Cellular respiration, Cellular Respiration
Pyruvic Acid (aka pyruvate):
A 3-carbon molecule that results from the splitting of glucose.
Fermentation:
A type of anaerobic respiration that allows ATP to be made through glycolysis.
2. What is ATP and what does it provide?
ATP is adenosine triphosphate and it provides energy in a form cells can use.
10. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? Which process creates the most ATP?
Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration takes place without oxygen present. Aerobic respiration produces the most ATP.
The gas released during lactic acid fermentation is carbon dioxide.
Alcoholic
What four cell processes do all living cells need energy for?
Breaking down food, cell reproduction, synthesizing organic molecules, actively transporting materials in and out of cell.
Write the chemical equation for aerobic respiration below
C6H12O6 + 6O2 Æ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
In the Krebs Cycle, pyruvic acid from glycolysis is used to make oxygen.
Carbon dioxide
3. Describe the process of cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process where organisms use oxygen to break down the glucose in food to produce ATP energy, carbon dioxide, and water. Energy from organic molecules is converted to ATP energy.
Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondria of the cell.
Cytoplasm
ATP (adenine triphosphate):
Energy-carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes.
Glycolysis:
First stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is split, in the absence of oxygen, to form two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid) and two (net) molecules of ATP.
Yeast is a type of bacteria.
Fungi
Fermentation is always the first phase in cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
4. Describe the process of glycolysis.
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, NADH, and 2 molecules of ATP.
5. What are two advantages of glycolysis?
It is very fast at supplying ATP energy to cells and does not require oxygen.
6. What process occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is available for cellular respiration?
Krebs Cycle
Yogurt, cheese, and other foods are produced through alcoholic fermentation.
Lactic acid
The majority of cellular respiration takes place in the nucleus of cells.
Mitochondria
NADH:
Molecule that acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration.
Mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria):
Organelle in eukaryotic cells that makes energy available to the cell in the form of ATP molecules.
Without carbon dioxide and food, cells cannot create ATP to power life processes.
Oxygen
Cellular Respiration:
Process in which cells break down glucose and make ATP for energy.
Write the chemical equation for alcoholic fermentation below.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH Æ Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Write the chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation below.
Pyruvic Acid + NADH Æ Lactic acid + NAD+
14. Summarize the process of alcoholic fermentation.
Pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis is converted to alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+
Krebs Cycle:
Second stage of aerobic respiration in which two pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules from the first stage react to form ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC):
Series of electron transport molecules that pass high-energy electrons from molecule to molecule and capture their energy.
9. If 10 glucose molecules enter the Krebs Cycle, how many possible molecules of ATP can be produced?
Show your work. 10 x 36 = 360 molecules of ATP
Glucose:
Simple carbohydrate with the chemical formula C6H12O6 that is the nearly universal food for life.
8. What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?
The electron transport chain transports high-energy electrons supplied by the Krebs Cycle to carrier molecules to convert ADP to ATP molecules.
13. Why do you feel a sore burning sensation in your muscles when you exercise strenuously?
The lactic acid byproduct of lactic acid fermentation builds up in muscle cells and causes this sensation.
ADP (adenine diphosphate):
The molecule that results from dephosphorylation (a phosphate group is removed).
7. Describe what occurs during the Krebs Cycle.
The products of pyruvic acid and NADH of glycolysis are converted to carbon dioxide, 2 molecules of ATP, and electron carriers.
11. Summarize the process of lactic acid fermentation.
The pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis is converted to alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+. No carbon dioxide is produced.
Anaerobic respiration creates less ATP energy than aerobic respiration.
True
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration.
True
If oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by fermentation.
True
The Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain both take place in the mitochondria.
True
Anaerobic Respiration:
Type of cellular respiration that does not require oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration:
Type of cellular respiration that requires oxygen.
15. What is yeast and why is it used for making bread?
Yeast undergoes alcoholic fermentation when no oxygen is available. When used in breads, the yeast breaks down the sugar anaerobically and release carbon dioxide and alcohol. The carbon dioxide released in gas bubbles is what give bread its airy texture and the alcohol evaporates.
12. What foods are made with lactic acid produced by prokaryotic bacteria?
Yogurt, cheeses, buttermilk, sour cream, and pickles.