Ch. 10 The Endocrine System

Diabetes insipidus is a disorder caused by a deficiency of what

ADH

Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

ADH, oxytocin, hypothalamic-releasing hormones (5), hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones (2)

What disorder is caused by too little TH during fetal development or infancy resulting in dwarfism and delayed mental and sexual development?

Cretinism

What hormones are released by the kidneys?

Erythropoietin and renin

2 gonadotropic hormones

FSH, LH

T/F The adrenal gland secretes hormones that slow down the heart rate and lower blood glucose levels

False (speed up heart rate and increase glucose levels)

What disorder is caused from too much GH during childhood which results in rapid growth to heights of 8-9 feet?

Gigantism

Disorder caused by an over secretion of TH resulting in an autoimmune disorder due to the production of antibodies that mimic TSH

Grave's disease

Are steroids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic

Which of the two types of hormones takes longer to act?

Lipid soluble hormones

Does calcitonin lower or raise the calcium blood levels?

Lowers

Disorder caused by too little TH in adulthood resulting in a condition in which fluid accumulates in facial tissues and a decrease in alertness, body temp and heart rate

Myxedema

How long do neurotransmitters and hormones take to act?

Neurotransmitters are quick, hormones are slow

How long do neurotransmitters and hormones last?

Neurotransmitters are taken away quickly, hormones remain in the body longer

What disorder is caused from insufficient GH production?

Pituitary dwarfism

What is the product of translation?

Protein/polypeptides

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH

Adrenal medulla

The inner region of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

2 types of hormones

Water soluble Lipid soluble

Target Cell

a cell with receptors that recognize and bind a specific hormone

Hormone

a chemical messenger released by cells of the endocrine system that travels through the circulatory system to affect receptive target cells

Exophthalmos

a condition characterized by protruding eyes that is caused by the accumulation of interstitial fluid due to over secretion of thyroid hormone

Endocrine gland

a gland that lacks ducts and releases its products (hormones) into the fluid just outside the cells

Steroid hormone

a group of closely related hormones chemically derived from cholesterol and secreted primarily by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands

Aldosterone

a hormone (primary mineralocorticoid) released by the adrenal cortex that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium within kidney nephrons

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a hormone manufactured by the hypothalamus but sorted in and released from the posterior pituitary that regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of nephrons

Thyroid hormone (TH)

a hormone released by the thyroid gland that regulates blood pressure and the body's metabolic rate and production of heat

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

a hormone released from the parathyroid glands that increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that in females stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum and prepares the mammary glands for milk production; in males, it stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells within the testes

Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)

a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that in females stimulates the development of the follicles in the ovaries, resulting in the development of ova and the production of estrogen, and in males stimulates sperm production

Calcitonin (CT)

a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are high; it situates the removal of calcium from the blood and inhibits the breakdown of bone

Water-soluble hormone

a hormone that cannot pass through the plasma membrane on its own, so it influences target cells indirectly, through second messenger systems

Tropic hormone

a hormone that influences another endocrine gland

Inhibiting hormone

a hormone that inhibits secretion of another hormone

Lipid-soluble hormone

a hormone that moves easily through the plasma membrane of ells and combines with receptors inside target cells to activate certain genes and stimulate protein synthesis

Releasing hormone

a hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by another gland

Nitric oxide (NO)

a local signaling molecule that dilates blood vessels; also functions as a neurotransmitter

Second messenger

a molecule in the cytoplasm of a cell that is activated when a water-soluble hormone binds to a receptor on the surface of the cell

Hypothalamus

a small brain region located below the thalamus that is essential to maintaining a stable environment within the body

Estrogen

a steroid sex hormone produced by the follicle cells and the corpus luteum in the ovary

Androgen

a steroid sex hormone secreted by the testes in males and produced in small quantities by the adrenal cortex in both sexes

Growth factor

a type of signaling molecule that stimulates growth by stimulating cell division in target cells

First messenger

a water-soluble hormone that binds to a receptor on the plasma membrane of a target cell

Which of the following affects the adrenal cortex? a. ACTH b. TSH c. FSH d. Nerves

a. ACTH

The most accurate statement about LH is ________. a. LH is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation. b. LH is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates sperm production. c. LH is produced by the posterior pituitary and stimulates testosterone production. d. LH is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates egg development. e. LH is produced by the posterior pituitary and stimulates ovulation.

a. LH is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates both testosterone production and ovulation.

Which gland produces prolactin? a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. hypothalamus d. adrenal cortex

a. anterior pituitary

Choose the INCORRECT statement: a. Endocrine glands secrete their hormones through ducts b. the endocrine system consists of endocrine glands and organs with endocrine tissue c. Negative feedback mechanisms regulate the secretion of most hormones d. During positive feedback, the outcome of a process feeds back to the system and stimulates the process to continue

a. endocrine glands secrete hormones through ducts (exocrine glands)

Oversecretion of which hormone will result in acromegaly? a. growth hormone b. thyroxin c. metabolic increasing hormone d. testosterone

a. growth hormone

When a hormone binds to a receptor, the resulting molecule is called a(n) ________. a. hormone-receptor complex b. hormone-DNA complex c. hormone-steroidal complex d. amino acid complex e. hormone-membrane complex

a. hormone-receptor complex

What effect does the presence of epinephrine have on blood pressure? a. increases b. decreases c. no effect

a. increases

The control of our natural biorhythms and daily cycle is by _____ a. melatonin b. thyroxin c. dim lighting d. insulin

a. melatonin

A diuretic will make your urine a. more dilute b. more concentrated

a. more dilute

When speaking of receptors for hormone molecules, we can say that in general, ________. a. receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane b. receptors for both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones are found within the cell and usually within the nucleus c. receptors for both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones are found in or on the cell membrane d. receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are inside the cell e. receptors for both lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones are about equally distributed within the cell and as parts of the cell membrane

a. receptors for lipid-soluble hormones are inside the cell, whereas receptors for lipid-insoluble hormones are on or in the cell membrane

Overproduction of melatonin by the pineal gland may cause a. seasonal affective disorder b. diabetes insipidus c. acromegaly d. Addison's disease

a. seasonal affective disorder

Insulin is a hormone that _____. a. stimulates cells to take in glucose b. converts fat molecules into glucose c. breaks glucose down and forms ATP d. causes the creation of glucose from glycogen

a. stimulates cells to take in glucose

Choose the INCORRECT statement: a. the anterior pituitary releases oxytocin and ADH b. the anterior pituitary has a circulatory connection to the hypothalamus c. The anterior pituitary produces several tropic hormones d. The anterior pituitary produces growth hormone and prolactin

a. the anterior pituitary releases oxytocin and ADH (the posterior pituitary)

If secretion of parathormone increases, which of the following would be true? a. The secretion of calcitonin would decrease. b. Bones would begin to store more calcium. c. Calcium levels in the body are above homeostatic levels. d. All of the listed statements would be true if parathormone secretion increased.

a. the secretion of calcitonin would decrease

Cancer may be more prevalent in the elderly because of a decrease in immune function due to decreased output from the ________ gland a. thymus b. adrenal cortex c. thyroid d. pineal

a. thymus

What type of diabetes mellitus is caused by the lack of insulin? a. type 1 b. type 2

a. type 1

What disorder is caused from too much GH in adulthood resulting in the thickening of the bones and extremities?

acromegaly

What is the treatment for pituitary dwarfism?

administer GH during childhood

Treatment of cretinism

administer TH

Treatment of myxedema

administer TH

Treatment of Grave's disease

administer a drug that blocks the synthesis of TH, thyroid gland may be reduced by surgery or radioactive iodine

What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus

administer synthetic ADH

In males, androgens are produced by the testes and the _________

adrenal cortex

Target of ACTH

adrenal cortex

Target of renin

adrenal cortex

Where is aldosterone produced?

adrenal cortex

Which part of the adrenal gland is controlled by ACTH

adrenal cortex

2 parts of adrenal gland

adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

Which part of the adrenal gland is controlled by nerves from the hypothalamus?

adrenal medulla

Epinephrine

adrenaline; hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, along with norepinephrine, in response to stress

Pancreas

an accessory organ behind the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes, bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid in chyme, and hormones that regulate blood sugar

Prolactin (PRL)

an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk

Growth hormone (GH)

an anterior pituitary hormone with the primary function of stimulating growth through increases in protein synthesis, cell size, and rates of cell division

Which of the following is NOT produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? a. LH b. ADH c. GH d. PRL

b. ADH

Cretinism and myxedema may be reversed by ________. a. surgery b. administration of thyroxin c. administration of simple proteins d. injection of stimulating hormone

b. administration of thyroxin

The endocrine system coordinates body activities and maintains homeostasis through _________. a. adrenaline b. chemical messengers c. electrical impulses d. neurological impulses

b. chemical messengers

Late in the afternoon, blood glucose levels fall and stimulate the secretion of which hormone? a. glycogen b. glucagon c. insulin d. pancreatisome

b. glucagon

You just ate about half your birthday cake. What is happening in your body? a. Glucose decreases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases. b. Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases. c. Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon increases. d. Glucose increases, insulin decreases, glucagon increases

b. glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases

The structure controlling hormone release by both the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary is the ________. a. thyroid gland b. hypothalamus c. anterior pituitary d. thalamus e. posterior pituitary

b. hypothalamus

Type 2 diabetes _____. a. occurs only in children b. lowers cells' sensitivity to insulin c. occurs only in adults d. involves the immune system attacking and killing pancreas cells that make insulin

b. lowers cells' sensitivity to insulin

An antidiuretic will make your urine a. more dilute b. more concentrated

b. more concentrated

Glucagon ________ the blood glucose levels a. lowers b. raises

b. raises

What is the primary difference between prostaglandins and other endocrine hormones? a. They cause an increase in metabolism. b. They act locally. c. They are fat soluble. d. They affect the reproductive system.

b. they act locally

How do releasing hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland? a. They are released into the bloodstream in the hypothalamus and travel to the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary then sends a chemical signal to the anterior pituitary and the appropriate hormones are released. b. They are released near blood vessels (a capillary bed) in the hypothalamus and travel a short distance and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary. c. They are secreted from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus directly into the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary then relays a releasing signal to the anterior pituitary. d. They are secreted from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus directly onto the endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary.

b. they are released near blood vessels (a capillary bed) in the hypothalamus and travel a short distance and diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary

Calcitonin is produced by: a. hypothalamus b. thyroid c. parathyroid

b. thyroid

Which type of diabetes mellitus is caused by the inability of cells to respond to insulin? a. type 1 b. type 2

b. type 2

Where is the thyroid located?

below the larynx

Where are hormones located?

blood stream

target of PTH

bone - stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium kidneys - reabsorbs calcium intestine - increase absorption of calcium

Target of erythropoietin

bone marrow

Target of CT

bones - stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium kidneys - stimulates kidneys to excrete more calcium in the urine

Target of GH

bones, muscle, cartilage

Which of the following hormones stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys? a. insulin b. thyroxin c. ADH d. calcitonin

c. ADH

The most accurate statement about FSH is ________ a. FSH is produced by the posterior pituitary and stimulates egg development. b. FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates ovulation. c. FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm production and egg development. d. FSH is produced by the posterior pituitary and stimulates sperm production. e. FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates testosterone production.

c. FSH is produced in the anterior pituitary and stimulates both sperm and egg development

Steroid hormones would most likely cause_____ a. enzymes already within a cell to act differently b. a cell to burn all of its energy and die c. a cell to produce new proteins d. the immediate onset of mitosis, or cell division

c. a cell to produce new proteins

The interaction between glucagon and insulin is described as: a. permissive b. synergistic c. antagonistic d. tropic

c. antagonistic

Which of the following raises heart rate, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure and allows one to perform the extraordinary feats at the scenes of accidents reported on the news? a. aldosterone b. testosterone c. epinephrine d. glucocorticoids

c. epinephrine

The complex carb stored in humans is a. cellulose b. starch c. glycogen d. triglycerides

c. glycogen

If a new mother is suspected to have hormone imbalances that inhibit milk production for her baby, which body part below is most likely malfunctioning? a. pancreas b. ovary c. hypothalamus d. adrenal cortex

c. hypothalamus

Which gland produces oxytocin? a. anterior pituitary b. posterior pituitary c. hypothalamus d. adrenal cortex

c. hypothalamus

Choose the INCORRECT statement: a. The pancreas has endocrine and exocrine cells b. glucagon increases glucose in the blood c. insulin is an example of a local signaling molecule d. insulin stimulates the movement of glucose into cells

c. insulin is an example of a local signaling molecule (prostaglandins)

Steroids are a. sugars b. proteins c. lipids d. complex carbs

c. lipids

From which part of the pituitary are the hypothalamic hormones, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, released? a. both the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary b. anterior pituitary c. posterior pituitary d. neither the anterior pituitary nor the posterior pituitary, but rather the stalk connecting the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

c. posterior pituitary

Which of the following does NOT characterize the adrenal medulla? a. inner region of the adrenal gland b. secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine c. secretes glucocorticoids d. secretes hormone involved with fight-or-flight response

c. secretes glucocorticoids

Which type of hormone is most likely to react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule? a. amino acid b. protein c. steroid d. carbohydrate e. All types of hormones react with and activate a portion of a DNA molecule

c. steroid

How are hormones related to the interaction of the nervous system and muscular system? a. Muscle movement stimulates the nervous system. This, in turn, stimulates the release of hormones. b. Muscle movement stimulates the release of hormones. This, in turn, stimulates the nervous system. c. The nervous system controls muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones. d. The nervous system stimulates muscle movement. This, in turn, stimulates the release of hormones.

c. the nervous system controls muscle movement by controlling the release of hormones

Which of the following does NOT occur in a healthy person's body after meals? a. the pancreas secretes insulin b. the liver stops breakdown of glycogen c. the pancreas secretes glucagon d. muscle cells take up glucose

c. the pancreas secretes glucagon

The process of childbirth is considered an example of positive feedback, because _____ a. the mother's uterus discontinues its contractions shortly after birth b. the baby is able to fit through the birth canal c. the stretching of the cervix itself stimulates even more stretching d. the end result—the birth of the child—is a positive outcome for the mother

c. the stretching of the cervix itself stimulates even more stretching

Which of the following is true of peptide hormones? a. The hormone-receptor complex binds to the DNA. b. They enter the cell through the plasma membrane. c. They bind to a receptor site on the surface of the cell. d. The hormone enters the cell and directly influences the production of an enzyme.

c. they bind to a receptor site on the surface of the cell

Which endocrine gland is the most involved in the immune response? a. adrenal medulla b. pancreas c. thymus d. ovaries

c. thymus

Which of the following is a tropic hormone? a. oxytocin b. adrenaline c. thyroid-stimulating hormone d. thyroxin

c. thyroid-stimulating hormone

Function of Prolactin (PRL)

causes mammary glands to develop and produce milk

Local signaling molecules

chemical messengers that act locally rather than traveling to distant sites of the body

If a gene is activated by a hormone, what is the most likely chain of events? a. Transcription of mRNA and translation of the message into a protein both take place in the cytoplasm. This is caused by an electrical stimulus from the complexing of the hormone and the gene. b. A protein is produced directly from the DNA. This stimulates other molecules to produce mRNA. This mRNA leaves the nucleus and initiates the response in the cytoplasm. c. The gene triggers other components in the nucleus. This leads to a cascade of events. More DNA is produced, and eventually a new protein is produced. This protein leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm, where it initiates the events attributed to the hormone. d. A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein. e. Transcription of mRNA and translation of the message into a protein both take place in the nucleus. The new protein then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it initiates various cellular events.

d. A strand of mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus. It leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. The message is translated into a new protein.

What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol? a. insulin b. thyroxin c. ADH d. ACTH

d. ACTH

Which of the following glands secretes cortisol? a. pituitary b. pancreas c. adrenal medulla d. adrenal cortex

d. adrenal cortex

During menopause a woman's ovaries decrease their production of estrogen. Which other gland also secretes estrogen and might pick up the slack? a. thyroid gland b. thymus gland c. pituitary gland d. adrenal gland

d. adrenal gland

Where is glycogen stored in the body? a. adipose tissue b. muscle c. liver d. b and c

d. b and c

Prostaglandins a. act more rapidly than hormones b. act on nearby target cells c. are examples of growth factors d. both a and b.

d. both a and b

The posterior pituitary gland a. stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin b. produces and secretes growth hormone c. does not produce any hormones of its own d. both a and c

d. both a and c

A diet deficient in iodine may produce a. cretinism b. Grave's disease c. Cushing's syndrome d. goiter

d. goiter

What is the target of thyroxine? a. bone b. muscle c. kidneys d. most cells of the body

d. most cells of the body

Someone with dwarfism resulting from too little growth hormone produced during childhood most likely has an abnormality in the _____. a. thyroid gland b. thymus gland c. adrenal gland d. pituitary gland

d. pituitary gland

Hormones have direct effects on cells that _____. a. are located relatively close to the glands releasing the hormones b. have become diseased and must change their behavior c. come into contact with the hormones via the blood d. recognize the hormones using proteins

d. recognize the hormones using proteins

A patient is found to have too much calcium in his blood and doctors suspect a hormonal imbalance in calcitonin. Which gland is most likely at fault? a. thymus gland b. pituitary gland c. adrenal gland d. thyroid gland

d. thyroid gland

Disorder caused by the lack of insulin or by the inability of cells to respond to insulin

diabetes mellitus

Which of the following statements about the functions of hormones is MOST correct? a. Hormones influence protein synthesis. b. Hormones can affect the activities of the plasma membrane. c. Hormones affect energy utilization. d. Hormones may be involved in secretory activity. e. All of the listed responses are correct

e. All of the listed responses are correct

Which of the following statements would be the best way to describe or define the concept of the second messenger? a. A second messenger is a hormone-like substance that takes over and does the work of a hormone. b. Second messenger is another name for the steroid hormones. c. Second messenger is another name for cyclic AMP. d. Second messenger is another term for the amino acid and protein hormones. e. When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger

e. When the binding of the hormone to a membrane receptor activates another molecule within the cell (often cyclic AMP), that activated molecule is the second messenger

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

embedded on the lobes of the thyroid

These glands do not have tubes or ducts, they secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

endocrine glands

Increased blood pressure, heart rate and blood glucose levels are an effect of the secretion of what

epinephrine

What hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from what tissue

epithelial

What does diabetes insipidus result in?

excessive urine production, leading to dehydration

Function of epinephrine

fight or flight response to stress

Parathyroid glands

four small, round masses at the back of the thyroid gland that secrete parathyroid hormone

Over secretion of growth hormone in childhood causes _________. Over secretion of growth hormone in adulthood causes _________.

gigantism, acromegaly

Thymus gland

gland located on the top of the heart that secretes the hormones thymopoietin and thymosin

Pineal gland

gland that produces the hormone melatonin and is located at the center of the brain

Which 2 hormones come from the pancreas gland?

glucagon, insulin

Function of cortisol

glucose homeostasis, macromolecule metabolism, inhibits inflammatory response

Target of FSH

gonads

Target of LH

gonads

Function of estrogen/progesterone

growth of female reproductive organs, female secondary sex characteristics, egg maturation, regulates ovarian and uterine cycles

Function of testosterone

growth of male reproductive organs, male secondary sex characteristics, enlarges larynx and vocal cords, muscular strength

What results from pituitary dwarfism

heights of max 4 feet and sterility

Thymosin

hormone produced by the thymus gland that promotes maturation of T lymphocytes

Thymopoietin

hormone produced by the thymus gland that promotes the maturation of T lymphocytes

Leptin

hormone produced in adipose tissue and affects the hypothalamus to tell them that they are full and don't need to eat anymore

Erythropoietin

hormone released by the kidneys when the oxygen content of the blood declines that stimulates red blood cell production

Glucagon

hormone secreted by the pancreas that elevates glucose levels in the blood

Insulin

hormone secreted by the pancreas that reduces glucose levels in the blood

Melatonin

hormone secreted by the pineal gland that reduces jet lag and promotes sleep

Glucocorticoids

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that affect glucose homeostasis, thereby influencing metabolism and resistance to stress

Mineralocorticoids

hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that affect mineral homeostasis and water balance

Target of leptin

hypothalamus

What controls glandular secretions of the pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

What organ helps control heartbeat, body temperature, and water balance?

hypothalamus

What are the gonads controlled by?

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

What is the treatment for acromegaly?

if caused by a pituitary tumor, treatment is to reduce the tumor through surgery, radiation or chemo

What is the treatment for gigantism

if caused by a pituitary tumor, treatment is to reduce the tumor through surgery, radiation or chemo

Where is the pineal gland located

in the brain

Symptoms of Grave's disease

increased metabolic rate and heart rate accompanied with sweating, nervousness, and weight loss; exophthalmos

Function of parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels

Function of glucocorticoids

influences carb, protein and fat metabolism; suppress immune system

Effect of insulin on liver

inhibits the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Where are the receptors for lipid soluble hormones located?

inside the cell

Function of melatonin

involved in our circadian rhythms, regulates sexual development, and may play a role in seasonal affect disorder

Thyroid gland requires what to make hormones?

iodine

What is the treatment for a goiter

iodine supplements or administration of TH

Target of aldosterone

kidneys

What is the target cell for ADH?

kidneys

Hormone produced by adipose tissue

leptin

Where is the thymus gland located?

lies behind the sternum

Prostaglandin

lipid molecules found in and released by the plasma membranes of most cells; often called local hormones

Target of cortisol

liver and muscle cells, adipose tissue

Target of glucagon

liver, muscle, adipose

Where are neurotransmitters located?

localized in the nerve synapse

function of calcitonin

lowers blood calcium levels

Function of insulin

lowers blood glucose levels

Target cells of testosterone

male organs, skeletal muscles, larynx, hair follicles

Target of PRL

mammary glands

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland

melatonin

Function of mineralocorticoids

mineral homeostasis and water balance

Types of hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex

mineralocorticoids glucocorticoids gonadocorticoids

Target cells for TH

most cells in the body

Targets of insulin

muscle cells, white blood cells, connective tissue, liver, adipose tissue

Endocrine system and nervous system are both controlled by _________ feedback

negative

Norepinephrine

noradrenaline; hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, along with epinephrine, in response to stress

Where is the receptor located for a water soluble hormone?

on the plasma membrane

What produces estrogen/progesterone

ovaries

Islets of Langerhans

pancreatic islets

Where are pancreas gland hormones secreted from?

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Where are oxytocin and ADH stored and released from?

posterior pituitary gland

Function of aldosterone

promotes renal absorption of Na+ and renal excretion of K+; increases blood pressure

Function of Growth hormone (GH)

promotes skeletal and muscular growth

Function of glucagon

raises blood glucose levels

Function of thyroid hormones

regulate metabolism

Function of hypothalamus

regulates the internal environment through the autonomic nervous system

Function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys (water is returned to the bloodstream)

The binding of a water soluble hormone to a receptor on the surface of a target cell triggers the formation of what?

secondary messenger

What disorder results in an enlarged thyroid gland due to a diet deficient of iodine?

simple goiter

Where are the adrenal glands located?

sit on top of the kidneys

Pancreatic islets

small clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas

Neurosecretory cell

specialized neurons that generate and transmit nerve impulses AND make and secrete hormones

Function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Function of renin

stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone which increases blood pressure

What happens when glucagon reaches the liver?

stimulates breakdown of glycogen to glucose and to form glucose from lactic acid

Effect of insulin on adipose tissue

stimulates formation of triglycerides from glucose

Function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates gamete development in males and females

Function of LH

stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males

Function of thymosin and thymopoietin

stimulates t-cell lymphocyte development

Function of erythropoietin

stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

Function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4)

Function of oxytocin

stimulates uterine contraction and milk release

What is pitocin and what is it used for?

synthetic form of OT, given to induce labor

target of thymosin and thymopoietin

t cells in bone marrow

Function of leptin

tells hypothalamus that they are full and don't need to eat anymore

What produces testosterone

testes

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

the anterior pituitary hormone that acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

the anterior pituitary hormone that controls the synthesis and secretion of glucocorticoid hormones from the cortex of the adrenal glands

Fight-or-flight response

the body's reaction to stress or threatening situations by the stimulation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Pituitary gland

the endocrine organ connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk; consists of the anterior and posterior lobes and is also called they hypophysis

Negative feedback mechanism

the homeostatic mechanism in which the outcome of a process feeds back on the system, shutting down the process

Oxytocin (OT)

the hormone released at the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection

Gonadocorticoids

the male and female sex hormones, androgens and estrogens, secreted by the adrenal cortex

Positive feedback mechanism

the mechanism by which the outcome of a process feeds back on the system, further stimulating the process

Endocrine system

the organ system that, along with the nervous system, functions in internal communication

Adrenal cortex

the outer region of the adrenal gland that secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids

Thyroid gland

the shield-shaped structure at the from of the neck that synthesizes and secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin

Renin

through a series of reactions, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone which increase blood pressure

Target of melatonin

throughout the body

What hormones are secreted by the thymus gland?

thymosin and thymopoietin

Target of TSH

thyroid gland

What is produced by the thyroid gland?

thyroid hormones: T4, T3 calcitonin

Which of the thyroid hormones is more abundant

thyroxine (T4)

When DNA is copied to make mRNA, this is what?

transcription

Adrenal glands

two glands located on top of the kidneys

Target cells of oxytocin

uterus and mammary glands

Amino acids and polypeptides are examples of which type of hormone

water soluble