Central and peripheral nervous system

how does meninges protect the CNS

3 layers of connective tissue forming membranes that cover the surface of brain and spinal cord

what are the structures that protect the central nervous system

Bone, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

what is the function of the sensory (Afferent) division and what does it divide into and the function of those

Carries signals from nerve endings to the CNS. it has two types, Somatic Sensory: carries signals from skin, bones, joints and muscle, visceral sensory: carries signals from internal organs

Sensory Nerve

Carry impulses to CNS and only contains sensory neurons an example is the auditory nerve which carries information (sound and balance) from the ear into the CNS

Alzheimer's disease causes sysmtopms

Caused by brain cell death and symptoms include reduced ability to take in and remember new information, impairments to reasoning, complex tasking, and exercising judgment, impaired visuospatial abilities, impaired speaking, reading and writing and changes in personality and behavior

causes of Parkinson's disease

Caused by low and falling dopamine levels and dopamine-generating cells (dopaminergic neurons) have died

Mixed Nerve

Contains fibers that carry impulses away and to the CNS so it contain both sensory and motor neurons, an example is the vagus nerve which controls the muscle for voice

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the heart and why

S: Increases rate and strength of contraction, in order to get more blood circulating to muscles in order to move better, P: decreases rate and strength of contraction to conserve energy

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the blood vessels and why? in general

S: blood vessels in things involved in strenuous activity dilate (skeletal muscle, heart, liver, lungs), blood vessels not involved in fight or flight activity constrict (kidney, stomach, intestines and skin), P: little effect on blood vessels in skin or internal organs and no effect on blood vessels in skeletal muscle

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the salivary gland and why?

S: decrease secretion of saliva, P: increase in production of saliva

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​​ on the intestines and why?

S: decreases movement, in order to redirect blood flow and energy to muscles, P: increases movement

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the iris and why?

S: dilate, P:constrict

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the lungs and why?

S: dilates bronchioles, P: constricts bronchioles

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the adrenal medual and why?

S: increase hormone secretion (adrenaline and noradrenaline which intensify and prolong fight or flight response), P: no effect

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the liver and why?

S: increases breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose, to increase energy for action, P: increases uptake of glucose and synthesis glycogen

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the sweat gland and why?

S: increases sweat secretion, P: no effect

what is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic​ on the uniary bladder and why?

S: relax muscles wall, P: constricts muscle of wall

how does cerebrospinal fluid protect the CNS

Shock absorber

Cell replacement therapy and the nervous system

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells which makes them ideal for producing replacement tissues for damaged cells in the nervous system, In regard to Parkinson's disease they replace dying neurons with healthy neuronal tissue, In pilot studies embryonic stem cells are transplanted into damaged areas and survived and grew and established connections with adjacent neurons

what are the division in the autonomic motor/divisions

Sympathetic division: prepares the body for action (fight or flight), Parasympathetic division: has a calming effect (peace maker)

describe the foldings in the cerebrum

The foldings produces round ridges (convolutions or gyri/gyrus), the convolutions are separated by either shallow down folds: sulci or deep down folds: fissures

what does a interneurones do, where is it located and what else is it called :)

The link sensory and motor neurones, located in the CNS. also called connector, association or relay neurones

Components of a simple spinal reflex arc and how the work together

The receptor is the end of sensory neuron or specialized cells associated with the end of a sensory neutron, which reacts to changes in external or internal environment by initiating a nerve impulse in the sensory neutron which carries impulses from receptors to CNS. The impulse then reaches at least 1 synapse where it passes either to a mother connector neutron or/then to a motor neuron which carries nerve impulses to an effector (muscle cells or secretory cells) which receives impulses and carry out appropriate responses

composition and location of white

White matter is myelinated fibers and is in the inside of the brain and outside of spinal cord.

what is deep inside the cerebrum*

additional grey matter called basal ganglia

Functions of the medulla oblongata

automatically adjusts body systems through its centres, cardiac centre: regulates the rate and force of heart beat, respiratory centre: controls rate and depth of breathing, vasomotor centre: regulates diameter of blood vessels, other centres: regulate reflexes of swallowing, sneezing, coughing and vomiting. centresmare influenced and controlled by higher centres in the brain like the hypothalamus

how does CSF support nervous system

brain is suspended inside cranium and floats in the CSF

what are tracts

bundles of nerve fibres in CNS

how does CFS protect the nervous system

by acting as a shock absorber between middle and inner layers of the meninges

what is the function of the Motor (Efferent/) division and what does it divide into and the function of those

carries signals from CNS to rest of body, it has two divisions, Somatic motor/division: allows voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, Autonomic motor/division: pcontrols involuntary activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain gland, it divide into the parasympathetic division which has a calming effect and the sympathetic division which arouses the body for action

Motor nerves

carry impulses away from the CNS, it only contains motor neurons, as example is the trochlear nerve which rotates the eyeball

what does a sensory neurone do and what else is it called :)

carry messages from receptors to the CNS. also called receptors neurones

what does a motor neurone do and what else is it called :)

carry messages from the CNS to muscles and glands. also called effector neurones

what does CSF look like

clear, watery fluid containing few cells, glucose, protein, urea, salts

Functions of the corpus callosum

communication between the two cerebral hemispheres

Endocrine system functions

consists of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into blood stream that target a tissue and alter its functioning in someway

cell body

contains nucleus and organelles that control the functioning of the cell

what is the corpus callosum composition and function

contains white matter that joins the two cerebral hemispheres

what is the Autonomic Divisions function

controls involuntary activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands. This includes regulates heart rate, blood pressure, body tempretuere, digestion, release of energy, pupil diameter, air flow to the lungs, defecation and urination

Functions of a nervous system

detects changes in external and internal environment, receptors detect stimuli in enviornment. conveys nerve impulses from receptors to brain. analyses sensory input from various receptors, stores information about previous sensory input, integrates information. conveys nerve impulse from the brain along motor neurons to effectors to bring about a response

Functions of the cerebellum

exercises control over posture, balance and fine coordination of voluntary muscle movement (DOES NOT INITIATE MOVEMENT), but without it our movements would be spasmodic, jerky and uncontrolled

what are the 5 sections of the cerebral hemisphere and what divides it

fissures and sulci subdivide each cerebral hemisphere into, frontal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobes, Parietal lobe and the insula which is deep inside the brain

neurilemma

found around mylin sheath and is formed out of schwann cells, it helps repair injured fibres, is only in PNS

node rainier

gaps which occur at intervals along myelin sheath

composition and location of grey matter

grey matter is nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers and is in the outside of brain and inside of the spinal cord.

ganglia

group of nerve cell bodies outside the brain or spianl cord, singular ganglion

ganglia

groups of nerve cells bodies

Functions of the hypothalamus

homeostasis, maintaining a constant environment for the cells, this includes, regulation of the autonomic nervous system, body temperature, food and water intake, patterns of waking and sleeping, concentration of the urinary bladder, emotional responses and the secretion of hormones and coordination of the endocrine system which includes controling metabolism, growth, reproduction and response to stress

functions of myline sheath

insulator, protects axon, speeds up movement of nerve impulses along axon

Functions of the cerebrum

involved in mental activities such as thinking, reasoning, learning, memory, intelligence and sense of responsibility, concerned with perception of senses and initiates control of voluntary muscle contraction

unipolar neuron structure

it has one extension that is an axon, the cell body is to one side of the axon, most sensory neurons that carry messages to spinal cord are unipolar

Structure of the spinal cord

it is a cylindrical structure of nervous tissue containing white matter on the outside and grey on the inside. In the middle of the cord in the central canal which contains CSF.

what encloses the spinal cord

it is enclosed in the vertebral canal, and inside the ring of bone there are the three minge layers, between the last layer and the bone is containing fat, connective tissue and blood vessels

what is the cerebrum

it is the biggest part of the brain and contains both grey and white matter. it is folded

the cerebrum has two sides called the...

left and right cerebral hemisphere

axon

long extension of cytoplasm away

peripheral nervous system nerves

motor nerves, sensory nerves, mixed

what is the structure of motor and connector neurones :)

multipolar nerone

types of nerve structure

multipolar neuron, bipolar neuron, unipolar neuron

is the brain involved in spinal reflects

no ,but whilst response occurring, impulses travel up spinal cord to brain and only after the response does the person become consciously aware of the situation, due to the fast speed of reflex and longer time taken for brain to be made aware

please draw the three types of neurones

ok!

bipolar neuron structure

one axon and one dendrite, both axon and dendrite may have multiple branches at their ends, in eye ear nose where they take impulses from receptors to other neurons

multipolar neuron structure

one axon, multiple dendrites extending from cell body, most motor and connector neuron

Functions of the spinal cord

provide a pathway for communication between muscles and glands and the brain, swell as integration of automatic protective reflexes

why the brain can't be involved in simple spinal arc

reflex occurs very quickly because its a protective mechanism that makes sure our bodies react quickly to situations to minimize damage to the body, If we waited for our brains to become aware of the situation and then take action we would damage our bodies allowing them to be exposed to the danger too long

one job of the hypothalamus is to regulate the automatic nervous system, this involves...

regulation of heart beat, blood pressure, secretion of digestive juices, movements of the alimentary canal, diameter of the eye pupil

Three types of functioning areas in the cerebral cortex

sensory areas: which interpret impulses from receptors, motor areas: control muscular movements, association areas: concerned with intellectual and emotional processes

dendrites

short extensions of cytoplasm of a nerve cell carry nerve impulses towards cell body

Functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

support, protection, transport

how does CSF help the nervous system with transport

takes nutrients to the cells of the brain and spinal cord and carries their wastes away, it circulates through cavities in the brain and through a canal in the center of the spinal cord.

structural and functional difference between central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

the CNS is the control center, brain and spinal cord. The PNS is nerve fibers that carry information to and from the CNS.

how does bone protect the CNS

the brain is protected by the cranium and the spinal cord protected by the vertebrae Cerebrospinal fluid • Shock absorber, cushions blows to the CNS

what regulates the autonomic division

the hypothalamu and medulla oblongata and it usual operates without conscious control

what is the cerebral cortex

the outer part of the cerebrum, composes of grey matter that is 2-4mm thick and contains 70% of all the neurons in the CNS

what is the function of the fat, connective tissue and blood vessels around the spinal cord

to act as padding and allow cord to bend when spine is bent

why is the cerebral cortex folded

to increase surface area

Functions of the meninges

to protect the central nervous system, it is the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, it has three layers of connective tissue

symptoms of parkinson's disease

tremors, slow movement, stiff and inflexible muscles, impaired posture and balance, gait problems, reduced facial expression, cognitive impairment, anxiety and depression, sleep difficulties, loss of sense of smell, constipation, voice becomes quieter, swallowing problems, writing problems and vision difficulties

what are the three types of tracts in the white matter

type one:connect areas of cortex within same hemisphere, type two: carry impulses between left and right hemisphere, type three: connect cortex to other parts of the brain or spinal cord

what is the structure of a sensory neurone :)

unipolar neurone

common Nervous and endocrine system :)

whether working together or independently they co-ordinate and control the activities of all the body's cells

what enables messages to travel up and down the spinal cord

white matter is arranged into tracts, ascending tracts: sensory axons that carry sensory impulses upwards, towards the brain, descending tracts: contain motor axons that conduct motor impulses downwards, away from the brain

what is below the cerebral cortex

white matter, within this this the basal ganglia, this is part of the cerebrum

what is Myelin sheath and what are the types

white, fatty sheath that surrounds some nerve fibres, produced by schwann cells, myelinated fibres: neve fibres with myelin sheath, unmyelinated fibres : without schwann cells only in PNS so only nerve in PNS can be mylinated

please draw or recall the structural and functional divisions of the nervous system :)

you have the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. the CNS divided into the brain and spinal cord. The PNS divides into the sensory (afferent) division and the motor (efferent) division. The sensory division divides into the somatic sensory and the visceral sensory. The motor division divides into the somatic motor and autonomic motor. The autonomic motor divides into sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.