Ch #1: Psychological Foundations
180. Which saying best fits gestalt psychology? a. "Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious." -Freud b. "Give me a child until he is 7 and I will show you the man." -Aristotle c. "The whole is other than the sum of its parts." -Koffka
"The whole is other than the sum of its parts." -Koffka
190. You spend weeks teaching your new dog how to roll over. The rewards and reinforcers you use to shape her behavior are based on which early school of psychology? a. Functionalism b. Cognitive c. Behaviorism
. Behaviorism
106. Which of the following help neurons line up closely with each other, provide insulation to neurons, transport nutrients and waste products, and mediate immune responses? a. cell membranes b. myelin sheath c. glial cells
. glial cells
23. If two different variables are not related at all, they probably have a correlation coefficient of a. 1. b. -1. c. 0.
0.
41. Unrelated variables probably have a correlation coefficient of a. 1. b. -1. c. 0.
0.
81. If Greg's mother has a cleft chin (genotype Bb) and his father does not (genotype bb), what are the chances that Greg has a cleft chin? a. 25% b. 75% c. 50%
50%
90. Which of the following is an example of the influence of nature, or genetics, on a person? a. A child of Spanish speaking parents learns Spanish even though they live in England. b. A child growing up in a culture that promotes humility comes to value humility. c. A child of divorced parents shows the same tendency toward extroversion as her twin sister living across the country with her father.
A child of divorced parents shows the same tendency toward extroversion as her twin sister living across the country with her father.
177. Which person was most interested in studying learned behavior? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. B.F. Skinner
B.F. Skinner
92. ________ study how the interaction of genes and the environment cause individual differences in behavior. a. Evolutionary psychologists b. Historical psychologists c. Behavioral geneticists
Behavioral geneticists
163. The Sea World animal trainers use rewards (reinforcements) to teach whales, sea lions and dolphins to perform tricks. These training techniques are based on principles from which early school of psychology? a. Structuralism b. Cognitive c. Behaviorism
Behaviorism
2. A little girl at the local elementary school is writing symphonies for full orchestra at age 7. You're curious to know about the child's personality and other psychological qualities. Which type of study would you conduct? a. Case study b. Survey c. Naturalistic observation
Case study
3. A psychologist who is interested in finding out about the lives and experiences of blended multi-racial families wants to know how such individuals are viewed by their families, friends, and co-workers and how they view themselves. He conducts a series of structured interviews with the various individuals and asks specific questions based on ideas he has that he thinks will be important for understanding this particular life experience. What type of study is this? a. Survey b. Naturalistic observation c. Case study
Case study
96. Which of the following is the correct order of events describing the movement of an electrical charge through a neuron? a. Dendrite, axon, cell body b. Axon, cell body, dendrite c. Dendrite, cell body, axon
Dendrite, cell body, axon
97. Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the route followed by nerve impulses when one neuron communicates with another? a. Dendrite, axon, cell body b. Axon, cell body, dendrite c. Dendrite, cell body, axon
Dendrite, cell body, axon
71. Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying depression? a. To what extent does depression affect one's thinking, memory and language abilities? b. When does depression usually develop in a person? What are the various stages (represented by the changes in behavior) of the illness? c. Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent depression?
Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent depression?
72. Which questions would a biopsychologist most likely address when studying schizophrenia? a. To what extent does schizophrenia affect one's thinking, memory and language abilities? b. When does schizophrenia usually develop in a person? What are the various stages (represented by the changes in behavior) of the illness? c. Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent schizophrenia?
Does stress or lack of exercise affect the nervous system and hormones to either cause or prevent schizophrenia?
176. Which of the following statements most closely aligns with humanism? a. Each person is negatively affected by unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories. b. self-motivated, and strives to become a healthy, effectively functioning individual. c. Each person is inherently good, but therapy is needed to become a healthy individual. d. Each person is inherently good and motivated to be a healthy functioning individual.
Each person is inherently good and motivated to be a healthy functioning individual.
77. ________ psychology seeks to study the genetic causes of behavior. a. Cognitive b. Neurobiological c. Evolutionary
Evolutionary
78. ________ psychology seeks to study the ultimate biological causes of a behavior. a. Cognitive b. Neurobiological c. Evolutionary
Evolutionary
7. If the experimenter knows who is in the experimental and control groups and treats them accordingly, she runs the risk of ________. a. Generalization b. Confounding c. Experimenter bias
Experimenter bias
173. Two people may look at the identical image but perceive different things. This phenomenon is studied by a. Freudian psychologists. b. functionalists. c. Gestalt psychologists.
Gestalt psychologists.
37. Ryan is conducting an experiment on the type of breakfast eaten by high schoolers and their wakefulness and alertness during the day. Which is the best way for Ryan to prevent experimenter bias? a. He should avoid any personal interactions with the students. b. He should refer to each student by a number instead of a name. c. He should not know what the students ate for breakfast.
He should not know what the students ate for breakfast.
132. Hart is interested in the role of relationships in preventing heart disease. As her patients come into her office in Bluebell, Alabama, she asks them two questions: Are you a in a relationship? Have you experienced any heart problems in the last 8 years? Based on her findings, she concludes that relationships cause cardiovascular (heart) problems. One issue with her methodology is that the results are not generalizable. What does this mean? a. She cannot prove causation b. Her sample was not perfectly random c. Her results may not be true for the entire population
Her results may not be true for the entire population
89. Which of the following is a major problem with arriving at a conclusive scientific answer to the nature-nurture debate? a. Researchers cannot agree on definitions for "nature" and for "nurture." b. It is unethical to study the genetic influences on behavior. c. Humans cannot easily be randomly assigned to different genetic and environmental conditions.
Humans cannot easily be randomly assigned to different genetic and environmental conditions.
58. Jade plans to major in business then continue on to study ________ so that she can work as a consultant for businesses interested in improving employee motivation and increasing productivity. a. business psychology b. forensic psychology c. I-O psychology
I-O psychology
62. Stefan had a terrible work experience when cooking at a local diner while in high school. That experience led him to want to study business management and best practices in improving the workplace environment. He should consider studying a. business psychology. b. forensic psychology. c. I-O psychology.
I-O psychology.
218. Which organization reviews research conducted using animal subjects? a. IRB b. IACRB c. IACUC
IACUC
5. Briggs is interested in whether there is a difference in the way males and females carry objects such as backpacks and computer cases, so she sets up a hidden camera on the main mall of the college and videotapes students at various times throughout the day. What type of study is this? a. Case study b. Survey c. Naturalistic observation
Naturalistic observation
158. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. a. a person's consciousness b. sexual identity c. a person's unconscious
a person's unconscious
52. Which type of psychology degree focuses more on the clinical practice and less on research? a. PhD b. master's degree c. PsyD
PsyD
188. Wilhelm Wundt's usage of introspection to measure the workings of the mindan experiment is reliable is known as a. Functionalism b. Psychoanalysis c. Structuralism
Structuralism
191. ________ is the name for Wundt's approach of asking patients to look inward and describe their feelings in order to understand consciousness. a. Functionalism b. Psychoanalysis c. Structuralism
Structuralism
142. What is the abstract of a scholarly article? a. The section explaining the procedure and operational definitions. b. The section presenting the key findings of the article. c. The section with a summary of the whole article.
The section with a summary of the whole article.
179. Which researcher was more likely to use recording devices and objective measures to examine the mind? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Sigmund Freud c. William James
William James
145. Where in a scholarly article would you expect to find a concise summary of the entire experiment? a. introduction b. discussion c. abstract
abstract
164. The cognitive revolution turned the emphasis in psychology away from the behavioral focus on only observable behavior to instead a. hold that behavior is irrelevant to the study of the mind. b. focus on mental processes and introspection. c. acknowledge the existence of internal mental states.
acknowledge the existence of internal mental states.
105. What is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals? a. hyperpolarization b. threshold of excitation c. *action potential
action potential
31. Maxwell's research group is conducting a study on the relationship between daytime toddler naps and dinnertime appetite. Some groups are assigned to a 1 ½-2 ½ hour afternoon nap, some to a 30-60 minutes nap, or some to no nap at all. The amount they eat for dinner is recorded. In this study, the ________ is the dependent variable and ________ is the control group. a. time slept; no nap b. amount of food eaten; 1 ½-2 ½ hour nap c. amount of food eaten; no nap
amount of food eaten; no nap
126. Which type of brain imaging is especially helpful in the study of sleep disorders? a. a positron emission tomography (PET) b. a functional MRI (fMRI) c. an electroencephalograph (EEG)
an electroencephalograph (EEG)
17. Examining household sizes during the early 1900s by reading census reports is an example of a. naturalistic observation b. longitudinal research c. archival research
archival research
42. Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________. a. naturalistic observation b. longitudinal research c. archival research
archival research
196. A psychologist who studies the interaction between hormones and behavior is called a a. biophysiological psychologist. b. hormonal psychologists c. behavioral endocrinologist.
behavioral endocrinologist.
88. The study of "nature" in the nature-nurture debate is really a study of the ________ bases of behavior. a. environmental b. neurological c. biological
biological
65. Which of the following are the main psychological domains? a. psychoanalytical, cognitive, social, mental and physical health b. social and personality, lifespan, sensation and perception, mental and physical health c. biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, mental and physical health
biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, mental and physical health
66. Which of the following are the main psychological domains? a. psychoanalytical, biopsychological, social, mental and physical health b. personality, lifespan, sensation and perception, mental and physical health c. biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, mental and physical health
biological, cognitive, developmental, social and personality, mental and physical health
53. According to the ________ model, health and illness are determined by psychological, biological, and social factors. a. cognitive-behavioral b. clinical-health c. biopsychosocial
biopsychosocial
60. Marquesas is suffering from anxiety. According to the ________ model, her illness is probably determined by psychological, biological, and social factors. a. cognitive-behavioral b. clinical-health c. biopsychosocial
biopsychosocial
1. A correlation coefficient can indicate ________. a. whether one variable causes an effect on another variable b. a positive relationship, but not a negative relationship between variables c. the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
c. the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
33. Observational research that focuses on just one individual or a group of people is called a a. survey. b. correlational study. c. *c. case study.
case study
44. When watching the news one night, you learn about a family with 5 Juilliard musicians. You want to learn more about their environment and personality traits that led them to become such successful musicians. What type of study would you conduct? a. survey b. naturalistic observation c. case study
case study
120. The ________ plays an important role in higher-level thinking and decision making. a. thalamus b. somatosensory cortex c. cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex
79. Each of our 46 ________ have a sequence of DNA, made up of ________, which determine traits and physical characteristics. a. phenotypes; chromosomes b. alleles; genes c. chromosomes; genes
chromosomes; genes
156. Pavlov is to ________ and B.F. Skinner is to ________. a. operant conditioning; classical conditioning b. humanism; behaviorism c. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
classical conditioning; operant conditioning
63. Which area of psychology focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior? a. cognitive psychology b. social psychology c. clinical psychology
clinical psychology
157. Proponents of the early school of ________ psychology argue that our thoughts, feelings, and motives are important in understanding human behavior and that more than just observable actions should be studied. a. behaviorism b. psychoanalytical c. cognitive
cognitive
70. Which psychological domain would include a study of memory and intelligence? a. biological b. social and personality c. cognitive
cognitive
75. ________ is the area of psychology that focuses on studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions. a. biological b. developmental c. cognitive
cognitive
9. When a researcher has reason to believe that something other than the manipulation of the independent variable has caused a change in the dependent variable, the researcher must look for a(n) ________ as an explanation. a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. confounding variable
confounding variable
24. If you are studying depression rates during the cold winter months, a potential ________ could be the busy holiday season. a. dependent variable b. illusory correlation c. confounding variables
confounding variables
68. Which of the following topics are included in the biological domain of psychology? a. conditioning b. memory c. consciousness
consciousness
25. If you are studying the impact of a new type of teaching curriculum in the psychology classroom, the classroom where the old curriculum is still taught is considered the a. experimental group. b. operational group. c. control group.
control group.
29. In the example of how violent television programming might affect violent behavior in children, the ________ views violent television programming for a specified time. a. experimental group. b. operational group. c. c. control group.
control group.
39. The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables is expressed by the ________. a. illusory correlation b. positive correlation c. correlation coefficient
correlation coefficient
30. Jonas wants to understand the relationship between head size and intelligence. What type of study might he perform? a. descriptive b. experimental c. correlational
correlational
38. Suzanne is interested in understanding the relationship between hours spent watching t.v. and student grades in elementary school. What type of study might she perform? a. descriptive b. experimental c. correlational
correlational
48. According to the text, psychology students are most likely to benefit from exposure to a. counseling strategies and memory skills. b. research assignments and diagnostic techniques. c. critical thinking skills and evaluating information.
critical thinking skills and evaluating information.
47. According to the text, psychology students are most likely to benefit from exposure to a. counseling strategies and diagnostic techniques. b. communication skills and assessment strategies. c. critical thinking skills and the scientific method.
critical thinking skills and the scientific method.
14. Comparing the population in two different states to examine the prevalence of depression is an example of a. archival research. b. longitudinal research. c. cross-sectional research.
cross-sectional research.
36. Research that compares multiple segments of the population at the same time is known as a. archival research. b. longitudinal research. c. cross-sectional research.
cross-sectional research.
104. The input sites of neurons where signals are received from other neurons are known as a. axons b. glial cells c. dendrites
dendrites
94. The branchlike fibers extending in clusters from the neuron's cell body are called ________. a. axons b. glial cells c. dendrites
dendrites
27. In a study about anxiousness, researchers have participants either read a story about a girl who is stressed about her final exams and other work and family commitments or a classic fairytale. Before the study, they plan to have students self-report on their levels of anxiety, then re-test them after the study to see if the anxious story increased anxiousness levels. In this example, the students reported anxiousness after reading a story is the a. independent variable b. operational definition c. dependent variable
dependent variable
43. What measures the effects of the independent variable? a. confounding variable b. experimental variable c. dependent variable
dependent variable
32. Non-experimental research is called ________ research. a. correlational b. experimental c. descriptive
descriptive
35. Preliminary, non-experimental, research that gathers information about behavior is called ________ research. a. correlational b. experimental c. descriptive
descriptive
57. If Marco is interested in changes in reasoning and thinking that occur during adolescence, he should specialize in ________ psychology. a. cognitive b. personality c. developmental
developmental
69. Which psychological domain would include a study of learning and conditioning? a. cognitive b. social and personality c. developmental
developmental
84. One reason the nature-nurture debates continues is because it is a. impossible to quantitatively measure the influence of either genetics or the environment on a person. b. difficult to assign operational definitions to the terms. c. difficult to study because people cannot be assigned to various genetic and environmental conditions.
difficult to study because people cannot be assigned to various genetic and environmental conditions.
143. What is the correct term for a pattern of variation that is noted in a given data set? a. histogram b. correlation c. distribution
distribution
10. When both the researchers and the participants do not know which conditions the participants are assigned to, the research design is known as ________. a. experimenter bias b. operational study c. double-blind
double-blind
12. As the researcher doing an experiment on performance and sleep habits, Eliza doesn't want to know which group of participants is in the experimental group getting only 4 hours of sleep each night. Eliza should conduct a a. single-blind study. b. operational study. c. double-blind study
double-blind study
154. Humanism which developed as a reaction to the behaviorism and psychodynamic schools of psychology, emphasized that ________. a. each person is born a blank slate and needs to learn to become a healthy individual b. each person is inherently good, but therapy is needed to become a healthy individual c. each person is inherently good and motivated to be a healthy functioning individual
each person is inherently good and motivated to be a healthy functioning individual
170. The rational and reasonable part of personality is known as the a. id b. superego c. ego
ego
87. The study of how the same genotype may lead to different phenotypes is known as a. range of reaction b. genetic environmental correlation c. epigenetics
epigenetics
21. If a researcher wants to understand if eating more bananas causes increased irritability, what type of study should they perform? a. descriptive b. experimental c. correlational
experimental
28. In order to study the cause and effect relationship between two variables, a researcher must perform what type of study? a. descriptive b. experimental c. correlational
experimental
214. Informed consent means clearly explaining all of the following EXCEPT a. letting participants know that participation is voluntary b. ensuring that data is confidential c. explaining the hypothesis to the participants
explaining the hypothesis to the participants
121. The biggest part of the brain, called the ________, contains the cerebral cortex, which is ________ in humans that other animals. a. forebrain; smaller b. midbrain; larger c. forebrain; larger
forebrain; larger
73. Which type of psychologist may be involved in mediating a custody battle? a. I-O psychologist. b. health psychologist. c. forensic psychologist.
forensic psychologist.
74. Which type of psychologist would most likely be asked to serve as an expert witness during a court case? a. I-O psychologist. b. health psychologist. c. forensic psychologist.
forensic psychologist.
108. A noninvasive technique that uses magnetic fields to map brain activity by measuring changes in the brain's blood flow and oxygen levels is called ________. a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electroencephalography (EEG) c. functional MRI (fMRI)
functional MRI (fMRI)
116. Stephen has a tumor in his brain and doctors want to assess what areas are impacted. They want a clear picture of the brain, but also want to see changes in the brain's blood flow. What imaging technique will they use? a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. electroencephalography (EEG) c. functional MRI (fMRI)
functional MRI (fMRI)
166. The focus on how mental activities help a person adapt to his or her environment is known as a. structuralism. b. psychoanalysis. c. functionalism
functionalism
181. Which school of psychology was more likely to focus on the operation of the entire mind instead of specific parts? a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. functionalism
functionalism
189. William James is best known for a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. functionalism
functionalism
153. Functionalism focused on a. using introspection to break down the cognitive experience b. having people report their own conscious experience c. how mental activities help a person adapt to its environment
how mental activities help a person adapt to its environment
61. Social psychology is the study of a. long-standing traits and patterns that propel behavior b. changes in reasoning and thinking that develop across the lifespan c. how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
184. Which school of thought emphasized the development of a healthy and effectively-functioning person? a. humanistic psychology b. cognitive psychology c. psychodynamic psychology
humanistic psychology cognitive psychology
118. The ________ helps maintain the body's level of homeostasis and regulates things like body temperature and appetite. a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. hypothalamus
hypothalamus
204. The pituitary gland, sometimes called the "master gland," carries out instructions from the ________. a. adrenal gland b. pancreas c. hypothalamus
hypothalamus
83. One of the best ways to answer questions associated with the nature-nurture debate is to complete twin studies, especially with ________ twins. a. dizygotic b. fraternal c. identical
identical
34. People generally engage in superstitious behavior, like wearing your lucky red socks while taking a test because you wore them last time you got a high grade, because of a belief in a(n) ________. a. correlation b. confounding variable c. illusory correlation
illusory correlation
45. Which variable is manipulated by the experimenter? a. confounding variable b. dependent variable c. independent variable
independent variable
64. Which factors influence health, according to the biopsychosocial model? a. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life b. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant c. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
138. Random assignment is important in grouping participants in a research study because a. it enables the data to be collected for analysis. b. it eliminates variability in the research design. c. it balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants.
it balances out the differences that might naturally exist between participants.
212. In order for an experiment to be considered falsifiable, a. it must be replicable by another researcher. b. it should make predictions about future events. c. it should be capable of being disproved.
it should be capable of being disproved.
174. Which of the following are major areas of interest in cognitive psychology? a. sleep and dreams b. personality and development c. knowledge and memory
knowledge and memory
6. If a researcher found a correlation coefficient of -.85 between amount of exercise and weight, this would indicate that the more people exercise, the ________ they weigh. a. more b. same c. less
less
85. People born with a high genetic risk for schizophrenia were ________ likely to develop schizophrenia if they were raised in a healthy family environment than if they were raised in a disturbed family environment. a. more b. equally c. less
less
93. An axon is a ________. a. neuron's cell body b. branchlike fiber extending in clusters from a neuron's cell body c. long, tubelike structure extending from a neuron's cell body
long, tubelike structure extending from a neuron's cell body
56. If Kayla is interested in personality psychology, she is most likely to study a. how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others b. changes in reasoning and thinking that develop across the lifespan c. long-standing traits and patterns that propel behavior
long-standing traits and patterns that propel behavior
18. Following a group of kindergartners every other year until they graduate and evaluating their performance is an example of a. archival research. b. cross-sectional research. c. longitudinal research.
longitudinal research.
20. High rates of attrition are particularly problematic for ________ research. a. archival research. b. cross-sectional research. c. longitudinal research.
longitudinal research.
50. Ryan wants to be a high school football coach and school counselor. He will need at least a ________ degree in counseling psychology. a. PhD b. PsyD c. master's degree
master's degree
49. Katie spends most of her daytime hours taking care of her four kids, but enjoys teaching two psychology courses in the evenings at a local community college. Katie likely has a a. PhD in psychology. b. master's degree in business. c. master's degree in psychology
master's degree in psychology
130. An experiment is valid if it a. can be replicated by another researcher and provide similar results. b. can accurately predict future behaviors. c. measures what it is supposed to measure.
measures what it is supposed to measure.
123. The substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and reticular formation can all be found in the a. forebrain b. hindbrain c. midbrain
midbrain
91. Which types of twins have the same DNA, and are valuable in studying the influence of environmental factors on genetics? a. dizygotic b. fraternal c. monozygotic
monozygotic
101. During resting potential, before the electric charge is sent, the inside of a neuron has a ________ charge. a. positive b. neutral c. negative
negative
40. There is a ________ correlation between the number of hours of sleep a person gets and how tired they feel. a. positive b. neutral c. negative
negative
67. Which of the following topics are included in the biological domain of psychology? a. learning b. motivation c. neuroscience
neuroscience
15. Correlation means all of the following EXCEPT that a. two variables are related. b. when one variable changes, so does the other. c. one variable causes another.
one variable causes another.
152. B.F. Skinner is to ________ as Pavlov is to ________. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. humanism; behaviorism c. operant conditioning; classical conditioning
operant conditioning; classical conditioning
140. The likelihood that a research finding was due to random chance rather than being due to an actual observed change is called the a. statistical significance. b. distribution. c. p-value.
p-value.
175. Which of the following are major areas of interest in cognitive psychology? a. childhood and dreams b. personality and development c. perception and language
perception and language
80. Epigenetics examines gene expression and how those with identical genes may have different a. experiences. b. ranges of reaction. c. phenotypes.
phenotypes.
26. If you participate in a study and find out that the medication you received did not contain actual medication inside, then that pill is considered a a. dependent variable. b. experimental tool. c. placebo.
placebo.
82. Most traits are controlled by more than just one gene, meaning that they are a. homozygous b. heterozygous c. polygenic
polygenic
102. If the threshold of excitation is reached, action potential begins, which causes the inside of the cell to temporarily have a ________ charge. a. negative b. neutral c. positive
positive
109. Doctors want to take a closer look at a schizophrenic patient's brain to monitor the activity of neurotransmitters while she experiences hallucinations. First, they will give her an injection of a radioactive substance. Which technique will they use? a. functional MRI (fMRI) b. electroencephalograph (EEG) c. positron emission tomography (PET)
positron emission tomography (PET)
103. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that a. block effects of neurotransmitters by binding to receptors without activating them. b. strengthen the effect of a neurotransmitters by mimicking it at the receptor site. c. prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back to the neuron.
prevent unused neurotransmitters from being transported back to the neuron.
149. Abraham Maslow is best known for a. his interpretation and contribution to dream analysis. b. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior. c. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.
proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior.
99. Drugs designed to restore neurotransmitter balance in the brain are known as a. neuro-responsive medications b. agonists c. psychotropic medications
psychotropic medications
86. The idea that Sophia is born with high genetic potential for intelligence that determines the boundaries of her intelligence, but that her environment interacts with those genes to determine wherein her intelligence falls within those bounds is known as a. environmental determinism b. epigenetics c. range of reaction.
range of reaction.
135. If an experiment can be easily replicated by another researcher and provide similar results, it is considered a. valid b. duplicable c. reliable
reliable
119. The ________ is involved in regulating the sleep/wake cycle and plays an important role in arousal and alertness. a. medulla b. pons c. reticular formation
reticular formation
13. Chelsea wants to know if the room temperature in the testing center affects participants test scores. In this experiment, the independent variable is ________. a. type of test b. test performance c. room temperature
room temperature
151. According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following is a way to access the unconscious mind? a. ask family and close friends to describe the true nature of another person b. the use of reinforcement and punishment c. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue
seemingly innocent slips of the tongue
76. ________ is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others a. personality b. cognitive c. social
social
100. During action potential, positively charged ________ ions move inside the cell. a. potassium b. chloride c. sodium
sodium
198. Conscious and voluntary movements are associated with the ________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. somatic
somatic
202. The ________ nervous system is involved in the relay of sensory and motor information to the central nervous system. a. autonomic b. sympathetic c. somatic
somatic
113. Devin processes the pain of a fresh paper cut on his finger in the a. motor cortex b. frontal lobes c. somatosensory cortex
somatosensory cortex
54. As a sprinter on the track and field team, Shaun knows that the way he visualizes and thinks about his race can have a major impact on his performance. His coach encourages him to talk to the a. forensic psychologist. b. health psychologist. c. sport psychologist.
sport psychologist.
59. Jenny's softball team always came close to winning, but seemed to give up during the 6th inning. Her coach scheduled an appointment with the ________ to discuss performance anxiety. a. forensic psychologist. b. health psychologist. c. sport psychologist.
sport psychologist.
144. When the findings in a research study are believed to be due to an actual phenomenon under investigation and not due to chance or random occurrence, this is called ________. a. cause-and-effect b. practical significance c. statistical significance
statistical significance
133. If Maria conducts a study and discovers the results seem consistent enough to not have been caused by chance, she can conclude that her findings are a. valid b. reliable c. statistically significant
statistically significant
11. A correlation coefficient of .90 indicates a ________ relationship between two variables. a. weak positive b. strong negative c. strong positive
strong positive
186. Which school of thought emphasized the use of introspection to categorize and break down sensations into basic elements? a. behaviorism b. cognitive psychology c. structuralism
structuralism
55. Cognitive psychology focuses on a. natural selection and the importance of genetics in determining behavior. b. human willpower and the ability to achieve self-actualization. c. studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions.
studying thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and actions.
148. A person's conscious and voice of reason and goodness is the a. id b. ego c. superego
superego
46. You want to learn more about food preferences of those in an entire city. What would the the best way to gather this information? a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. survey
survey
8. If you receive a telephone call from someone asking that you explain your preferences for certain kinds of products, you are the subject of a ________. a. case study b. naturalistic observation c. c. survey
survey
199. If Julian is startled by a rat in his kitchen, his ________ nervous system kicks into action. a. autonomic b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic
sympathetic
4. A researcher investigates the effects of room temperature on test performance as measured by participants test scores. In this experiment, the dependent variable is ________. a. room temperature b. type of test c. test performance
test performance
200. Justin is listening to the radio when he hears the sound of sirens, which he mistakes for the police turning on their sirens behind him. He immediately presses on the brakes, has an accelerated heartbeat and higher blood pressure, as well as sweaty palms. His reaction is known as a. homeostasis. b. parasympathetic responses. c. the fight-or-flight response.
the fight-or-flight response.
165. The ego is a. the unconscious part of personality responsible for drives like sex and aggression b. a person's conscious and voice of reason and goodness c. the rational and reasonable part of personality
the rational and reasonable part of personality
115. Research shows that both hemispheres of the brain are involved in most tasks, but split-brain studies demonstrate that a. the left hemisphere is mostly non-verbal. b. the right hemisphere is responsible for motor movements. c. the right hemisphere is mostly non-verbal.
the right hemisphere is mostly non-verbal.
19. Heather is conducting a study on music and memory. She plays different types of music while students memorize lists of words, then tests them again on their retention after 1 hour, 1 day, and 1 week. In this example, which is the independent variable? a. retention after 1 hour and 1 day b. retention after 1 week c. the type of music
the type of music
169. The psychodynamic school of psychology emphasizes ________. a. the way in which the brain organizes perceptions of the world b. how behavior helps individuals adapt to demands of their environment c. the unconscious and early childhood experiences
the unconscious and early childhood experiences
207. A ________ is a general, tentative explanation that proposes explanations for observed behavior that can be used to predict future outcomes, whereas a/an ________ is a specific prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that is to be tested. a. hypothesis; theory b. prediction; experiment c. theory; hypothesis
theory; hypothesis
16. Correlation means that a. one variable causes another. b. one variable cannot exist without the other. c. two variables are related.
two variables are related.
167. The id is the a. rational and reasonable part of personality b. conscious and voice of reason and goodness c. unconscious part of personality responsible for drives like sex and aggression
unconscious part of personality responsible for drives like sex and aggression
136. If an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure, it is considered a. reliable. b. duplicable. c. valid
valid
117. Structures that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine and aid in movement are the substantia nigra and the ________, both found in the midbrain. a. hippocampus b. pons c. ventral tegmental area
ventral tegmental area
22. If there is a negative relationship between the temperature and coat sales, it is safe to say that a. the temperature change causes fewer coats to be sold. b. the temperature is a confounding variable in the measure of coat sales. c. when the temperature goes up, coat sales go down.
when the temperature goes up, coat sales go down.