Ch 1, Ch 4, Ch 6

At inhibitory chemical synapses, the potential change in the postsynaptic neuron is generally a hyperpolarizing graded potential, referred to by the abbreviation _____

IPSP

Which is generally true regarding how postsynaptic potentials initiate action potentials at synapses between neurons? In order for an action potential to be generated, equal numbers of EPSPs and IPSPs must be generated, so the membrane potential rises to threshold. In order for an action potential to be generated, a predominance of IPSPs must be generated within a short amount of time. EPSPs are large enough that a single excitatory input to a postsynaptic cell almost always results in generation of an action potential. Individual EPSPs are small, so initiating an action potential requires the summation of multiple excitatory inputs within a short time period.

Individual EPSPs are small, so initiating an action potential requires the summation of multiple excitatory inputs within a short time period.

Proteins that play a critical role in the events that occur at a chemical synapse are the _________-gated ________ channels. These are opened as a result of the depolarization during the action potential.

voltage Ca2+ (calcium)

Nicotine is a plant alkaloid compound that binds to one of the subtypes of the neurotransmitter receptors that normally binds to?

ACh

The main neurotransmitter released onto skeletal muscle cells by motor neurons is called

ACh

______ are purines that are sometimes co-released with one or more neurotransmitters at synapses, and act mainly as neuromodulators.

ATP/adenosine

______ are a subclass of monoamines derived from tyrosine that include dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Catecholamines

Removal of neurotransmitters from synapses occurs by which of the following mechanisms? Enzymatic transformation into inactive substances Active transport into nearby cells, such as glial cells Active transport back into the presynaptic terminal Diffusion away from the synapse Diffusion through channels into the postsynaptic cell

Enzymatic transformation into inactive substances Active transport into nearby cells, such as glial cells Active transport back into the presynaptic terminal Diffusion away from the synapse

What gaseous neurotransmitter is produced from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthetase? CO N2O NO NO2 CO2

NO (nitric oxide)

Identify the correct sequence of information in a chemical synapse. Postsynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, presynaptic terminal Synaptic cleft, presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic membrane Presynaptic terminal, postsynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft Presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

Presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

ch 4

diffusion

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment is termed ____________.

homeostasis

Which of the following are classified as neuropeptide neurotransmitters/neuromodulators? Multiple select question. Enkephalin Glutamate Nitric oxide Beta-endorphin Dynorphin

a,d,e

Walter Cannon was the American physiologist who proposed the use of the word "?????" to describe the concept of constancy of the internal environment that was proposed by Claude Bernard.

homeostasis

The effects of the neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell distinguishes between the two kinds of chemical synapses termed ______ and _____________.

inhib and excitatory

The membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron is either driven farther from threshold (hyperpolarized) or stabilized at its resting potential at a(n) _________ synapse.

inhibitory

At some chemical synapses, the potential change in the postsynaptic neuron is either a hyperpolarization or a stabilization of the membrane potential. This type of response is known as ________ _________ _________(IPSP).

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

True or false: Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by what neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic cell.

False; Whether a synapse is excitatory or inhibitory is determined by the type of postsynaptic ion channel influenced by the neurotransmitter.

Which best explains what happens when you have a fever? The body's set-point temperature is increased, causing temperature control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis at a higher body temperature. The body temperature is reduced to a value lower than normal by sweating and dilation of blood vessels. Because the body is at a higher-than-normal temperature, shivering and curling up will occur to lower the body temperature back to normal.

The body's set-point temperature is increased, causing temperature control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis at a higher body temperature.

metabotropic receptors

These are G-protein coupled receptors.

SNARES

These are intracellular proteins involved in exocytosis.

In negative feedback, the inhibitor of a biochemical pathway is typically ______. the product of the enzyme inhibited a product of another biochemical pathway the substrate of the enzyme inhibited a substance that is produced toward the middle of the biochemical pathway the final product of the biochemical pathway

e

A homeostatic control system regulates the activities of cells, tissues and organs so that any change in the Blank______. extracellular fluid initiates a reaction to correct the change extracellular fluid initiates a reaction that magnifies the change intracellular fluid initiates a reaction that magnifies the change intracellular fluid initiates a reaction to correct the change

a

ATP and adenosine are Blank______ that act mainly as Blank______. purines; neuromodulators peptides; neuromodulators pyrimidines; neuromodulators pyrimidines; second messengers peptides; second messengers purines; second messengers

a

Which best describes a neuromodulator? A compound that indirectly alters the effectiveness of a synapse by altering release of, or responsiveness to, a neurotransmitter. A protein that binds to vesicles within presynaptic cells, that induces vesicles to fuse with the membrane when Ca2+ concentration increases. A compound released from a presynaptic cell that directly opens ligand-gated channels within the synapse on the postsynaptic cell..

a

Chemical synapses _________. a.) may contain more than one transmitter at a time b.) have a synaptic cleft between pre- and postsynaptic cells c.) use neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell to transmit signals to the postsynaptic cell d.) transmit local current resulting from action potentials through gap junctions directly into the next cell

a c d

Which three are TRUE about dopamine? Multiple select question. It is a monoamine. It is a catecholamine. It is derived from the amino acid glutamate. It is a neurotransmitter.

a, b, d

Acetylcholine (ACh) is Blank______. (Select multiple) released onto skeletal muscle cells by motor neurons an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters at synapses released by neurons within the brain a neurotransmitter

a, c, d

Which of the following statements about nitric oxide (NO) are true? Multiple select question. Acts as a neurotransmitter Mediates penile erection Mediates the exercise euphoria sometimes called "runner's high" Causes an increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP in target cells Is the same as "laughing gas" used by dentists Is a peptide neurotransmitter

a,b,d

Which of the options are correctly identified as lipid neurotransmitters? Multiple select question. Prostaglandins Thromboxanes Serotonin Glutamate Endocannabinoids Leukotrienes

a,b,e,f

Which of the following are classified as endogenous opioids? Multiple select question. Dynorphins Norepinephrine Beta-endorphin Serotonin Enkephalins Glutamate

a,c,e

Identify the true statements relating to endocannabinoids. Multiple select question. Generated in response to Ca2+ entry into some postsynaptic cells Generated in response to Na+ entry into some postsynaptic cells Receptors found in widespread locations throughout the CNS and PNS Include beta-endorphin Receptors exclusively found in the CNS Include 2-arachidonoylglycerol

a,c,f

Which of the following are categorized as amino acid neurotransmitters? Multiple select question. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Norepinephrine Leucine Glutamate Glycine

a,d,e

The major neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system at the neuromuscular junction is

acetylcholine

Ligands that bind to and activate receptor proteins are called ?

agonists

The amino acid neurotransmitters are by farThe most prevalent neurotransmitters in the CNS, where they affect virtually all neurons, are the _____________ neurotransmitters.

amino acid

The synapse between neurons A and B is categorized as an Blank______. Multiple choice question.

axoaxonic synapse

Which of the following are receptors for the neurotransmitter glutamate? Multiple select question. Alpha-adrenergic Alpha-amino-3 hydroxy-5 methyl-4 isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) Nicotinic cholinergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A (5-HT2A) Para-amino benzoic acid (PABA)

b, d

Chemical synapses _________. Select all that apply a. transmit local current resulting from action potentials through gap junctions directly into the next cell b. have a synaptic cleft between pre- and postsynaptic cells c. may contain more than one transmitter at a time d. use neurotransmitters released by the presynaptic cell to transmit signals to the postsynaptic cell

b-d

Neurotransmitters do not stay bound to receptors indefinitely; instead, they ______. Select all that apply a. are bound to carrier proteins and flushed from the synaptic cleft into the circulation for disposal b. are broken down into component parts by enzymes c. diffuse away from the synapse d are transported back into the presynaptic cell via reuptake

b-d

Removal of neurotransmitters from synapses occurs by which of the following mechanisms? (Select all) Diffusion through channels into the postsynaptic cell Diffusion away from the synapse Enzymatic transformation into inactive substances Active transport into nearby cells, such as glial cells Active transport back into the presynaptic terminal

b-e

Physiology is the study of Blank______. the structure of the body how organisms interact with each other how organisms function the spread of diseases

c

Which of the following statements about norepinephrine are true? Multiple select question. It is an amino acid. It is a neuropeptide. It is a biogenic amine. It is a neurotransmitter. It is a catecholamine.

c-e

The Blank______ receptors are the targets of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

cannabinoid

Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as a specific type of biogenic amines called .

catecholamine

A synapse in which a neurotransmitter is released and acts as a signal from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cell is termed a(n) ________________ synapse.

chemical

A drug that is classified as an agonist Blank______. is one that enhances signaling along pain pathways binds to a receptor and inhibits signaling by preventing the normal ligand from binding binds to and inhibits signaling by adrenergic receptors binds to a receptor and produces a response similar to what occurs when the normal ligand binds

d

Which is true about signaling by nitric oxide (NO)? It binds to and opens K+ channels in postsynaptic membranes. Its only function is in the body is to dilate blood vessels. It is released by exocytosis from presynaptic vesicles. It diffuses into target cells and activates guanylyl cyclase. It binds to receptors on target cell plasma membranes.

d

Part of the reason that drug abusers sometimes develop a tolerance to drugs that elevate certain brain neurotransmitters, is the phenomenon of receptor ___________. It forces the individuals to take increasing amounts of the drug to get the desired effect.

desensitization

When a homeostatic control system activates compensatory mechanisms in response to the deviation of a variable from normal, the mechanism generally Blank______ the variable to overshoot in the opposite direction of the original change.

does not overcompensate and force

A given variable may fluctuate in the body in the short term but is stable and predictable in the long term. This describes the concept that homeostasis is in a state of ______ ________

dynamic constancy

Synapses that consist of gap junctions which allow the local currents from action potentials in one neuron to flow directly across the junction to another neuron are called _______ synapses.

electrical

The type of synapse shown in this figure is called a(n) _________.

electrical

Which term below refers to the situation when a particular variable is not changing, but energy is added continuously to maintain a constant condition? Steady state Dynamic Equilibrium Fluctuating

equilibrium: a state in which opposing forces are balanced. Energy is not constantly required to be added.

At an ____________, the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron is brought closer to threshold (depolarized). Multiple choice question.

excitatory synapse

A depolarization of the membrane toward threshold occurs when ______ synaptic input predominates, and either a hyperpolarization or stabilization occurs when ____________ input predominates.

excitatory; inhibitory

The most common neurotransmitters for neuroeffector communication are acetylcholine and dopamine. True false

false, The most common neurotransmitters for neuroeffector communication are dopamine and norepinephrine.

The primary neurotransmitter at an estimated 50% of excitatory synapses in the CNS is Blank______. norepinephrine glutamate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glycine

glutamate

Postsynaptic cell neurotransmitter receptors can be divided into two types: _____________, which contain an ion channel in their structure, or _____________, which are linked with second-messenger systems and indirectly alter ion channels.

ionotropic metabotropic

Receptors found in postsynaptic densities of synapses that both bind to neurotransmitters and act as ion channels are known as ______.

ionotropic receptors

At neuroeffector junctions, the receptors on the effector cell Blank______. are metabotropic exclusively are ionotropic exclusively may be either ionotropic or metabotropic are neither ionotropic or metabotropic

may be either ionotropic or metabotropic

Neurotransmitter receptors that act indirectly on separate ion channels through a G protein and/or a second messenger are referred to as _________. metabotropic receptors gap junction receptors cotransmitter receptors ionotropic receptors synaptotagmin receptors

metabotropic receptors

Postsynaptic cell neurotransmitter receptors can be divided into two types: _____, which contain an ion channel in their structure, or ___________, which are linked with second-messenger systems and indirectly alter ion channels.

metatropic ionotropic

Atropine binds to Blank______ acetylcholine receptors and inhibits them from binding acetylcholine. Multiple choice question.

muscarinic

What type of ACh receptors are located in smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells and some glandular cells?

muscarinic

Body temperature is regulated around a set point of 37o Celsius by a mechanism known as a(n) _______ feedback loop.

negative

In general, neurotransmitters cause EPSPs and IPSPs. However, more complex metabolic effects in a postsynaptic cell are mediated by molecules called ___________, usually via second messengers.

neuromodulaters

A substance released by cells that alters the effectiveness of a synapse indirectly by acting at non-synaptic locations, for example by altering the presynaptic cell's release of neurotransmitter or the postsynaptic cell's response to the neurotransmitter, is called a(n) ?

neuromodulators

The receptors that occur at the neuromuscular junction are Blank______ acetylcholine receptors.

nicotonic

The ______ (area circled in black on figure) occupies a position of central importance in the balance of a chemical substance in the body, and is often identical to the amount of the substance present in the ____ (intracellular, interstitial or extracellular?) fluid.

pool extra

If neurotransmitter release from neuron A increases the amount of Ca2+ that enters neuron B during an action potential, __________ of the synapse between neuron B and C will occur.

presynaptic facilitation NOT presyn inhibition because increase in calcium increases chances of release

In __________, the amount of an excitatory neurotransmitter released from an axon is decreased by the effects of another neuron synapsing near its axon terminal. long term synaptic modulation presynaptic inhibition long term depression postsynaptic inhibition

presynaptic inhibition

When a receptor responds normally when first exposed to a neurotransmitter but then eventually fails to respond despite the continued presence of the neurotransmitter, this is known as __________ ________.

receptor densensitization

A part of the brain called the ___________ nucleus functions as the principal pacemaker, or time clock, for circadian rhythms.

suprechiasmatic