ch 10 bio
Put the following steps in the order that they were conducted in the Hershey and Chase experiment. Start with the first step at the top.
1 label 2 allow 3 shake 4 centrifuge 5 detemine
Put the following steps in the order that they were conducted in the Hershey and Chase experiment. Start with the first step at the top. Position 1 of 5 Centrifuge suspensions to separate the cells from the medium. incorrect toggle button unavailable Centrifuge suspensions to separate the cells from the medium.
1. label 2. allow 3. shake 4. centrifuge 5. determine
How many hydrogen bonds occur between adenine and thymine?
2
How many hydrogen bonds exist between cytosine and guanine?
3
What evidence from Griffith's experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae indicated that transformation had occurred?
A mixture of live R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria caused mice to die.
If one strand in a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases TTACGCTA, what is the sequence of the other strand?
AATGCGAT
f one strand in a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases TTACGCTA, what is the sequence of the other strand?
AATGCGAT
Heat-killed S bacteria are injected into mice.
Bacteria are dead, so they do not cause mice to die.
Select all of the following that are true of the base pairs of a DNA molecule.
Base pairs project toward the middle of a DNA strand. G pairs with C. A pairs with T.
If the DNA sequence on one strand is GGATTC, the sequence of the complementary strand is
CCTAAG
If the DNA sequence on one strand is GGATTC, the sequence of the complementary strand is .
CCTAAG
Live R bacteria are injected into mice. matches
Capsule-less bacteria do not cause mice to die.
After labeling viral DNA with radioactive phosphorus and viral protein with radioactive sulfur, what results indicated to Hershey and Chase that the genetic material was DNA? Select all that apply.
Cells infected by viruses labeled with 32P had 32P in their interiors. Cells infected by viruses labeled with 35S had 35S in the medium.
______ rule says that in DNA base-pairing A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C.
Chargaff's
The Meselson-Stahl experiment begins with growing bacteria in a medium containing the heavy isotope of nitrogen, which became incorporated into the bases of bacterial
DNA
During DNA replication, what enzyme removes the RNA primer and fills the gap with DNA nucleotides?
DNA polymerase I
What enzyme is responsible for adding the complementary nucleotides to the existing DNA strands during DNA replication in prokaryotes?
DNA polymerase III
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for assembling a complementary DNA strand by adding DNA nucleotides onto a primer?
DNA polymerase III
Why are primers necessary for DNA replication?
DNA polymerase III is not able to start a new strand.
Leading and lagging strands are created during DNA replication because the enzyme ______ can only add new nucleotides to the ______ end of the new strand.
DNA polymerase III; 3'
What mechanism involves the proofreading of DNA strands and the correction of any mistakes?
DNA repair
What destroyed all the transforming activity of the dead S bacteria in Avery's experiments?
DNA-digesting enzymes
Due to the fact that ______, the two strands in the DNA double helix are complementary to each other.
G can form hydrogen bonds with C, but not T
Select characteristics of a DNA molecule that play a role in complementarity.
G can only form hydrogen bonds with C. Hydrogen bonds hold the two DNA strands together. A can only form hydrogen bonds with T.
If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is CGAT, the sequence of the complementary strand is
GCTA
The DNA molecule is a double BLANK a structure that resembles a winding staircase of two strands.
HELIX
During DNA replication which is the first enzyme used to unwind the parent strand of DNA?
Helicase
Select all of the following that are true about DNA repair.
It fixes replication errors. It proofreads one strand of DNA against the other.
What experiment demonstrated that DNA replication was semiconservative?
Meselson and Stahl
A mixture of live R bacteria and heat-killed S bacteria are injected into mice.
Mice die and contain live S bacteria in their blood.
Short stretches of newly synthesized DNA that will be joined by DNA ligase to form the lagging strand are called
Okazaki fragments.
mutations are alterations that only involve one or a few base pairs and include base substitutions, insertions, and deletions.
Point or point
Select reasons why scientists thought that genes could be composed of either proteins or DNA.
Proteins and DNA are both components of chromosomes. Both proteins and DNA consist of a long sequence of subunits.
Select all the observations of Chargaff's rule.
The amount of A equals the amount of T. The amount of G equals the amount of C.
Select reasons why Avery and coworkers concluded that the transforming principle resembled a nucleic acid of the deoxyribose type.
The array of elements within the transforming principles matched that of DNA. DNA-digesting enzymes destroyed the transforming principle's activity. Protein-digesting enzymes did not affect the transforming principle's activity.
Which of the following statements about DNA is true?
The base pairs make up the rungs of the twisted ladder structure.
Select consequences of transposition.
The expression of neighboring genes is altered. A gene's expression is altered.
Live S bacteria are injected into mice. matches
The live bacteria with capsules cause mice to die.
occurs when individual genes are moved from one place in the genome to another.
Transposition or transposition
What evidence from the studies of Rosalind Franklin in the lab of Maurice Wilkins suggested that the DNA molecule was the shape of a corkscrew or helix?
X-ray diffraction
In Watson and Crick's model of DNA, the DNA molecule keeps a constant thickness because ______.
base pairs always consist of a purine and a pyrimidine
Select all of the following that can lead to alterations of the genetic message or reorganization of the genetic message.
base substitution insertion chromosomal rearrangement deletion
As indicated in the diagram of DNA, A pairs with T and not C because
both A and T form two hydrogen bonds.
Select all of the following that can cause mutations in DNA.
chemicals radiation errors in DNA replication
In genetic changes called ______, large segments of chromosomes undergo duplication or change their locations.
chromosomal rearrangements
If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is GCGTAA, then the sequence of the other strand is CGCATT due to
complementarity.
If DNA replication was ______, then the original strands would rejoin, preserving the original DNA duplex, and the daughter DNA molecule would consist of an entirely newly synthesized DNA duplex.
conservative
Select all of the following that are characteristics of a DNA molecule
contains base pairs has a sugar-phosphate backbone double-stranded helix contains deoxyribose sugars
Sequence changes, such as base substitutions, insertions, and ______, and changes in gene position, such as chromosomal rearrangement, can all lead to changes in the genetic message.
deletions
Select all the components of a DNA nucleotide.
deoxyribose sugar organic base phosphate group
Sections of original and new DNA strands are intermixed in the daughter strands in ______ DNA replication.
dispersive
After finding radioactive phosphorus inside virally infected bacterial cells, Hershey and Chase concluded that ______ contains the genes used to specify new viruses
dna
After finding radioactive phosphorus inside virally infected bacterial cells, Hershey and Chase concluded that ______ contains the genes used to specify new viruses.
dna
Select all of the following that are characteristics of a DNA molecule.
double-stranded helix has a sugar-phosphate backbone contains base pairs contains deoxyribose sugars
In DNA base-pairing there is a ______ bond between adenine and thymine and a ______ bond between guanine and cytosine.
double; triple
lag lead
fragments continuously
What type of mutation involves an insertion or deletion in the DNA coding sequence that throws the reading of the genetic message out of register?
frameshift mutation
Mutations in which type of cells are possible to pass on to future generations?
germ-line
Select all of the following that are large organic bases known as purines in DNA.
guanine adenine
The X-shaped pattern produced by X-ray diffraction of a DNA molecule indicated that DNA
has the shape of a helix.
In eukaryotes, replication of the DNA contained in a chromosome occurs ______.
in sections at multiple replication forks
Because DNA polymerase III can only add new nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand, the lagging strand is synthesized
in short fragments away from the replication fork.
The role of ligase during DNA replication is to
join Okazaki fragments together.
During DNA replication, the ______ strand is built continuously, while the ______ strand is built in segments away from the replication fork.
leading; lagging
Select all of the following that are examples of recombination.
movement of a gene to a different chromosome change in position of a portion of a gene
Chemicals such as those found in cigarette smoke and radiation such as UV light from the sun or tanning beds may cause DNA sequence changes called
mutation
Genetic change through ______ and recombination provides the raw materials for evolution.
mutation
A change in the sequence of bases in one or more genes is referred to as a
mutation or gene mutation
Errors made during replication, called ______, allow for variation among organisms.
mutations
DNA is a long chain of subunits called ______.
nucleotides
What subunits make up DNA?
nucleotides
What type of mutation involves the alteration of only one or a few base pairs in the coding sequence?
point
Because DNA polymerase cannot begin a new strand of DNA, an enzyme called ______ adds a short section of RNA nucleotides called a(n) ______.
primase; primer
When a mutation changes the nucleotide sequence of a gene, it may alter the functioning of the ______ encoded by the gene.
protein
Chargaff suggested that DNA had equal amounts of purines and pyrimidines, which Watson and Crick confirmed when they stated that a bulky ______ on one strand pairs with a slender ______ on the other strand of DNA.
purine; pyrimidin
Adenine and guanine are the large, double-ringed, organic bases called ______ in the nucleotides of DNA.
purines
Cytosine and thymine are the small, single-ringed, organic bases called ______ found in DNA nucleotides.
pyrimidines
Select all of the following that are mutagens.
radiation chemicals
Although mutations are ______, they provide the ______ for evolutionary change to occur.
rare; variation
A change in the position of a gene or part of a gene is called
recombination.
Select examples of chromosomal rearrangements.
relocation of large segments of chromosomes duplication of chromosomal segments
What is the role of DNA polymerase I in DNA replication?
remove RNA primers and fill the gaps with DNA nucleotides
Although Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty observed that dead S bacteria transformed live R bacteria as did Griffith, what did Avery and his coworkers do differently?
removed all the protein from the dead S bacteria
One original strand and one new strand form the new daughter DNA molecule in ______ DNA replication.
semiconservative
Three alternative mechanisms of DNA replication that could account for DNA complementarity are conservative replication, ______ replication, or dispersive replication.
semiconservative
What type of DNA replication was confirmed by the Meselson-Stahl experiment?
semiconservative
Mutations in ______ cells are not passed from one generation to the next.
somatic
What type of mutations affect the individual in which they occur but not the future generations of that individual?
somatic
What is the role of single-strand binding proteins during DNA replication?
stabilize the single-stranded regions of DNA before they are replicated
In the DNA double helix, the ______ form the backbone strands, and the ______ face each other in the middle.
sugars and phosphate groups; bases
The complementarity of DNA refers to the fact that
the sequence on one strand of DNA completely determines the sequence on the other strand.
Chargaff's rule says that in a molecule of DNA, ______.
there are equal amounts of purines and pyrimidines
Select all of the following that are small, single-ringed, organic bases known as pyrimidines in DNA.
thymine cytosine
Why did Meselson and Stahl take bacterial samples for DNA extraction at different times after growth on a 15N medium?
to allow time for different amounts of DNA replication to take place
A type of genetic change in which a gene moves to a different place in the genome is called
transposition.
During DNA replication the enzyme helicase is responsible for ______.
unwinding the DNA duplex so that replication can take place
In the cesium chloride gradient set up by Meselson and Stahl, DNA will migrate to different positions depending on
weight determined by how much 15N is in the molecules compared to 14N
When Avery and coworkers removed all the protein from dead S bacteria, these S bacteria
were still able to transform live R bacteria.