - an ATP synthase inhibitor, and TLN-232, an inhibitor of glycolysis. Which inhibitor should he use to slow down initial substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs once glucose has crossed the plasma membrane? A. Rotenone B. Oligomycin C. TLN-232 D. None of these inhibitors would be effective in preventing substrate-level phosphorylation

C

All of the reactions of cellular respiration that occur after glycolysis take place in what part of the eukaryotic cell? A. The chloroplast B. The nucleus C. The mitochondria D. The plasma membrane E. The cytoplasm

C

Catabolism of fatty acids results in the production of— a. pyruvate b. glucose c. acetyl-CoA d. citrate

C

Cytochromes contain a heme group similar to that in hemoglobin. The iron atom (Fe) in the center of the group can be oxidized and reduced. If someone was suffering from iron deficiency anemia, what stage of cellular respiration would be most affected? A. Glycolysis B. The Krebs cycle C. The electron transport chain D. Fermentation

C

How and where is ATP made in a eukaryotic cell? A. ATP is only made in the mitochondria in response to chemiosmosis. B. ATP is made in all compartments of the cell in response to endergonic reactions and is used to drive exergonic reactions in the cell. C. ATP can be made by direct phosphorylation of ADP in the cytoplasm, and by an enzyme complex that uses the energy from a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. It can also be made in other locations in the cell, depending on the cell type. D. ATP can be made by an enzyme complex that uses the energy of protons moving down their concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytoplasm to make the ATP.

C

How is ATP produced by glycolysis? a. Through the priming reactions b. Through the production of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate c. By substrate-level phosphorylation d. As a result of the reduction of NAD+ to NADH

C

If ATP synthase had a mutation in the F1 complex portion of the protein, what function of ATP synthase would most likely be affected? A. The rotation of the rotor. B. The flow of protons through the channel. C. The conversion of ADP and Pi to ATP. D. The insertion of the enzyme into the membrane.

C

In aerobic respiration, chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by: A. Pi transfer through the plasma membrane. B. the Na+/K+ pump. C. a difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane. D. osmosis of macromolecules. E. large quantities of ADP.

C

In the absence of oxygen, can cells utilize the electron transport chain? A. Yes, all cells can make use of the electron transport chain in the absence of oxygen via fermentation. B. No, oxygen is a required cofactor for the complexes in the electron transport chain. C. Yes, in the case that a cell can use a terminal electron acceptor other than oxygen, it can make use of the electron transport chain. D. No, oxygen is the primary electron acceptor in electron transport chains in all cell types.

C

In the reaction catalyzed by aconitase, the conversion of citrate to isocitrate is inhibited by fluoroacetate. Fluoroacetate is used as a pesticide. Why is this an effective pesticide? A. It inhibits glycolysis B. It inhibits pyruvate oxidation C. It inhibits the Krebs cycle D. It inhibits the electron transport chain E. It inhibits ATP synthase

C

Some diet regimens claim to operate by excluding some chemicals from the food consumed. People who abstain from eating certain foods don't simply run out of energy and die. Choose the most plausible answer for why they don't. (p. 139) A) They create all the enzymes they need after ingesting the food. B) Macromolecules have an inherent property of stimulating the enzymes required for their degradation for energy. C) Oxidation pathways of food molecules are interrelated to such an extent that enzymes can link their breakdown from different starting points. D) Life is so inventive and versatile that natural selection can take over and bind organic pathways to allow the organism to survive. E) The genetic instructions in an organism are so complex that it's possible to create new enzymes when required.

C

To form NADH from NAD+, two electrons and a proton are removed from an organic molecule. What term best describes the reaction in which electrons and a proton are removed from an organic molecule? A. Condensation B. Reduction C. Dehydrogenation D. Decarboxylation E. Isomerization

C

What happens to the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2? a. They are pumped into the intermembrane space. b. They are transferred to the ATP synthase. c. They are moved between proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. d. They are transported into the matrix of the mitochondrion.

C

What oxidizing agent is used to temporarily store high energy electrons harvested from glucose molecules in a series of gradual steps in the cytoplasm? A. FADH2 B. ADP C. NAD+ D. Oxygen

C

When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that: A. NAD+ is converted into NADH. B. ATP is converted into ADP plus a phosphate group. C. ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group. D. NADH is converted into NAD+ plus a proton.

C

Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis? a. ATP b. Pyruvate c. CO2 d. NADH

C

What is common to all of the oxidation reactions in the Krebs cycle? A. They all lead to the generation of NADH. B. They are all decarboxylation reactions. C. They are all characterized by a loss of electrons from an organic molecule coupled to the reduction of an electron acceptor. D. They all lead to substrate-level phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP.

C. They are all characterized by a loss of electrons from an organic molecule coupled to the reduction of an electron acceptor.

Cellular respiration eqn

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O +ATP

Arsenic poisoning can lead to organ failure and death. Though arsenic can inhibit or interfere with a number of cellular enzymes, arsenic poisoning is thought to be mainly due to indirect inhibition of enzymes involved in both pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle. As a result, this compound must be able to enter what cellular compartment? A. The cytoplasm B. The nucleus C. The intermembrane space of the mitochondria D. The mitochondrial matrix E. The endoplasmic reticulum

D

As a forensic pathologist, you have just completed an autopsy of a poisoning victim. After a thorough examination, you conclude that the victim died of cyanide poisoning. You know that cyanide binds to the cytochrome oxidase complex, and therefore list the official cause of death as suffocation due to cyanide exposure. However, if you wanted to provide a more technical explanation as to the cause of death, what process was specifically inhibited directly by cyanide? A. The reduction of NAD+ B. The oxidation of FADH2 C. All proton pumping into the intermembrane space D. The formation of water from oxygen E. ATP synthesis

D

Can cellular respiration occur in the absence of O2? a. No, O2 is required as the final electron acceptor. b. No, anaerobic organisms only need glycolysis and fermentation. c. Yes, because oxygen can be generated by splitting H2O. d. Yes, but only when another final electron acceptor is available.

D

Cardiac muscle cells need to generate significant amounts of ATP to allow for constant contractile activity. As a result, they primarily depend upon beta-oxidation of fatty acids, which has a higher energy yield than the catabolism of glucose. What would be the ATP yield for beta-oxidation of a hypothetical 10-carbon fatty acid? A. 32 ATP B. 35 ATP C. 50 ATP D. 62 ATP E. 65 ATP

D

How many CO2 molecules are released specifically from the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule consumed? (p. 131) A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 6

D

If you take into account the amount of ATP generated by ATP synthase per molecule of NADH and per molecule of FADH2 produced, and the number of ATP molecules produced by substrate-level phosphorylation, what is the predicted energy yield of the Krebs cycle, per molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells? A. 1 ATP B. 2 ATP C. 10 ATP D. 20 ATP E. 30 ATP

D

In glycolysis, a major portion of the energy remains in the final product, which is called: A. Glucose B. Citrate C. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) D. Pyruvate

D

It is thought that the oldest stage of cellular respiration from an evolutionary perspective is: A. The Krebs cycle B. The electron transport chain C. Fermentation D. Glycolysis

D

Many of the antiviral drugs currently used to treat HIV/AIDS also interfere with an enzyme that helps mitochondria multiply. Treatment can therefore result in a decrease in the number of mitochondria found in certain tissues. Given this information, what might you expect to see in patients treated with antiviral drugs? A. An increase in oxidative phosphorylation B. An increase in phosphofructokinase activity C. An increase in NADH dehydrogenase activity D. An increase in lactic acid levels

D

The Krebs cycle occurs in which region of a mitochondrion? a. The inner membrane b. The intermembrane space c. The outer membrane d. The matrix

D

The energy released in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is used to transport protons where? A. Into the mitochondrial matrix B. Into the cytoplasm C. Into the endoplasmic reticulum D. Into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria E. Into the nucleus

D

What happens to the oxygen that is used in cellular respiration? A. It is converted to carbon dioxide B. It is used to make glucose C. It is used to make Krebs cycle intermediates D. It is reduced to form water E. It is converted to acetyl-CoA

D

What is the name of the mechanism by which pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited by the end-product of the biochemical pathway? (p. 135) A) Anabolism B) Catabolism C) Regulation D) Negative inhibition E) Regurgitation

D

What is the oxidized form of the most common electron carrier that is needed for both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? A. ATP B. FAD C. pyruvate D. NAD+ E. acetyl-CoA

D

What must happen to amino acids before they can be used in catabolic reactions? A. They must be decarboxylated B. They must be deoxygenated C. They must be dehydrogenated D. They must be deaminated

D

When oxygen is unavailable during heavy exercise what process do muscle cells use for energy generation? A. Glycolysis coupled with alcohol fermentation B. Anaerobic respiration C. Aerobic respiration D. Glycolysis coupled with lactate fermentation

D

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur in eukaryotic cells? A. In the cytoplasm B. In the nucleus C. In the Golgi body D. In the mitochondria E. In the plasma membrane

D

Which of the following argues most strongly for glycolysis as one of the most primitive biochemical pathway? (p. 140) A) It does not require oxygen in order to function. B) It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. C) It is exergonic, and therefore obeys the laws of thermodynamics which are fundamental to chemistry and physics. D) The amino acid sequence for enzymes of this pathway are almost identical in all living creatures. E) There is no evidence that glycolysis is primitive

D

Which of the following processes is(are) required for the complete oxidation of glucose? a. The Krebs cycle b. Glycolysis c. Pyruvate oxidation d. All of the above

D

Why is it misleading to say "when completely oxidized, each glucose molecule results in the production of 36 ATP molecules"? (p. 134) A) Because of the efficiency of chemiosmosis, the result is actually much higher. B) FADH2 actually consumes some ATP. C) The cell membrane is somewhat leaky to H+ ions. D) The proton gradient can facilitate other tasks besides ATP synthesis. E) You have to add in ATP produced during glycolysis, which has nothing to do with oxidation.

D

Your friend is having difficulty keeping track of the energy flow from glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and electron transport. Your best advice would be to: A. follow ATP production. B. follow the protons. C. follow NAD+ production. D. follow the electrons.

D

Primitive prokaryotes probably used H2S instead of water as a source of electrons. What would have been released into the environment as photosynthesis occurred? A) Gaseous hydrogen B) Liquid hydrogen C) Water D) HS E) Sulfur

E

The equation for cellular respiration is: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O. At what specific point in the cellular respiration process has glucose been broken down completely from a six carbon molecule to 6 molecules of CO2? A. During the priming reactions in glycolysis B. During the oxidation and ATP formation reactions in glycolysis C. During pyruvate oxidation D. During the condensation reaction in the Krebs cycle E. During the second oxidation in the Krebs cycle

E

What is an end-product of glycolysis? A. Oxaloacetate B. NAD+ C. Alcohol D. ADP E. Pyruvate

E

What products result from the complete oxidation of glucose? (p. 124) A) CO2 B) ATP C) NADH D) FADH2 E) All of these result from glucose oxidation.

E

Which of the following serve as control points to regulate the rate of glucose catabolism? (p. 135) A) Phosphofructokinase. B) Pyruvate dehydrogenase. C) The electron transport chain. D) All of the above E) a and b only.

E

fat catabolism

Fats are broken down into fatty acid and glycerol by hydrolysis. Enzymes remove the 2Carbon acetyl group from the end of each fatty acid until the entire fatty acid is converted into acetyl group. Each acetyl join with coA becoming acetyl-coA

Where are ATP produced through cellular respiration?

Produced through oxidative phosphorylation. More produced than in glycolysis

Where are ATP produced through in glycolysis?

Produced through substratelevel phosphorylation

Suppose the F1 complexes (catalytic heads) of ATP synthase are all enzymatically removed (say, by cutting the stalk which holds it to the F0 transmembrane region). What consequence is most logical? (p. 133) A) Negative feedback will be decreased, causing faster ATP production. B) The electron transport chain will slow down. C) The cell will have no mechanism to make ATP and will die. D) Protons will quickly equilibrate between the matrix and intermembrane space. E) All of the above will occur

d

When amino acids are degraded in cells, into what intermediate(s) of the aerobic respiration process are the carbon skeletons of amino acids primarily converted? A. Pyruvate B. Acetyl-CoA C. Krebs cycle intermediates D. Pyruvate and acetyl-CoA E. Pyruvate and Krebs cycle intermediates

e