CG Final

Dworkin & Wachs - gender and body

"Increasingly, Americans are being sold on a fitness ideal — not just thin but toned, not just muscular but cut"; men's and women's health and fitness magazines; men's growing body panic from "fears of social feminization" and "a backlash to feminism"; renewed focus on physical marks of masculinity

Gender Revolution

"a natural ebb and flow of social change"; the world used to be in 2 categories; used to be changing gender roles, now the idea of gender is being challenged

Sunna

(1/3 female genital surgery) aka female circumcision (but affects pleasure); comes from the Arabic word for "religious duty"; done to girls ages 4-14 and some infants; involves removing both the sheath and the tip of the clitoris; increases medical complications

Clitoridectomy

(2/3 female genital surgery) aka excision; in which the entire clitoris and parts of the labia minora are removed; decreases female pleasure/premarital sex and increases pain and danger in childbirth

Infibulation

(3/3 female genital surgery) the most radical form of genital surgery; performed on girls 5-8; the clitoris and labia minora are removed, next the flesh of the labia majora is scraped raw and sewn together to form a hood over the vagina, with a small opening left for urination and menstruation, and the girl is kept immobile until the labia grow together; when married, an opening is cut to permit intercourse (sometimes deliberately made extremely small to increase male sexual pleasure, although this makes intercourse painful for women); Husbands may order their wives resewn when they travel.

Gender in Media case study lessons

1. Media advance representations of gendered and racial identities 2. Media have both progressive and regressive tendencies 3. Media content can be challenged and changed 4. Media call our attention to things 5. Social media plays an increasingly significant role in negotiating issues related to gender

Complimentary Copy

1/3 ways in which advertising and content are blurred; One or more articles that increase the market appeal of its product; given when an advertiser pays for an ad in a magazine and in return the magazine gives

Product Placement

2/3 ways in which advertising and content are blurred; showing or mentioning a particular brand or product in a show, story, film, or other form of media; not integral to the media itself

Contextual Advertising

3/3 ways in which advertising and content are blurred; embedded in digital content and tailored to specific individuals based on extensive data mining practices by web-based companies

Quid Pro Quo Harassment

A type of sexual harassment; the actual or threatened use of professional or academic rewards and/or punishments to gain sexual compliance from a subordinate or student

Hostile Environment Harassment

A type of sexual harassment; unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature that interferes with a person's ability to perform a job or to gain an education, and/or conduct that creates a hostile, intimidating, or offensive working environment because of sexualized conduct

The Mask You Live In

Explores how our culture's narrow definition of masculinity is harming our boys, men and society at large and unveils what we can do about it; Violence from masculinity - Sexual violence, gun violence, drinking to death, suicide, murder; Bro code - don't talk about bad things (assault, etc.); can't express emotions; no self-value -> no value for others

Hunter - Shake it, Baby, Shake it

New culture where hip hop is experienced primarily through conspicuous consumption - identity build through consumption - commercialism as comradery, buying the same things - black cultural movement to commodity; Developed concurrently with the rise of strip club culture, adult entertainment industry

Rape

One type of sexual assault; one or more acts of nonconsensual oral, anal, or vaginal penetration by a body part or object

Rose et al. - Face it: The Impact of Gender on Social Media Images

Role Theory - Follow rules prescribed to their social situation -Gender identity and gender roles; Gender swapping - Males more than females - Freedom to reinvent oneself; How people present themselves in virtual spaces offer specific impressions (even related to gender)

Media Literacy

Skills that enable people to analyze, evaluate, and create messages in a variety of media modes, genres, and forms; How structural features affect the information presented; active and critical process

Cultivation Theory

Systematic exposure to the same media messages over time leads to distorted perceptions of reality; Messages are repeated across platforms (media saturation, socialization); Mediated activities intersect with interpersonal communication (SL/ST impacts)

The Cycle of Abuse

Tension Building; Incident; Reconciliation; Calm

Bretthauer et al. - A Feminist Analysis of Popular Music

Themes from most frequent to least frequent: 1. men and power - Male as "Boss" and Female as Subordinate - Men Obtaining Power Through Possessions, Money, Fame, and Control - Men "Owning" Women - Men as Game Playing; Women as Conquests 2. sex as top priority for male 3. objectification of women 4. sexual violence 5. women defined by having a man 6 women as not valuing themselves - Women Trying to Attract Men with Sexuality - Women Staying in Relationship Despite Being Hurt/Despite Problems

Gender Tropes

Women and minorities are underrepresented and misrepresented Men in professional role, women in domestic role; Masculinity = rational, Femininity = emotional; Masculinity = active, Femininity = passive; Masculinity = sexual subject, Femininity = sexual object

Sexual Assault

any sexual activity that occurs without the informed consent of at least one of the people involved

Implications of gendered media use

assess ourselves unfairly; normalize violence against women

Informed Consent

can be given only by an adult who has normal mental abilities, who is not being coerced, and whose judgment is not impaired by alcohol, other drugs, or circumstances; Informed consent cannot be given by children

Reproductive Violence

coerced or discriminatory infringement on reproductive rights; it includes force or exploitation that inhibits an individual's free choice of whether, when, and with whom to reproduce, to become a parent, and to parent existing children

Rape Culture

common attitudes, beliefs, and practices that ignore, excuse, encourage, or normalize sexual violence

Erotica

depicts consensual activities that are desired by and pleasurable to all parties; distinct from pornography

Blaming the Victim

holding a person responsible for the harm that another person has inflicted

Immersive Advertising

immersive advertising incorporates a product or brand into storylines in books, television programs, and films; If complimentary copy, product placement, and contextual advertising blur the line between advertising and content, immersive advertising erases the line

Voice-Overs

male voice-overs reinforce the cultural view that men are authorities and women need men to tell them what to do

Pornography

material that favorably shows subordination and degradation of individuals by presenting sadistic behaviors as pleasurable, pain as enjoyable, and forced sex as positive

Consumption & Media

media motivate us to consume; owning the right things will make us sexy, cool, desirable; play on insecurities by showing us what we can do to make ourselves better; convince us we have problems we're not aware of; there is power in consumption

Male Body Panic

men do care about their bodies, just expected to be repressed

Body Panic

not individualized anxiety but rather ingrained in the society; connected to dissatisfaction and eating disorders

Social Learning (Cognitive) Theory

people imitate modeled behaviors, particularly if those behaviors are rewarded; we can develop gendered identities by imitating reinforced behaviors; we find role models and are socialized by popular music

Intimate Partner Violence

physical, mental, emotional, verbal, or economic power used by one partner against the other partner in a romantic relationship

Gatekeeper

refers to people and groups that control which messages get through to audiences of mass media

Gendered Violence

refers to physical, verbal, emotional, sexual, and visual brutality that is inflicted disproportionately or exclusively on members of one sex

Stalking

repeated pursuit that is uninvited and unwanted, that seems obsessive, and that makes the target of pursuit concerned for her or his safety

Cyberbullying

text messages, comments, rumors, embarrassing pictures, videos, and fake profiles that are meant to hurt another person and are circulated through email or social media

Bechdel Test

the Bechdel Test assesses gender bias in film by asking three simple questions: (1) does the film feature two women (2) who talk to each other (3) about something other than a man?

Third Persona Effect

the belief that media affect others more than they affect us

Femicide

the killing of women; In many places, including India, Pakistan, Albania, Mexico, and United Arab Emirates, adult women are killed and official efforts to find and prosecute the perpetrators are often weak or nonexistent

Agenda Setting

the process by which media tell us what we should attend to

Male Circumcision

the removal of the sheath, or prepuce, of the penis; done routinely in many countries for health benefits; some people view male circumcision as a form of genital mutilation that is unnecessary, dangerous, and painful; removal of the foreskin of a penis doesn't preclude a man's sexual pleasure

Sexual Harrasment

unwelcome verbal or nonverbal behavior of a sexual nature that links academic or professional standing or success to sexual favors or that interferes with work or learning

Gender Intimidation

when people, because of their sex, gender, or sexual orientation, are treated in ways that lead them to feel humiliated, vulnerable, or unsafe; aka street harassment; Ex. groping, stalking, sexist comments, and publicly masturbating in someone's presence