Ch. 1-20

The nursing student is conducting a research project as a course assignment. One subject asks for information on the results of the study. How should the student respond?

"Contact the nursing department office in six months and I will send you a copy of the results."

The nurse researcher is attempting to get a research article published. While considering possible journals, the nurse reviews the journal's impact factor. Why is this information important?

The ratings are based on how often articles in a particular journal are cited.

The nurse researcher is considering the relationship between the two variables in a study. What predicts this relationship?

A hypothesis

Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between reliability and validity of a measurement instrument?

A measure cannot be valid unless it is reliable

Which statement correctly expresses a conclusion of a hypothetical research study?

Associate degree nursing graduates appear to be more likely than baccalaureate degree nursing graduates to pass the licensing exam on the first attempt.

Which statement about findings from a nursing study is written in the proper, scholarly form?

Data from the measurement of attitudes were not analyzed.

A researcher describes the characteristics of three groups os subjects in a study. What statistics should the researcher use to analyze this demographic data?

Descriptive studies

Which title most likely reflects use of a longitudinal approach?

Is There a Relationship Between Forceps Delivery and Developmental Delays Identified Annually to Age Eight?

A nurse is reviewing research articles in an effort to make changes in practice in a medical-surgical unit. To evaluate the quality of the research performed, which source should be recommended?

U.S. Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF)

A researcher is describing the characteristics of the population for a research study. Which symbol(s) would the researcher use to correctly describe characteristics of the population?

μ

Which statement, made by a nurse during a meeting about EBP, would alert the manager that a barrier may exist?

"I am glad I am able to retire next year."

A healthcare organization has revised its annual nursing performance evaluation to include a criteria on use of evidence-based practice. How should the nurse manager best explain this addition to staff nurses?

"This addition shows the organization's commitment to developing a culture that expects use of EBP."

An institution that receives research monies from the federal government must have which group in place?

An Institutional Review Board

A study was conducted to evaluate staff nurses' perceptions of a good nurse manager. The researcher identified the nurses involved and shared individual responses with the managers. This scenario best describes a violation of which principle?

Confidentiality

For which role in a research study is special research preparation necessary?

Principle investigator for study

What is true of replication studies in nursing?

Replication studies are necessary for validation of nursing theory.

The nursing student has been assigned to read an article describing "mixed methods" research as it applies to nursing. What can the student expect the article to discuss?

Using both survey completion and face-to-face interviewing in one study.

The nurse researcher had created a scatter plot of the relationship between two variables in a study. What can be determined by evaluation this plot? Select all that apply.

- The magnitude of the relationship - Reliability of the information

A nurse researcher has written the research question, "Is there a correlation between anxiety and midterm examination scores of first-year baccalaureate nursing students?" What information about the population should the researcher include in the study hypothesis? Select all that apply.

-Nursing students -Baccalaureate -First-year

What basic differences exist among the six strategies for mixed method research? Select all that apply.

-Order of data collection -Intent of the research -Whether a theoretical framework is present

The principle investigator on a new research project tells the researcher assistant that the project will include triangulation. For what should the research assistant prepare? Select all that apply.

-Using more than one sampling strategy in the study. -Working with multiple data collections.

Which statement best describes the setting in which the research study was conducted?

An ambulatory care facility in the southern United States

What is true regarding testing of theory in a nursing research study?

An entire theory is rarely tested in a single research study.

"Child-rearing practices of the Nacirema" is a topic that would be studied most typically by professionals from which discipline?

Anthropology

These data collected for the sample used in a study identified the area of specialization in which RNs were employed. Which graphic presentation form is most appropriate for the presentation of this data?

Bar graph

The nurse researcher has sent several days choosing an instrument to gather study data. What is the researcher's next step?

Conduct a trial run of instrument

From the following statements, identify the problem statement that is most clearly written.

Is there a correlation between the type of nursing education and the type of nursing practice selected by two-year and four-year undergraduate nursing students upon graduation?

The nurse researcher hopes to be Abel to generalize study results to the population of the United States. What action should this researcher take regarding sample size?

Plan a sample size of 5,000 to 6,000

The nurse researcher is studying a topic associated with psychology. Which database will be most helpful to this nurse?

PsycInfo

The nurse researcher is working through the process of "bracketing" in a phenomenological study. Which options best describes the current work of this researcher? Select all that apply.

Putting aside personal ideas about the phenomenon.

The researcher has discovered that study data have tested three hypotheses that were not stated in the original research design. How would the research identify these hypotheses?

They are reported as "post hoc" comparisons.

A study was conducted to evaluate shivering in the postoperative patient. The study measures subjects's weight in pounds and temperatures in centigrade degrees. What should the reader consider about the level of measurements of these two parameters?

Weight is usually consider to be measured at the ratio level

The nurse researcher has been working on a research project for two years. At which point can this researcher say that the work is finished?

When the final report has been written

The nurse has been asked to participate as a study subject in a research project examining stress and family role definition. What should the nurse do?

Accept the invitation if the nurse is interested and willing to participate.

The research assignment asks the principle investigator, 'Which one of our subjects responded with this strange statement?" The principle investigator responds, "I don't know; I can't connect the responses to the subjects." Which subject right has been protected?

Anonymity

The nurse researcher is conducting a study to help a nursing unit solve the problem of increased post procedure infections in clients who have undergone transurethral prostatectomy. Which type of nursing research is this researcher conducting?

Applied Research

Analyze the following research question: "Is there a difference in the final examination scores of employed nursing students who work more than 16 hours a week compared to those nursing students who work less than 16 hours a week?" Which type of study is this?

Bivariate

A TV ad is recruiting subjects for free medical exams and medications and an incentive of $500 if they participate in a study on the effects of depression in doing adults until the study ends. This recruitment best describes which situation?

Coercion

A nurse who is interested in using evidence to support practice has written a PICOT question regarding the use of a specific intervention. What is the nurse's next step in this process?

Complete a systematic literature review

A study design requires face-to-face interviewing between the study participants and the researcher. What is the highest level of privacy that can be assured for data in this study?

Confidentiality

The nurses who work in a renal dialysis unit have wholeheartedly embraced the idea of improving patient care through use of evidence. Which statements, made by these nurses, reflect common barriers associated with developing evidenced-based politics? Select all that apply.

-"I spent two hours on the internet last night and didn't find any research that says our proposed interventions are better than what we have been doing." -"I have heard our newly-hired nurse ask why we are researching interventions we know work." -"I have to skip my breaks to get everything done for my patients."

The nurse researcher who is new to qualitative research believes that saturation of data has occurred after interviewing seven study subjects. What question would help determine if this is true? Select all that apply.

-Are there any new themes or information emerging from the interview? -is the data becoming redundant

A newly licensed nurse is confused as to why there is so much concern about meeting Joint Commission standards. What does the nurse manager need to teach this new graduate?

-Joint Commission conducts on-site review of the facility at least once every 3 years. -Joint Commission is the oldest standards-setting body in healthcare.

Which situations suggest studies that would be classified as nursing research?

-Nurses wonder if using a different hand soap would decrease postoperative infections. -Nurses discuss how tired they are at the end of the 12-hour shift. -A nurse reads about a wound care technique used by rural mothers in 1940s.

A nurse has become very interested in evidence-based nursing practice. As a supporter of the Cochrane Nursing Care Field, this nurse wishes to engage others as members. Which groups should the nurse address about membership?

-Nursing care consumers -Formal caregivers -Informal caregivers

The nurse manager explaining evidence-based practice (EBP) to clinical nurses would add which concept(s) to the basic definition?

-Quality -Patient-independent

The healthcare facility has asked nurses to submit suggestions for improvements to benefit patient care. Which of these suggestions would be forwarded to the committee focusing on National Quality Forum structural measures?

-Remodeling of the emergency department to improve security. -Purchase of a service contract to ensure hospital beds are in good working order.

Which of the following potential research subjects would be considered a vulnerable population for a research project?

A 16-month-old hospitalized with pneumonia.

Which research study will most likely be conducted using a qualitative approach?

A study investigating changes in family dynamics following the sudden death of a child.

Which clinical question reflects the PICOT format?

How do the 24-hours of postoperative inpatient care compared with 12 hours of postoperative outpatient care affect development of deep vein thrombosis in the first seven days after hysterectomy.

The nurse researcher is writing the operational definition of a study variable. What information should be included in this definition?

How the variable will be measured in a study.

Which statement is phrased as a problem for a quantitative study?

Is music as effective as beta blockers in improving cardiac output in clients who have been hospitalized after suffering a myocardial infarction?

Select the problem statement that meets criteria for a problem statement and contains all the necessary elements.

Is there a difference in male body weight after exercise?

The nurse researcher wishes to generalize a study's findings to persons living in the southern United States. The study is being done on persons living in a small town in rural Alabama. Which option reflects the target population of this study?

Persons living in the southern United States

A student in a research-focused doctoral program would like to play an active role in controlling the research process. Which type of studies would be best for this student?

Quasi-Experimental studies

The nurse is interested in attending. certification program that educates nurses on the best practice based on evidence. Which organization would be the nurse's best choice for this certification?

The Sarah Cole Hirsh Institute

Acting as principle investigator on a project, a nurse discovers that study results do not support some of the researcher's long-held beliefs. What is the most significant danger in this situation?

The researcher may be unable to remain unbiased in the interpretation of data.

The nurse researcher is developing informed consent materials for an upcoming study. Which portion of this material should be developed with consideration of the Nuremberg Code?

The section that describes the balance between the risks and potential benefits of participating in the study.

What is the purpose of the Cochrane Collaboration?

To help various individuals and groups of people make well-informed healthcare decisions.

The nurse researcher has designed a univariate study. What is often the purpose of these studies?

To survey as a basis for a more complex study

The nurse states, "I have been asked to write a PICOT question for the next evidence-based nursing practice meeting. I am having trouble with the C part". Which question, asked by a peer, will be of most help to this nurse?

What intervention are you comparing to?

Which option reflects the "authority" approach to knowledge development?

When faced with a question regarding provision of nursing care, the nurse consults a nursing textbook for instruction.

Which ethical principles would the student discuss when presenting on the Belmont Report? Select all that apply.

-Respect for persons -Beneficence -Justice -Autonomy

Which situations demonstrate a nurse taking accountability for individual practice?

-The nurse reads practice journals to learn about new procedural techniques. -The nurse considers whether a newly prescribed medication dose is safe for a patient. -The nurse presents evidence about the effect of nurse-patient ratios on quality of care during a meeting about new staffing plan.

The nurse researcher has discovered a relevant print research article. What information should the nurse record from this article? Select all that apply.

-The study problem -Methodology used in the study -Findings from the study -The type of sample used in the article

Which nursing research cost-effectiveness study would be of most interest to industrial leaders?

A study on using a nurse-practitioner-managed clinic as the primary provider of health services.

A nurse researcher is trying to decide on the best method of data collection in a study. What is the advantage of an interview over a questionnaire as a method of data collection in study?

In-depth responses can be obtained

A nurse is serving as a mentor to a group developing a plan for developing an EBP for an issue in their clinical area. Which statement, made by the mentor, is the most important?

"Be certain to include every department who may be affected in the work."

Which statement, made by a new nurse researcher, indicates that additional information about grey literature is required?

"Grey literature has value but is not typically included in literature reviews."

The nurse researcher is discussing how to formulate a search strategy prior to starting a literature review. Which statement demonstrates this nurse understands the best way to conduct this activity?

"It is important to use a variety of options and limiters in my search."

The nurse is critiquing the introduction section of a qualitative nursing research study report. What should the nurse try to determine? Select all that apply.

- Are all the important components present? - Is the introduction appropriate for the study? - Does the material promote the reader's interest in the report?

The nurse researcher preparing to present a paper in a national nursing conference. This researcher should structure the presentation to include which information? Select all that apply.

- Discussion of the study findings - Methodology of the study

Choose the options that reflect derived demand inputs for hospitals. Select all that apply.

- Equipment - Nurses

In the 2009 study by Dall et al. regarding the economic value of nursing, the researchers examined the relationship between registered nurse staffing levels and nursing-sensitive patient outcomes (NSOs) in acute care hospitals. Which option(s) represent nursing-sensitive indicators like the ones examined by these researchers? Select all that apply.

- Failure to rescue - Pressure ulcers - Deep vein thrombosis

Which options reflect areas of content that should be discussed in a written report of research?Select all that apply.

- Findings - Conclusions - Implications - Discussion of findings

Select the reasons that critiquing research reports is a valuable skill for the nurse to develop. Select all that apply.

- In order to use research evidence, the nurse must be able to determine if the research has value. - It is a fundamental skill of scholarship. - It helps the reader develop research skills.

Which situations would lead a nurse researcher to use a parametric test for analyzing study data? Select all that apply.

- Interval data were collected. - The population studied is normally distributed.

Which questions would be used to critique the problem section of a qualitative nursing research study report? Select all that apply.

- Is the problem clear? - Does the problem match the design?

Which statements are correct concerning the problem statement of a qualitative nursing research study report? Select all that apply.

- It should be clear to the reader. - It may appear in the abstract. - It may appear at the end of the introductory section.

In terms of communicating reports of research, compare oral presentation with poster presentations by identifying the statements that describe poster presentations. Select all that apply.

- Large numbers of people are able to learn of the study in a short period. - One-to-one interaction is typical for discussion of findings.

Data from four different research studies conducted at academic medical centers in each region of the United States demonstrated to a statistically significant level that axillary temperatures of infants were as reliable as rectal temperatures when both were measured on the same infant. Which statement describes an implication that the most recent report of the four studies would appropriately include? Select all that apply.

- Nurses should encourage healthcare providers to rely on axillary rather than rectal measurement of infants' temperatures. - Nurse educators should teach undergraduate nursing students that axillary temperatures are as reliable as rectal temperatures for measuring the temperature of an infant. - Additional studies should be conducted to determine whether the same finding applies to comatose adults.

After defining the key terms of a new study, the researcher is thinking about writing operational definitions. What should the researcher consider about these terms? Select all that apply.

- Operational definitions are necessary to indicate what was observable about study variables. - Measurability is a key feature of operational definitions.

When determining the literature to include as references for a research study, which criteria should be met? Select all that apply.

- Resources that both support and oppose the anticipated study results should be included. - The sources should be critically compared.

The nurse researcher has decided to use a table to report data in a research report. What should the nurse consider when constructing this table? Select all that apply.

- Round all numerical entries to the same number of decimal places. - If the researcher provides a clear table, it is not necessary to discuss the findings in the narrative portion of the report.

What is true of how research priorities in nursing are set?

- Some priorities are set based on a sampling of a wide range of nurses. -Different specialty groups in nursing may set priorities specific to their practice.

The nurse researcher writing a review of literature has a great deal of information. When organizing this information into a logical progression, the nurse researcher will include which information as part of the introduction? Select all that apply.

-How sources of information were located -The thesis statement

What are the purposes of the review of literature in a research study? Select all that apply.

-It helps the researcher identify what has not worked in previous studies of the topic. -It helps the researcher determine the current state of knowledge about the topic. -It gives the researcher ideas about possible theoretical frameworks for the study.

A nurse researcher is considering the concurrent transformative strategy for a new study. Prior to choosing this strategy, the researcher should assure that which assets are present on the research team? Select all that apply.

-Team members should have a good understanding of the phenomenon being studied. -Some team members should have expertise in qualitative research methods. -Team members should have strong planning and organizational skills.

Which findings may represent qualitative research results?

-Use of a specific integrative medicine techniques reduces participants' blood pressure by 25%. -Six of the eight study participants reported sadness when their oldest child left home for college. -The majority of nurses in the study report that the use of a pain scale is "important" to their patient care.

A nurse is critiquing the data-collection procedure information provided by a research report. Which information should the nurse find in this review? Select all that apply.

-Was the data collected by assistants or researchers or another person? -Under what conditions were data collected? -Had instruments been used in any prior studies?

The nurse is designing a study about the discipline strategies used by parents of children with congenital defects. Which interview questions would be appropriate to use to collect data for this study? Select all that apply.

-What do you do when your child disobeys? -Your child fails to come in from play after you have called out several times. What, if anything, do you do when your child does come in? -Your child disobeyed a family rule. How, if at all, would you discipline the child?

The hospital staff nurse has an idea for a research study. In addition to a passionate interest in the topic, what else should the nurse consider? Select all that apply.

-Will the results of the study be of interest to others? -Is the study something that can actually be accomplished? -Does the nurse have sufficient resources to accomplish the work?

A newly licensed is shocked at the apparent lack of knowledge most patients have about their disease process. The nurse wonders if this would be a good topic for research for graduate school. Which questions should the nurse asks to determine if this topic is significant to nursing? Select all that apply.

-Would patients benefit from knowing more about their disease processes? -Could nurses use the knowledge that patients often have no information about their disease? -Is the fact that patients know little about their disease process common knowledge to healthcare professionals?

If the correlation coefficient is 0.45, the coefficient of determination (rounded to the nearest whole number) is ________%.

20

What is the range of the following test scores? 65 73 84 84 92

27

A study about nurses' attitudes toward adult male patients with HIV/AIDS found that 126 of the 275 nurses who responded in a favorable manner were African American. What percentage of nurses who responded in a favorable manner was African American?

49

A study was conducted to evaluate a new method of teaching medication dose calculation to nursing students. The mean score on the exam was X=82.3 with a standard deviation of 4.6. What is the range of scores for 95.44% of the students?

68.5 - 96.1

In what way is multiple regression an advanced statistical test that differs from the more common inferential statistics of t test and ANOVA?

A multiple regression has multiple independent variables and one dependent or outcome variable.

Select the statement that is accurate about the power of a statistical test.

A one-tailed test is more powerful than a two-tailed test.

A 9-year-old has been diagnosed with leukemia. The patient's parents have given consent to enroll the child in a clinical trial of a new chemotherapy regiment. What is the nurse's primary obligation in this scenario?

Advocate for the patient by requiring the child's assent to participate in the study.

A researcher randomly assigns volunteers into two groups: group 1 (control group) takes an exam after sleeping less than 8 hours the night before the exam, whereas group 2 (experimental group) gets 8 or more hours of sleep the night before the exam. All students took the exam. The researcher uses a computer statistical software package to compare the mean score of subjects in group 1 and group 2. This results in statistics of t = 2.84, degree of freedom (50 + 50 = 100 - 2) = 98, and p = 0.03. Which statistical test, if any, was conducted in this study?

An independent sample t test

The nurse researcher who would like to review the first mixed method research would search literature from which discipline?

Anthropology

A researcher reports r = 0.60, p = 0.02 when correlating the relationship between anxiety level and pulse rate in a study with an alpha of 0.05. How should the nurse who is reading this report interpret these results?

As anxiety increased, so did pulse rates in this study; this was a statistically significant although moderate, positive correlation.

A researcher studies the relationship between anxiety levels and performance on a paper-and-pencil test of knowledge. The study data yield a correlation coefficient of r = -0.79. What should this data analysis be interpreted to mean?

As anxiety levels increased, test scores decreased.

What did the results of the 2009 study by Dall et al. on the economic value of professional nursing indicate?

As nursing staffing levels increase, patient risk of nosocomial complications decreases.

MCSAA call for abstracts has gone out for a nursing conference. The nurse researcher desiring to present at this conference should take which action?

Closely follow the guidelines for abstract development.

A nurse researcher plans to collect quantitative data and qualitative data at the same time. This data collection is guided by a specific theoretical perspective. Which mixed method strategy is the researcher contemplating?

Concurrent transformative

A researcher is developing a data collecting instrument to measure nurses' attitudes about their working conditions. A draft copy of this instrument is sent to 20 nurse clinicians to critique and provide feedback. What is the researcher attempting to establish by using this strategy?

Content validity

In what way can an individual nurse best contribute to the trust the general public has in the profession?

Continue to demonstrate knowledge and abilities in the provision of nursing care.

A nurse's research is testing Martha Roger's Science of Unitary Human Beings. The researcher has chosen to study the growing diversity in the individual field pattern of older adults moving to assisted living centers. The study predicts that, if these patterns follow Roger's theory and are indeed becoming more diverse, the subjects have a greater chance of adapting well to the move. What kind of reasoning is this nurse using?

Deductive

The purpose of a research study is to examine the effects of social support on the psychological health of elderly residents of a nursing home. In this statement, psychological health is which part of the study?

Dependent variable

Which elements should be included in the title of a research study?

Descriptive information about the population of the study

A nurse read that an interview standardly used in the emergency department (ED) has a U.S. Preventative Services Task Force rating of "I". What action should this nurse take?

Discuss the intervention's use with rest of the ED team because there is "insufficient" evidence to support use.

Which statement most clearly identifies a distinction between the terms "research utilization (RU)" and "evidence-based practice (EBP)"?

EBP is broader in scope than RU.

Which topic suggests the qualitative research approach used most often by nurse researchers who wish to solve a problem?

Effect of tooth brushing three times per day on rates of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated clients.

The researcher asks another nurse to use a study instrument to score a questionnaire completed by study participants. The researcher has previously used the instrument to score the questionnaire and will compare the two results. Which type of reliability is this researcher trying to establish?

Equivalence

A nurse-run committee is interested in developing EBP regarding a common patient situation for which a policy does not exist. When devising a plan for this development the committee would identify which last step of the process?

Evaluating the new policy's effectiveness.

Which type of study would be conducted in order to examine a cause-and-effect relationship between a new technique to relive pain in infants during a procedure and the amount of degree of pain relief?

Explanatory study

Why is it most appropriate to compute a chi-square when comparing frequency of gender (male/female) and smoking status (smoker/nonsmoker)?

Gender and smoking status are both nominal-level variables in this example, and a chi-square requires nominal-level data.

The nurse researcher's work over the last several years has resulted in the generation of a theory that self-corrects as additional data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed. The researcher uses the process of constant comparison. Which form of research is this nurse researcher most likely conducting?

Grounded theory

Which threat to external validity is controlled for in a double-bind experimental study?

Hawthorne effect

The researcher is studying an intervention designed to reduce job stress in emergency department nurses. Just before the study data collection was to start, an emergency department nurse was killed in the line of duty by a mentally deranged patient. What potential threat to the internal validity of the study does this occurrence pose?

History

The nursing research student is reviewing study designs prior to beginning a class assignment. Which statement, made by this study, reflects poor understanding of these designs?

I think the one-shot case study design will be best for my study because it controls threats to internal validity.

Which statement, made by a staff nurse, reflects the most fundamental reason that nursing research findings are not implemented in nursing practice?

I'm not sure that these findings are valid and safe to implement.

Which procedure describes a probability sampling method?

Identification of a sampling frame for an accessible population, writing element names on paper, placing the written names in a bowl, and drawing element names from the bowl.

The chief financial officer and the nurse executive of a hospital are determining the need and wisdom of hiring additional nurses. In which case would this be advisable?

If the marginal benefit is greater than the wage rate

The researcher is planning the work associated with a new project. In which stage of the project should the researcher consider the theoretical or conceptual framework?

In the early stages

A hospitalized patient is approached by a researcher and recruited to be a subject in a study. The subject readily agrees to participate in the study. This is an example of what concept as it pertains to research?

Informed consent

Patients are recruited for a study on a new method of controlling postoperative nausea and vomiting. All information about the treatment, including side effects, therapeutics effects, and potential risks, are explained in the recruitment process. This describes which situation?

Informed consent

The nurse researcher is using the Mental Measurement Yearbook published in 2014. What portion of the research process is this researcher completing?

Instrument choice

Which term means the extent to which a measurement took consistently measures a variable?

Internal consistency

Which question predicts the outcome of the study?

Is there a strong correlation between age and learning in older adults?

Which statement, made by a student researcher, reveals understanding of the median value in a group of exam scores?

It is not influenced by extremely high or low scores

What was the major problem encountered by those administering the Western Council on Higher Education for Nursing (WCHEN) Regional Program for Nursing Research Development?

It lacked reliable nursing studies that were appropriate for implementation in nursing practice.

According to the research report, the nurse researcher tested a study instrument's validity using the technique of factor analysis. What other test could the researcher have used to test the same type of validity?

Known-groups procedure

Which topic is most indicative of a qualitative study that will allow the nurse researcher fo focus on collection and analysis of data of cultural groups?

Labor and delivery practices of Arabian women

What was the main ethical violation in the Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis?

Lack of informed consent

A question asks subjects to respond to the following statement: "The nursing care I received during my hospital stay considered my needs as an individual. " They were asked to identify, on a five-point scale, the degree to which they agreed or disagreed with the statement. This is an example of which scale?

Likert scale

The researcher has decided to use sample random sampling and a table of random numbers to select participants for a study. What action is required prior to this selection?

List of all the elements in the population.

The only hospital in a rural area sets nursing wages at a rate lower than the closest metropolitan hospital that is 100 miles away. Which financial term describes this scenario?

Monopsony

Which statement is true of a set of scores that is negatively skewed?

More scores are located at the upper end of the distribution.

Research hypothesis may be simple or complex. Which statement describes a study that is designed to test a complex hypothesis?

More than two variables are to be tested in the hypothesis

The nurse researcher is training interviews to collect data for s study using structured interviews. What information should the researcher include in this training?

No changes to questions may be made

A nursing professor is conducting research on the relationship between eye color and retention of information presented verbally. The professor's course grading plan includes 50 points for participating as a study subject. Is this an ethical situation?

No, participating in nursing research must be voluntary.

The statement "There is a relationship between nurses' ages and their level of assertiveness" is which type of hypothesis?

Nondirectional hypothesis

Select the article title that most likely reports a participatory action research study.

Nurse and Community Development and Assessment of a Health Program

In order for nurses to demonstrate their value, they must attempt to quantify this value in pecuniary terms. How would the nurse interpret this statement?

Nurse must determine the monetary value of their services.

The staff nurse is interested in patient family members' response to hearing that their loved one has a terminal illness. The nurse begins to collect data from observation of these situations. The nurse believes that families would change their response if they were aware of the observation and does not inform them of the data collection. What form of observation is this nurse conducting?

Participant observer (covert)

The nurse researcher is conducting research on the effect of homelessness on how often a woman performs self-breast examinations. Which theory would be of greatest interest to this nurse?

Pender's Health Promotion Theory

A nurse is thinking about previous patient outcomes and reasons to change personal practice. This nurse is working in which phase of the Stetler Model? Select all that apply.

Preparation

Research is important to the nursing profession for many reasons. What is the ultimate goal of nursing research?

Promote evidence-based practice in nursing.

The nurse educator is reading a published study conducted to collect data on the process by which student nurses are evaluated during a clinical rotation. Which data collection method would this educator recognize as appropriate for this study?

Questionnaire

A nurse conducted a study to examine the relationship between incidence of medication errors and the years of experience among medication nurses. Which results of the analysis of study data indicates the strongest inverse relationship?

R = -.89

A study used a multiple-choice exam with point ranges from 0-10 to measure subject knowledge of diabetic care. The exam score is an example of what level of measurement?

Ratio

A study is conducted to measure the effect of specific nursing interventions on the oxygen saturation of infants. Oxygenation saturation is an example of what level of measurement?

Ratio scale

The nurse researcher is planning how to conduct a quantitative research study. Which portion of the research process is the nurse developing?

Research design

A nurse researcher submitted an article to a refereed journal. The article will undergo a blind review. What should the researcher expect?

Reviewers will sign their comments associated with the review and will return them to the author.

A nurse is caring for a client who has just been transferred from the intensive care unit after having open heart surgery. The nurse wants to use a nursing model, focusing on the person as a total being, as opposed to a medical model, which focuses on the client's disease process. Which nursing model theorist should the nurse reference?

Roy

What is generally considered the most valid means of developing the knowledge of base of nursing?

Scientific Research

What type of hypothesis is the following: "Postoperative pediatric patients who use TENS (transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation) will have a different level of pain than pediatric postoperative patients who do not use TENS"?

Simple and nondirectional

A study conducted to identify symptoms of anxious school-age children reported the following data (Test Scores Scales X SD): Withdrawn 67.4, 10.9; Somatic complaints 71.8, 10.2; Attention problems 62.7, 7.5; Anxiousness 68.2, 10.4; Social interaction problems 61.4, 11.1. On which scale did the children have the most variability in their scores?

Social interaction problems

The nurse researcher is writing the review of literature portion of the research report. What should this nurse include in this section?

Studies that support and oppose the researcher's position.

The nursing administration of a healthcare facility would like to encourage the use of evidence-based practice among the nurses working in the facility. The nurse have asked for the Best Practice Information sheets specific to the care of patients in their units. Which source would be the best for the chief nurse to recommend to these nurses?

The Joanna Briggs Institute

The nurse manager of a hospital unit has read a research study and recommends that the nurses on the unit change a standard intervention based upon the results of the study. Later, the nurse manager discovers a second research study that indicates the original study contained a type I error. What is the significance of this finding?

The change instituted by the nurse manager was unnecessary.

A study had 7 of 100 research subjects voluntarily withdrew. Which action by the author of the study is most appropriate?

The discussion of the population studied should include any subjects who did not complete the study as planned.

The National Institute for Nursing Research 9NINR) established research priorities. Which option reflects a study that meets the current mission of the NINR?

The effect of nurse-led community education on the prevalence of heart disease.

In strategic planning for the upcoming year, the hospital has decided to institute a hiring freeze. Nurses whose employment is terminated or who choose to leave positions within the facility will not be replaced. What is the potential result of this decision?

The hospital is likely to see a long-term financial loss.

Which statement accurately demonstrates that a research finding is statistically and clinically significant?

The intervention demonstrated decreased P pain intensity (4.65 to 2.35, p = 0.001) on the second hospital day.

The nurse researcher is collecting sources of information for a literature review. The nurse will refer to which guidelines when recording information about theses sources?

The journal the researcher hopes will publish the research.

Which issue is of concern to nursing?

The level of theory that drives much research in nursing is generally from other disciplines.

Select the topic that is most representative of qualitative phenomenological studies?

The lived experience of women who have maintained a weight loss of 100 pounds for five years.

Which statement explains the third stage of Rogers' (1995) innovation-diffusion model of research utilization?

The nurse decides whether to adopt the new intervention.

Which conclusion can the reader of a research study draw when he or she is unable to identify the limitations of the study?

The omission of a study's limitations is a weakness of the research report.

When is a small sample size appropriate for a research study?

The population is very homogenous

Interpret the meaning of the statement, "We need to measure the marginal revenue product of nursing care."

The profession of nursing needs to establish the clinical and economic contributions of nurses to patient care.

A researcher is completing work on a qualitative research study and a classmate is completing work on a quantitative research study. Both students are writing their reports. What will be a basic difference in these two documents?

The qualitative study will report using descriptive statistics and the quantitative study may use either descriptive or inferential statistics or both.

Which occurrence would trigger a nurse researcher to use the sequential explanatory strategy of mixed methods research?

The quantitative data collected in a study are unexpected

Why would a nurse researcher consider using a mixed-method design for a study?

The questions asked by nurse researchers are often complex.

A nurse researcher reports a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 58.34 and 60.50. How would a nurse reading this research report interpret these results?

The researcher can be 95% confident that if the study were repeated with another sample of the same size, the average or mean score would fall between 58.34 and 60.50 in the sample.

The researcher has reported a one-tailed analysis of variance to test the hypothesis, "Nurse intervention plus group sessions is more effective than nurse intervention alone or community intervention in improving Framingham coronary risk scores among rural dwelling women in the Promoting Heart Health in Rural Women study." Why is the choice of a one-tailed test versus a two-tailed test appropriate?

The researcher has stated a directional research hypothesis.

Identify the best course of action by the researcher who finds no statistical significance during the analysis of data.

The researcher should report the findings as not significant for recommending change in practice or education.

A nurse is reading a research study that is based on Martha Roger's Science of Unitary Being Model. The nurse notices that Rogers is not listed in the article references. How should the nurse interpret this finding?

The researcher used secondary sources to learn about Roger's theory.

The study design proposes advertising in local newspaper to attract subjects for a study. The subjects would be paid $75 for their participation in the study. How should the nurse interpret this plan?

The results of this study may not be generalizable.

Which group represents a convenience sample?

The students seen in the University Health Clinic on one afternoon in May.

A nurse seeking the definition of evidenced-based practice as it applies to nursing would review which literature?

The website of Sigma Theta Tau International

A research report indicates that a study subject scored at the 65th percentile on a math test. How does the reader interpret that report?

Thirty-five percent of subjects taking the exam scored higher than this subject did.

While reading a research report, the nurse discovers that the researcher used a study instrument that has an established correlation coefficient of 0.54. How should the reader interpret this information?

This instrument is not very reliable

A nurse is reading the report of a qualitative research study conducted in the hospital where the nurse is employed and published in the quarterly newsletter. From information in the report, the nurse can identify two coworkers who have since left the facility. How should the nurse interpret this information?

This is a serious breach of confidentiality in the study and should be addressed.

The beginning nurse researcher has chosen to repeat a study done by another nurse but has decided to use a different study instrument. Which statement is most accurate about this study?

This is a very good way for beginning researchers to gain experience.

A nurse manager has conducted a study to look at the relationship between the amount of time staff nurses on a unit spend in patient rooms and the number of times the patients on that unit use their call lights. The manager reports the results of the data analysis as r = -1.92. How should these results be interpreted?

This is an improbable value, and a mathematical error is possible.

A new researcher says, "There is no previous information about this topic to include in a review of literate." Which response to this statement is most valid?

This may occur, but is a very rare occurrence.

Experimental research is confused to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. Rival explanations or competing hypotheses that might explain the study results indicate that a study has which situation?

Threats to internal and external validity

The nurse researcher is developing a questionnaire concerning the patient's perception of wait times in the Emergency Department waiting room. The research asks specific questions related to wait times and questions about unrelated topics such as the temperature in the waiting room. Why did the nurse add these unrelated questions?

To decrease the emphasis on the wait time questions

The nurse researcher's study design includes an experimental group and a control group. After the study begins, the researcher finds that 60 percent of the experimental group and 75 percent of the control group have dropped out of the study. Because of the internal threat of mortality, the researcher abandons the study. In future studies, what could the researcher do to help prevent this problem?

Try to establish a relationship with participants

The qualitative nursing research study used three interviewers to collect data. What is the most critical aspect the nurse reading this research would look for when critiquing the way the data in this study was collected?

Were all of the interviewers trained?

Which hypothesis is stated in the preferred form?

When compared with premenopausal women, postmenopausal women are more likely depressed after surgical intervention.

Select the statement that includes population and variable(s) and is empirically testable.

Will a cardiac client's heart rate decrease when listening to calming music?

Which way of selecting a journal for publication of a research study is most likely to reduce lag time?

Write query letters to journal editors to determine their interest in publishing the nurse researcher's article.

The nurse researcher believes that the differences between two groups of patients after an intervention are not likely to be a chance occurrence. However, there is no statistical significance in the data analyzed regarding these groups. Is this possible?

Yes, a finding can be clinically significant without being statistically significant.

The study participant is hesitant to answer a key question in the interview. What statement, made by the interviewer, is appropriate?

You don't have to answer this question if you don't want to

Which statement, made by a research student, indicates understanding of the use of theoretical or conceptual frameworks in nursing research?

"A theoretical or conceptual framework is always necessary when conducting either quantitive or qualitative research."

Which statement, made by a beginning nursing researcher, indicates understanding of the status of research into the value of nursing?

"Because many people are calling for research to support the value of nursing, I think that would be an interesting study."

The student researcher is having difficulties locating information on the chosen research topic. The research faculty asks, "Have you found any grey literature?" What response, made by the student, indicates understanding of this literature?

"Yes, I did find some information in a conference proceeding from two years ago."

In the section on findings, the nurse researcher wrote, "These results are highly generalizable to similar populations." How should a nurse reading this report interpret this statement? Select all that apply.

- Findings should not include personal opinion. - This statement should be included in the conclusions section of the report.

The nurse researcher is determining which inferential procedure to use to analyze study data. Which questions will the nurse answer to make this determination? Select all that apply.

- What level of measurement is present? - What is the sample size? - How many sets of scores are being analyzed?

A nurse is very interested in conducting research on a specific topic. Review of the literate reveals that only two other studies on the topic have been done and results of these studies are surprising to the nurse. This nurse should consider which plans going forward? Select all that apply.

-Conduct a replication of one of the previous studies. -Design a study on the topic with a different study instrument. -Accept the surprising results without reservation.

The nurse researcher is studying caring behaviors in a group 125 nursing students admitted to a BSN program in a university in the southern United States. The nurse plans to collect information from each student prior to starting the nursing program, at the end of the first clinical year, and again at the end of the program. What terms could be used to describe this study? Select all that apply.

-Longitudinal -Cohort

A beginning nurse researcher is having difficulty applying nursing theory to practice and learns that this problem is called the theory-practice gap. The nurse determines to focus personal research on closing this gap. The nurse should focus on studies that use which types of theories? Select all that apply.

-Middle-range theories -Practice theories

The nurse researcher believes that random assignment to the study's groups is impossible and has elected to use currently existing groups as study subjects. Because of this decision, which study designs will this nurse researcher choose from for this study? Select all that apply.

-Nonequivalent control group design -Time-series design

The nurse researcher plans to use systematic random sampling to determine participants in a study. Which components are necessary to begin this selection? Select all that apply.

-Population list -Sampling interval -Random starting point

Which options are considered appropriate sources for the rationale for study hypothesis? Select all that apply.

-Researcher's clinical experience -The literature including other research studies -The theoretical framework for the study -The conceptual framework for the study

A nurse researcher is considering using convenience sampling to choose participants in a study. The researcher must be prepared to accept which disadvantages of this sampling method? Select all that apply.

-Results may have limited generalizability -The method usually results in a biased sample

The nurse researcher is beginning a review of literate and would like to find a source for bibliographies to identify sources. The researcher should focus on which sources? Select all that apply.

-Scholarly journals -Textbooks

A nurse researcher is developing a Likert Scale. What techniques should the nurse employ in this development? Select all that apply.

-Score negative items in the same manner as positive items -Be certain the meaning of the items is clear

The nurse researcher conducting a grounded theory study has used purposeful sampling to select participants. What strategies may the nurse use in this study? Select all that apply.

-Search for participants who will disprove an emerging theory. -As new data are collected, compare them to the data that were collected previously. -Assign codes to pertinent identified data.

Which value represents the Mo of these values? 23 28 30 30 51 63 63 70

63

The nurse researcher must write a casual research hypothesis for which study?

A study that investigates the development of nosocomial urinary tract infection in catheterized and non-catheterized patients.

A nursing student is learning the difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Which statement, if made by the student, indicates the need for further teaching?

A theoretical framework is based on many existing theories.

A researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis in a study. The study was repeated multiple times and that analysis revealed that the null hypothesis should have been rejected. What occurred in the original research?

A type II error

The nurse researcher would like to access a review from the Cochrane Library that was published 18 months ago. How should the nurse proceed?

Access the review from the internet at no cost.

How does an ANOVA differ from a t test of independent samples?

An ANOVA allows the comparison of mean scores between and among two or more groups. This test notes that a difference is found, if there is one, but not where the difference lies.

The nurse is reading a qualitative research report that asks, "Are post-myocardial infarction clients more interested in the length of their remaining life or in the quality of their remaining life?" What is the most important question for the nurse to ask about this study?

Are data provided to answer the research question?

When does the researcher set the level of significance for rejecting the statistical null hypothesis?

Before data are collected

Which sampling method would be most practical and provide the most reliable data to study the ethical conflicts experienced by registered nurses who work in city, county, and federal prisons?

Cluster random sampling

The nurse researcher is conducting research about nursing interventions used in the treatment of a specific disease state. The researcher would like to include evidence for and against the effectiveness of treatments for the disease in the review of literature. Which database should the researcher access?

Cochrane database of systematic reviews

The hypothesis "Elderly patients with social support have fewer somatic complaints and fewer episodes of depression than elderly who do not have social support" is what kind of hypothesis?

Complex and directional

What type of hypothesis if the following: "Cancer patients who use guided imagery during chemotherapy administration will have less nausea and vomiting and less anxiety than chemotherapy patients who do not use guided imagery"?

Complex and directional

The nurse researcher has traveled across country to a library that holds historical significant to the study topic. What should the researcher do first?

Consult with one of the librarians

Nurses involved in research assume different roles, based on their level of education. Which best describes the role of the BSN-prepared nurse in research?

Critiques research studies and applies research to clinical practice.

Which term(s) would the nurse use to indicate a prediction in a directional research hypothesis?

Decrease

A nurse is conducting a study to determine the research priorities for critical care nursing as determined by critical care nursing faculty in colleges and universities across the United States. What type of data collection is appropriate for this study?

Delphi technique

What is a common finding in the analysis of data section of a qualitative research report?

Direct quotes from participants

In the review of literature, the nurse researcher was unable to find a questionnaire to collect the unique data required for the proposal study. The researcher developed a questionnaire specifically for the study. Once the study began, the researcher discovered that the questionnaire was not supplying the data necessary to answer the study question. How could the researcher have best avoided this situation?

Do a pilot study with the questionnaire

The researcher has preset the level of significance at = 0.05 and the probability of the statistical analysis is calculated to be p = 0.09. What decision would the reader of this research expect of the researcher?

Fail to reject the null hypothesis

The nurse is reading a research report and notices that the stated N for the study is 95. In the reports section, data are provided for 87 subjects. What is the most important question for the reader to ask about this study?

How is dropout handled in the study?

The nurse research has identified the study problem and variables. The nurse is now writing a formal statement of the expected relationship between the variables in a specific population. What portion of the study is the researcher developing?

Hypothesis

For which reason do many researchers prefer to write a hypothesis as a directional hypothesis?

It clarifies the study's framework and demonstrates that the researcher has thought critically about the phenomenon under study.

Which of the following is an advantage of observation as a method of data collection in study?

It directly captures an event and behaviors

The nurse researcher will be conducting a study in a nursing home. What is the most likely category of this research?

It is a field study

Which statement regarding construct validity of a measurement instrument is accurate?

It is the measurement of a variable that is not directly observable

Why is the hypothesis "There will be a positive relationship between a patient's level of formal education and his or her score on a health questionnaire," incorrectly stated?

It is written in future tense

The chief financial officer and the nurse executive of a hospital wish to determine the marginal benefit of a nurse. Which values will they need?

Marginal product and marginal revenue

The nurse researcher wants to review evidence-based practice resources during the review of literature. Which database would be most helpful to this researcher?

Medline with full text

Which type of study is conducted to develop, test, and evaluate research instruments?

Methodological studies

The nurse's research focuses in how a person defends himself or herself from daily stressors. Which theorist's work would likely be fundamental to this researcher's work?

Neuman

A nurse is completing a questionnaire that asks for the nurse's area of specialization in nursing (Peds, OB, Med-Sure). On which scale is this data measured?

Nominal scale

Which hypothesis is correctly stated?

Patients who use guided imagery have less pain than patients who do not use guided imagery.

The following diagram is for which design? R X 01 (experimental group) R 01 (comparison group)

Posttest-Only control group design

The nurse researcher's article has been rejected from two nursing research journals. Based on the most common reason an article is rejected, what should the nurse closely review and potentially revise prior to submitting the article a third time?

Quality of the writing

How should the nurse proceed when critiquing a nursing research study report?

Read through the entire report first and then concentrate on sections individually.

The nurse researcher is evaluating study results and believes that data support one part of the two-part study hypothesis but do not support the other report. What should the researcher do at this point?

Report the hypothesis as not supported

Which statement regarding non probability sampling is accurate?

Snowball sampling is a form of convenience sampling.

Which design not only controls all threats to internal validity but also controls the effect of pretest/posttest scores?

Solomon four-group design

Which proposed title for a nursing research article would most appropriately be studied through quantitative rather than qualitative methods?

The Relationship of the Amount of Postoperative Pain Medication Administered and Level of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Attained of the Amount of Postoperative Pain Medication Administered and Level of Cardiac Rehabilitation Attained Before Discharge in Coronary Artery Bypass Clients.

The nurse executive of a healthcare organization is working with the chief financial officer to develop a method of charging for nursing services. Why is this undertaking difficult?

The actual cost of providing nursing services is difficult to determine.

The researcher has attempted to avoid secondary in the literature review. What is the rationale for this action?

The author of the secondary source may have left out information from the original study.

A published report of a study conducted at Hospital A with a population of 28 perimenopausal females demonstrated that visualization decreased discomfort from "hot flashes." One of the conclusions that the findings suggested was that visualization should be taught to all perimenopausal women. Select the statement that best describes an accurate critique of this conclusion.

The conclusion is an overgeneralization.

What were the results of the Partners in Pregnancy program studied by Jallo, Bray, Padden, and Levin (2009)?

The length of stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit was decreased.

Which statement, made by a research student, would the faculty analyze as indicating the student understands the concept of sampling distribution of the mean?

The smaller the standard error of the mean, the more confidence the researcher can have that the mean from the sample is an accurate reflection of the population mean.

A study is collection data through use of a questionnaire that asks staff nurses about what they see as essential characteristics and abilities of a nurse manager. The nurses were asked to complete the questionnaires at the beginning or at the end of the shift and place them in a box located in the nursing unit. What is the most likely source of error in this data collection procedure?

Transitory personal characteristics

The nurse researcher is conducting a study on a nonpharmacologic nursing intervention for the treatment of pain. Which data collection instrument would provide the most sensitive measurement of pain?

Visual analog scale

Select the problem statement with preferred format.

is there a correlation between a student's grade point average and performance on NCLEX-RN?

A nurse is drawn into a discussion of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The nurse would offer further explanation when the discussion participants make which erroneous claims? Select all that apply.

- "My dad can't get insurance because he has a really bad heart condition." - "I don't like the part about the government telling me what insurance to buy."

The nurse researcher is reviewing correlational studies as part of a literature review. The nurse would doubt the validity of studies that report which correlation coefficients? Select all that apply.

- +1.2 - -2.0

The nurse is reading the report of a quantitative research report. What information should the nurse find in this report regarding the study hypothesis? Select all that apply.

- The statistical test used - The probability value - The degrees of freedom - The results of the test

A nurse researcher reports an h-index of 8. How should an editor interpret this data? Select all that apply.

- The value depends upon the number of articles the researcher has had published. - The information is related to the number of times each of the researcher's published articles has been cited.

Which options reflect reasons that inferential statistics are important to nursing research? Select all that apply.

- They are used to test hypotheses. - They are used to estimate population parameters from sample data.

A nurse researching budgetary reductions at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services (CMS) would identify primary impact on which groups? Select all that apply.

- Those receiving kidney dialysis - Poverty level older adults living in extended care facilities

Study results are in the opposite direction of the study prediction. What actions should be taken by the researcher? Select all that apply.

- Try to make sense of the findings. - Give some explanation for the results. - Make recommendations for further study.

The nurse researcher will present a poster at a national conference. What should the nurse consider when developing this poster? Select all that apply.

- Use a large font for any typed material on the poster. - Devise a plan for transporting the poster.

What questions would be helpful in critiquing the review of literature section of a qualitative nursing research study? Select all that apply.

- Were classical references used? - Were primary sources cited? - Does the literature review exhaust the existing body of knowledge on the study problem? - Does the review of literature match the study design?

What questions would the reader of qualitative research ask when critiquing the interpretation of study data? Select all that apply.

- What design was used? - What do experts in this type of design recommend? - Were findings compared to similar previous studies?

The nurse researcher is interested in converting data obtained in a study into a different measurement level. What information should the researcher recall when designing this conversion? Select all that apply.

-Interval data can be converted to ordinal data -Ordinal data can be converted to nominal data

A nurse researcher is searching for a theory or concept to use as the framework for an upcoming study. While conducting this search, which guidelines should the researcher follow?

-It is permissible to use only nursing theories or concepts. -It is sometimes helpful to combine nursing theory with a theory from outside the discipline. -Theories from outside nursing can be used if they match the study purpose.

At a recent meeting of hospital administrators, there is discussion about the need to increase salary ranges to attract nurses to the hospital. Which occurrences would likely affect this discussion? Select all that apply.

-Nursing schools in two major universities in the region have closed their nursing programs. - The national pass rate for NCLEX-RN has been dropped significantly for each of the last two years. - A new hospital will open in an adjacent city next week. - The hospital has instituted a no-overtime policy.

A nurse researcher is planning to conduct secondary analysis on data collected for a previous study. Which are valid rationale for this plan? Select all that apply.

-So much data was collected in the first study that is was not possible to analyze it in one study. -Secondary analysis studies are efficient.

The nurse researcher is constructing a questionnaire to collect data for a study. The study researcher should be aware of which disadvantages of this data collection method? Select all that apply.

-Some questionnaires may be distributed to illiterate respondents -Many people who receive questionnaires may fail to return them -Respondents may misunderstand items on the questionnaire

The nurse researcher administer a questionnaire to a group of subjects six weeks ago. Today, the researcher administered the same questionnaire to the same subjects. Select the types of reliability the researcher is testing using this technique. Select all that apply.

-Test retest -Stability

A nurse researcher has put an enormous amount of work into a study whose results did not support the tested theory. The researcher expected that the theory would be supported. What action should the researcher take? Select all that apply.

-Understanding that negative findings can be as important as positive findings. -Attempt to publish the results anyway.

A nurse is reading the report of a study conducted to determine whether having an RN present effects attendance at an exercise group compromised of newly diagnosed Type II diabetics. The following table shows the frequency distribution for exercise class attendance. No. of Classes Attended /F%; 1-3: 54, 57; 4-6: 22, 23; 7-9: 8, 8.5; 10-12: 4, 4.3; 14-17: 3, 3.2; 18-28: 3, 3.2. Which number sessions was attended by the greatest number of clients?

1-3

If a target population contains 3,360 elements and the researcher seeks a systematic random sample of 30 elements, the sampling interval would be_______.

112

A researcher wants to see if sleep can affect test scores. A party is thrown the night before an exam, and all students are required to attend. No one is allowed to get more than 4 hours of sleep prior to the exam. A month later, the researcher does a posttest, and all students get at least 8 hours of sleep the night before the exam. This results in statistics of t = 2.84, degree of freedom (100 - 1) = 99, and p =.03. Which statistical test, if any, was conducted in this study?

A dependent sample t test

Which type of analysis combines the results of several similar studies?

A meta-analysis is used to statistically combine the outcomes of several studies.

Identify the phrase that describes an accessible population.

All adolescents studying biology at the local high school.

The research study interviews will conduct interviews with love-income parents in a government subsidized daycare center. What clothing would be the best choice for the interviewers?

Dress slacks and a nice sweater

A study is conducted to determine whether the implementation of a new scheduling patten has a positive effect on the job satisfaction of staff nurses. Nurses are randomly assigned to the experimental group (new scheduling pattern) or comparisons group ("usual" scheduling pattern). This is an example of which type of study?

Experimental study

When the nurse is asked whether research utilization is a part of the general nursing practice at the hospital, the nurse replies, "We try to do that, but it is difficult." What is the most prevalent reason for this concern?

Inability of many nurses to understand research articles

The staff nurse notices that newly admitted patients appear calmer after the nurse has completed their admission interview and physical assessment and has discussed their plan of care. The nurse wonders if this is related to alleviation of fear of the unknown. What kind of thinking is this nurse pursuing?

Inductive

Which reference citation indicates a secondary source?

Jansen, C.E., Miaskowski, C., Dodd, J. S., & Dowling, G. (2005). Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment in women with breast cancer: A critique of the literature. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32(2), 329-342.

Select the statement that describes the most accurately titled table for a quantitative research study.

Journal Writing and Perception of Anger in Teenage Girls

The nurse researcher has submitted a manuscript for publication to a research journal. Who should this nurse expect to make the final decision about whether or not the article will be published?

Journal editor

Which title suggests that the nursing research study focuses on the subjective nature of the human experience, which is characteristic of qualitative research methods?

Mobility and Perception of Quality of Life in Nursing Home Residents.

A nurse researcher is concerned that potential subjects in a planned research study may provide the response to questions based upon the responses being socially acceptable. Which data collection method should this researcher plan for this study?

Projective technique

A researcher is designing a research study to identify the characteristics of a good nurse manager as identified by staff nurses. What is the most appropriate method to collect this data?

Questionnaire

A study reviewed the medical record of nursing home residents as the source of data regarding previous use of a medication as related to current cognitive state. This is an example of which type of study?

Retrospective

Which statement regarding sampling error and sampling bias is accurate?

Sampling error may be contained in sample data even when the most careful random sampling procedure has been used to obtain the sample.

Which research design is used by the Gallup Poll to obtain information about large numbers of people through sampling a small percentage of the total groups?

Survey study design

Compare and contrast the use of theses and dissertations as a means of communicating research findings by choosing the option that is more related to a thesis.

Test existing theories

In which quantitative research situation is support provided for the research hypothesis?

The null hypothesis is rejected.

Which statement regarding the written expression of findings should the nurse researcher follow when preparing the "discussion of findings" section of a research report?

The discussion of findings is subjective, whereas the presentation of findings is objective.

What is a set of related statements that describes or explains phenomena in a systematic way?

Theory

Identify the statement that describes a population.

Trauma clients hospitalized in an intensive care unit during January 2010.

Which question is correctly stated for use in research study questionnaire?

Where do you plan to work after graduation?

A nurse doing qualitative research has approached an individual about participating in the study. The person says, 'I don't mind being in your study, but I do no want to be identified." Which response by the nurse researcher, is indicated?

" I will interview you, so I will know what you said."

Which statement, made by a novice nurse researcher, would be evaluated as indicating good understanding of translational science?

"It is essential to understand the context in which interventions are performed."

A healthcare facility has made use of EBP part of their mission. The vice-president in charge of nursing is meeting with nurse managers to discuss ways t offer EBP training for nurses. Which statements reflects best understanding of how to accomplish this task?

"Nurses will be assigned to an education day on a rotating basis. This day will be during the nurse's regular work schedule and coverage will be provided for their patient care assignment."

The nurse is participating in the clinical trial of a new medication. A patient enrolled in the trial says, "I don't like the side effects of this drug." Which statement, made by the nurse, is indicated? Select all that apply.

-"The decision to stay in the trial is up to you." -"Would you like to discuss the trial with one of the researchers?"

The nurse manager suggests that staff nurses look at abstracts of the Cochrane Reviews for ideas to change their practice. What should these nurses do?

-Access the free abstracts of these reviews online -Expect to find a great deal of material to review -Plan to learn about the research methods used in the studies reviewed.

The nurses who work in an intensive care unit are determined to implement evidence-based practice into the care of the patients on their unit. The nurse manager would monitor for decrease in this determination in which situation? Select all that apply.

-An influenza epidemic has increased admissions to the intensive care unit by 30% over the last month. -The hospital has implemented new electronic health record software. -In the last week, three patients have died unexpectedly. -The summer vacation schedule has required the use of an increased number of agency nurses over the last month.

The nurse executive of a large medical center announces that nursing units will be asked to participate in translational research. The nurses working on these units should prepare to participate in which activities? Select all that apply.

-Applying evidence-based practice recommendations. -Closely attending to patient values to guide care provided. -Monitoring the outcomes of specific interventions.

A company that produces culture swabs contacts a nurse who works in an infectious disease practice. The company asks for data on the prevalence of different pathogens in the practice's patients. They offer the nurse $10 for each medical record reviewed. The nurse submits a bill for $1,000 after reviewing 50 medical records and supplementing information as the nurse remembered it from several other patients. What research misconduct has occurred? Select all that apply.

-Data fabrication -Data falsification -Informed consent

The researcher is considering the content analysis section of the research plan for a qualitative study. What work will the researcher do during this section? Select all that apply.

-Develop rules for coding data into categories. -Create categories of data.

Nurses who work in the emergency department have formed a journal club to discuss research reports relevant to their practice setting. The nurses should anticipate which topics to be discussed? Select all that apply.

-How important is the clinical issue to emergency department practice? -Does the emergency department environment limit use of the intervention? -What technique were used to measure the effectiveness of the interventions?

The nurse researcher is completing a review of literature. Why will this work be useful to the researcher as the project continues? Select all that apply.

-It helps to develop a theoretical or conceptual framework for the study. -It helps to identify what is already known on the topic of the study. -It assists in the identification of data collection tools to measure the study variables.

The nurse researcher is considering using a focus group to collect data for a qualitative study. Before making this decision, the nurse researcher should be willing to accept which problems that may occur from this format? Select all that apply.

-Not all persons who are in the group may participate -Some people in the group may monopolize the session -Some people do not like op open their views up to possible criticism by others.

Nursing leadership is choosing nurses from within the organization to fill the role of the nurse champion prior to introducing new evidence-based practice policies. Those in leadership should look for nurses with which qualities? Select all that apply.

-Nurses who are clinically knowledgeable. -Nurses who have a commitment to improve quality of care. -Nurses who hold patient safety as their number one priority.

Differentiate between evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP) and research utilization (RU) by selecting the correct statements.

-Research utilization focuses on research into a set of clinical problems. -Nurses play an active role in locating a solution for healthcare concerns when involved in evidence-based nursing practice. -Research utilization begins with existing research that needs to be implemented in practice.

A nurse has joined a group who meet regularly to discuss transitional research pertinent to their patient population. Which types of research should the nurse anticipate discussing?

-Standards of practice -Protocols -Critical pathways

Which statement(s) should be included in a presentation that discusses the use of systematic reviews of research studies?

-The systematic review will enhance the quality of the research study. -The systematic review will involve examining numerous studies relating to a single topical area. -The use of the systematic review integrates the information from a group of original research studies and looks at the studies as a whole.

A nursing faculty is teaching students about Cochrane Centers. What information about these centers should this faculty include in the teaching?

-They help to support the Cochrane Collaboration by organizing workshops and seminars. -The centers are all unique and reflect the interests of the individuals in that center. -One of the functions of these centers is to train people to do reviews.

A hospital is developing a committee to focus on nurse-led research and EBP. In order to best ensure the workings of this committee will be translated into practice, organizers will include which person on this committee?

A frontline nurse who works 36-hours each week at the bedside.

A nurse believes that a change in practice will improve patient care and would like to find research that proves a cause-and-effect relationship. The nurse should review the literature for which type of study?

A systematic review of randomized control trials.

A nurse research is conducting a study on the relationship between medication errors and the number of consecutive days world by a nurse. One of the assumptions of this study is that medication errors are a serious threat to patients. Which type of assumption is this?

A universal assumption

Which nursing research problem is most likely based upon a nurse's personal experiences?

Demonstrating that saline is equally effective as a heparin solution in keeping intravenous locks patient.

The text at the beginning of a research study report reads: "Is there a relationship between the number of medication errors made and the number of consecutive days the nurse has worked? This study will try to determine if the number of medication errors made is related to the number of consecutive days the nurse has worked. Medication errors are a serious threat to hospitalized patients." Which of these statements is the research problem?

Is there a relationship between the number of medication errors made and the number of consecutive days the nurse has worked?

Why should the nurse developing a quantitative research study avoid using the word "cause" in the research question?

It is difficult to prove causality

From the problem statement, "Is there a difference in postoperative pain perception between postoperative clients who use relaxation techniques and clients who do not use relaxation techniques?" identify the independent variable.

Relaxation techniques

What is the best reason that scholars consider Florence Nightingale to be the first nurse researcher?

She changed nursing by basing her practice on her research findings.

The study hypothesis is, "Premature infants who receive skin-to-skin tactile simulation gain weight at a more rapid rate than premature infants who do not receive skin-to-skin tactile stimulation." What is the independent variable?

Skin-to-skin tactile stimulation

A nurse manager wishes to develop evidence-based policy for the clinical agency. Which model is the nurse's best choice?

Stetler Model

The nursing faculty would evaluate which statement, made by a research student, as providing evidence that the student understands the mission of the ACE center?

The ACE center derives clinical actions from research-based findings.

Of the following topical phrases, which is most appropriate for a research study?

The accuracy of axillary temperatures as compared with rectal temperatures of infants.

All of these options are important to the practice if nursing. Which option is likely the most important?

The applicability of theories from other disciplines to nursing practice.

Qualitative researchers are generally more interested in relevance of findings than in objectivity and generalizability. To what belief, generally held by qualitative researchers, is this most directly related?

The belief that each subject is most knowledgeable about the topic under study.

A nurse has tried several methods to contain wound drainage so that a patient can be ambulatory. The first three attempts were unsuccessful, so the nurse devised a fourth dressing type. What is the primary disadvantage of this plan?

The reasons the dressings did not work are not determined or documented.

The nurse who is reading a research report has concerns about the ethical aspects of the study. Which information should reassure the nurse that the study was undertaken in an ethical manner?

The study was reviewed and approved by an Institutional Review Board.

Why is it important to review the state nurse practice act when developing EBP?

There may be scope of practice limitations that must be considered.