Ch. 10 review

Explain Peter Drucker management by objective theory. When is it most effective?

A system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees. It was most effective in relatively stable situations when managers can make long range plans and implement them with few changes.

List the procedures for encouraging open communication.

Create an organizational culture that rewards listening. Train supervisors and managers to listen Use effective questioning techniques Remove barriers to open communication. Avoid vague and ambiguous communication Make it easy to communicate Ask employees what is important to them.

What is Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Describe each component.

Physiological need: Basic survival needs, such as the need for food, water and shelter. Safety needs: The need to feel secure at work and at home. Social needs: The need to feel loved, accepted, and part of the group. Esteem needs: The need for recognition and acknowledgment from others, as well as self-respect and a sense of statue or importance. Self-actualization: The need to develop to one's fullest potential.

List at least three factors that motivate people.

Recognition Accomplishment Status

What is the Hawthorne effect?

The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied.

What are the five steps manager must follow to improve employee performance?

Determine what rewards employees' value Determine each employee's desired performance standard. Ensure that performance standards are attainable Guarantee rewards tied to performance Be certain that employees consider the rewards adequate

How do generational differences among groups affect motivation in the workplace: Boomers, Gen Xers, Gen Yers, Millenials, Gen Zers, Gen Alpha.

Each group is motivated differently. The Boomers look for job security and will stay on the same job longer. Gen xers tend to focus on career security instead and are willing to change jobs to find it. Millennials place a high value on work -life balance, fun and stimulation are key job requirements. Gen Zers and Gen Alpha are more motivated by receiving more practical benefits like health care and 401k and are less likely to job hop.

Define high-context culture and low-context culture

High-context culture- workers build personal relationships and develop group trust before focusing on tasks. Low- context culture- workers often view relationship building as a waste of time that diverts attention from the task,

Define intrinsic reward and extrinsic reward.

Intrinsic reward- The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals. Extrinsic reward- Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; these include pay increases, praise, and promotions.

What is the goal-setting theory?

It says that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted and accompanied by feedback, and if conditions in the organization pave the way for achievement.

Define job enrichment, job enlargement and job rotation

Job enrichment- a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself. Job enlargement- A job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment. Job rotation- A job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another.

List and explain the distinction between what Herzberg called motivators and hygiene factors.

Motivators: These factors can be used to motivate workers. Work itself Achievement Recognition Responsibility Growth and advancement Hygiene: These factors can cause dissatisfaction but changing them will have little motivational effect. Company policy and administration Supervision Working conditions Interpersonal relations(co-workers) Salary, status, and job security

According to advocate of job enrichment, what are the five characteristics of work that are important in motivation and performance?

Skill variety Task Identity Task Significance Autonomy Feedback

What conclusions did Herzberg's motivating factors led to?

The best way to motivate employees is to make their jobs interesting, help them achieve their objectives, and recognize their achievement through advancement and added responsibility.

Explain the difference between Theory X and Theory Y.

Theory X assumes that the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Therefore, people must be forced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to accomplish organizational goals. Theory Y assumes people like working and will accept responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so.

What is Theory Z? Also compare the difference between Type A and Type J employees.

Theory Z includes long-term employment, collective decision making, individual responsibility for the outcomes of decisions, slow evaluation and promotion, moderately specialized career paths and holistic concern for employees.

Explain the principles of the equity theory.

This theory says employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to other employees in similar positions.

What is the expectancy theory? What are the three questions employee should ask before committing maximum effort to a task?

Victor Vrooms theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome. 1. Can I accomplish this task? 2. If I do accomplish it, what's my reward? 3. Is the reward worth the effort?