ch. 1 & 2 - corrections

Form of community supervision for individuals who have not yet been formally sentenced, but who agreed to complete stipulations such as treatment or community service, in exchange for having their charges dropped

diversion.

60% of incarcerated persons

do not have a ged.

2 aspects of evidence based practice (ebp):

does it work (identify programs that do and don't work), and applying the techniques (using elements that work and discarding those that don't).

incapacitation

isolation of the offender from the general population.

boundaries within a city or county where police enforce the law, keep social order, and preserve public safety:

jurisdiction.

retribution

just an adequate punishment.

3 components of the criminal justice system

law enforcement, courts, corrections.

deferred probation

not convicted unless you violate probation.

incarceration and minorities:

police target areas of minority for closer attention, increasing likelihood of observing arrestable behavior.

the community supervision of a defendant who has not yet been convicted but is waiting for his or her next court hearing date

pretrial supervision.

types of corrections

probation, parole, community service, capital punishment.

community corrections

probation, parole, community service.

certainty

problematic, because certainty is realistically achieved only if citizens are willing to be constantly monitored so that all criminal acts are known to the authorities and can thereby be punished.

rehabilitation

providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him or her to be law-abiding.

restorative justice

punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act.

norm of reciprocity

punishment is a natural response, or reciprocation to a wrongful act.

rehabilitation as reclamation

quaker's believed imprisonment would bring the offender back to the correct way of living.

examples of things that work in the c.j. system

rehabilitation, reentry, probation, prevention initiatives.

community corrections rely on

resources available within the community.

victim impact classes

restorative justice program, typically offered in prison, wherein prisoners hear violent crime survivors share their experiences with the hope of affecting positive change in the offender.

restoration

restoring the victim, community, and offender through accountability, respect for the law and the legal process, and attention to victim needs.

retribution is NOT

revenge.

rehabilitation as reformation

saw offenders as responsible for changing themselves.

specific deterrence

seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage a person from committing additional crimes.

general deterrence

seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage people from committing a crime in the first place.

"does it work" determining factors:

statistical analysis, sample has to represent general population, adequate sample size for each group, treatment group compares to other group, significant dif. b/t treatment and control groups, valid and reliable measuring instruments.

cultivation theory

suggests that repeated and cumulative exposure to violence eventually creates a sense of insecurity and irrational fear of violent victimization and anxiety about certain types of people.

recidivism

the act of repeating an offense or criminal conduct.

economic mobility

the likelihood that individuals can rise and maintain a higher socioeconomic status than they were born into, through employment and earnings.

iron law of imprisonment

the realization that almost all prisoners will return to free society.

technological incapacitation

using technologies such as critical organ surgery, chemical treatment, and electronic monitoring to restrict an offenders freedom of movement.

restorative practices in prison

victim impact classes.

restorative practice in sentencing

victim-offender mediation.

rehabilitation as individualized treatment

viewed criminal behavior as similar to a treatable illness.

net widening

when offenders receive a level of correctional punishment that is greater than what they really require, resulting in bringing more people into the system.

selective incapacitation

imprisonment is reserved for those very few offenders who must truly be locked away for society's protection.

when a crime is committed, a victim or witness reports the situation to:

law enforcement.

Lex Talionis

law of retaliation; eye for eye - type of retribution.

swiftness

likely achieved only by restricting the due process currently provided to defendants and the rights to appeal now granted to convicted offenders.

retribution's goal:

match penalty with crime.

examples of risk factors most closely associated with criminal negligence:

-antisocial attitudes, values, beliefs, and emotional states -pro-criminal associates and isolation for pro-social associates -egocentrism, weak problem-solving and self-regulation skills -criminal history -family issues -low educational levels -substance abuse

crime control policy

a course of action to respond to criminal behavior in the best interest of the public.

reparative probation program

a vermont restorative justice program at the post conviction stage that combines a suspended probation sentence with elements of community reparation boards.

victim-offender mediation

an application of restorative justice principles at the sentencing stage by having mediation sessions involving both offender and victim take the place of traditional sentencing by a judge.

preadjudication diversion

an attempt to divert juveniles away from court and the delinquent label that is received by being within the criminal justice system.

when an arrest is made, police drive the suspect to city or county jail to be

booked.

how do we punish?

capital punishment, probation/parole, community service, and jail/prison.

key requirements for an effective deterrence system

certain punishment, severe punishment, swift punishment.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

changing an individuals thinking patterns and habits that lead to criminal behavior through techniques such as self-control, anger management, social perspective taking, moral reasoning, problem-solving, and attitudinal change.

social learning

changing old behavior through modeling new skills and desirable behavior.

in less serious cases, the police can decide to issue a warning or

citation.

restorative practices in community

community reparation boards.

evidence-based practice (ebp)

correctional interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes, such as recidivism reduction.

the most common examples of preadjudication diversion

deferred probation supervision, community service hours, victim-offender mediation, and treatment programs.

deterrence

discouraging future criminal acts by both the offender and others in the population.

when a case is dropped for lack of evidence and it does not proceed any further

dismissed.

latinos and african americans are

disproportionally incarcerated.

rehabilitation as reentry

focused more on how offenders can be reintegrated back into community.

if an offender on diversion supervision does not comply with the conditions to the courts satisfaction, or if the defendant is rearrested within a certain period of time after completion,

formal execution of the sentence ensues and a record of the conviction is reinstated.

elements of retribution

formal penal sanction, equity, and just deserts.

mass media

has the greatest influence on how most people learn and develop opinions about various social issues, and influences public opinion and encouraging political involvement in the punishment of offenders.

when reentering back into the community, offenders need:

housing, employment, support, and cognitive behavioral treatment (all done by social networking).

institutionalized corrections

jail and prison.

continuum of sanctions

one or more sentencing options within the community or an institution that can be combined with one another to achieve a range of sentencing goals.

why do we punish?

rehabilitation, deterrence, restoration, incapacitation, and retribution.

correctional goals

rehabilitation, prevention, satisfaction of victims, deterrence, incapacitation.

what % of prisoners will get out of prison at some point?

95%.

citizen circles

An Ohio restorative justice program at the prisoner reentry stage that encourages community collaboration with offenders during their supervision in the community.

general incapacitation

Imprisonment is acceptable and desirable on an extensive scale for a wide range of offenders as a means of crime prevention.