Ch. 10: Life Span Development II

Psychosocial Stages

Erik Erikson's theory that individuals pass through eight developmental stages, each involving a crisis that must be successfully resolved at a particular place in the life span.

The ______________ theory of aging says that one should remain active and involved in fulfilling activities as long as possible.

activity

Soon after entering her first year of college, Betsy found that she could not sit through a 50-minute lecture and could not focus on her studying or remember important details regarding assignments and exam dates. Betsy may be suffering from

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Researchers suggest that during a(n) ___________ divorce, ex-spouses must learn how to let go, develop new social ties, and redefine parental roles (when children are involved).

healthy

Women with ADHD are more likely than men to experience the __________ symptoms of ADHD, whereas men more often exhibit ____________ symptoms.

inattentive; impulsivity

Little Leonard is 2 years old. He often asserts his own will by wanting to do things for himself and saying "No!" to his parents. Unfortunately, his parents tend to be impatient, controlling, and punitive in response to these beginning attempts at independence. According to Erikson, Little Leonard is likely to develop feelings of:

shame and doubt

Artie is a child who is rather withdrawn. Most adults would say that he is shy and needs time to adjust to new experiences or people. Thomas and Chess would most likely classify him as:

slow-to-warm-up

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms fall into 2 main types: ____________ and ___________

social/communicative; behavioral

Mildred is 78 years old. She realizes that she has a limited amount of "time on this earth" and a limited amount of energy. Therefore, she deliberately chooses to spend less time with casual acquaintances and more time with close family and friends. Her behavior is most consistent with which theory of aging?

socioemotional selectivity theory

An infant's inborn disposition or behavioral style is referred to as his or her

temparament

Lawrence Kohlberg

moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?

Industry vs. Inferiority

4th stage of psychosocial development: elementary school-aged children who succeed in learning new, productive life skills develop a sense of pride and competence (industry). Those who fail to develop these skills feel inadequate and unproductive (inferior).

Intimacy vs. Isolation

6th stage of psychosocial development: Young adults from lasting, meaningful relationships, which help them develop a sense of connectedness and intimacy with others. If not, they become psychologically isolated.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

7th stage of psychosocial development: The challenge for middle-aged adults is in nurturing the young, and making contributions to society through their work, family, or community activities. Failing to meet this challenge leads to self-indulgence and a sense of stagnation.

Trust vs. Mistrust

1st stage of psychosocial development: infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers and the world based on whether or not their needs-such as food, affection, safety-are met.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

2nd stage of psychosocial development: Toddlers start to assert their sense of independence. If caregivers encourage this self-sufficiency, the toddler will learn to be independent vs feeling shame and doubt.

Inititiative vs. Guilt

3rd stage of psychosocial development: preschoolers learnt to initiate activities and develop self confidence and a sense of social responsibility. If not, they feel irresponsible, anxious, and guilty.

identity vs. role confusion

5th stage of psychosocial development: Adolescents develop a coherent and stable self-definition (identity) by exploring many roles and deciding who or what they want to be in terms of career, attitudes, etc. Failure to resolve this identity crisis may lead to apathy, withdrawal, and/or role confusion.

Ego integrity vs. despair

8th stage of psychosocial development: During this stage, older adults reflect on their past. If this reflection reveals a life well-spent, the person experiences self-acceptance and satisfaction (ego integrity). If not, he or she experiences regret and deep dissatisfaction (despair).

Embodied Cognition

A cognitive science research program emphasizing the environment's formative role in the development of cognitive processes; cognitions (thoughts, perceptions, attitudes, beliefs) are shaped ("grounded") by interactions with the environment.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A common development disorder that involves behavioral or cognitive issues with inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity.

autism spectrum disorder

A developmental disorder that begins in early childhood and involves problems with social communication, social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or, activities.

neurodevelopmental disorders

A group of disorders that usually begins in early life, causing problems with communication, cognitive abilities, social relationships and/or behavior.

socioemotional selectivity theory of aging

A natural decline in social contact occurs as older adults become more selective with their time.

Temperament

An individual's innate disposition or behavioral style and characteristic emotional response.

When 12-year-old Brandon gets ready for school, he must have everything exactly the same each morning. If his regular cereal is not in his regular blue bowl, or if he cannot be the first one onto the school bus, Brandon becomes very upset, begins chanting "no no no no," and slaps his head. Brandon may be suffering from

Autism

Calvin would like to wear baggy, torn jeans and a nose ring, but he is concerned that others will disapprove. Calvin is at Kohlberg's _____ level of morality.

Conventional

During the __________ stage of grief, the mourner feels listless, apathetic, and submissive.

Disorganization/despair

Stella is newborn who is happy most of the time. Her mother reports that she is relaxed and agreeable, and adjusts easily to new environments. Stella is most likely which type of baby, according to Thomas and Chess?

Easy

Samantha noticed that her husband John had a very different response to the moral dilemmas discussed in this chapter. According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, this difference may reflect the fact that Kohlberg's stages supposedly rely more on male values, such as

Independence and rationality

According to Kohlberg, moral judgment is self-centered and based on obtaining rewards and avoiding punishment during the _________________ level of moral development

Preconventional

Five-year-old Tyler believes "bad things are what you get punished for." Tyler is at Kohlberg's ____________ stage of morality.

Punishment-obedience orientation

According to Thomas and Chess's temperament theory, ______________ children are somewhat shy and withdrawn and need time to adjust to new experiences or people.

Slow-to-warm-up

Rickie is 4 years old and states that leaving the yard without permission is wrong because you can be punished for it. Which stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory does such reasoning reflect?

Stage 1- punishment and obedience orientation

Alicia is 5 years old and offers to share her candy with another child. She states that she will share this time, and when her friend has candy, he can "share back" with her. Alicia is most likely in which stage of Kohlberg's moral development?

Stage 2-instrumental-exchange orientation

Tanisha wants to skip the staff meeting at her workplace. She attends the meeting anyway because she does not want others to see her as irresponsible nor does she want to lose the respect of her boss. Which stage of moral development does this reflect?

Stage 3- "good child" orientation

A researcher explains the Heinz dilemma to Samantha and asks Samantha what Heinz should do. Samantha replies, "You may feel so desperate, that you feel you must steal the drug. But you know it's wrong and you should turn yourself in, because people can't just go around breaking laws or our society will be in chaos." Which stage of moral development is reflected by Samantha's statement?

Stage 4- law-and-order orientation

Disengagement Theory of Aging

Successful aging is characterized by mutual withdrawal between the elderly and society.

Activity Theory of Aging

Successful aging is fostered by a full and active commitment to life.

Morality

The ability to take the perspective of, or empathize with, others, and to distinguish right from wrong.

Preconventional Level

The first level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where morality is based on rewards, punishment, and exchange of favors.

Postconventional Level

The highest level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where individuals develop personal standards for right and wrong, and define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

Conventional Level

The second level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, where moral judgments are based on compliance with the rules and values of society.

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess

conducted a major longitudinal study that identified three basic styles of children's temperament

Ted is terminally ill and has recently withdrawn from his friends and family. He has become despondent and is mourning the impending loss of everything that he loves. Which stage of Kubler-Ross's theory is Ted most likely experiencing?

depression

Marcus is an elderly man who is looking back on his life with regret. He is despondent because he feels that he has "wasted his life" and does not have time to start over. Which of Erikson's stages is he most likely in?

ego integrity versus despair

According to Erikson, the key crisis or task of most young adults is

intimacy versus isolation

Peter is a young man with a stable identity. He spends a great deal of his time getting to know others and forming deeper bonds of friendship than he could when he was younger. He hopes to meet a partner with whom he can share his life. This most closely describes which of Erikson's stages?

intimacy versus isolation

________________ children recover from trauma, display competence under stress, and prosper despite a high-risk status.

resilient

Samuel is a newborn infant. He cries to express hunger or discomfort, and his parents respond to these needs. Samuel is in which of Erikson's stages of development?

trust versus mistrust