ch 10 Training adaptations
48. Which best describes the changes in the number of red blood cells as a result of aerobic training? a. increases slightly b. decreases substantially c. decreases slightly d. does not change
a
5. Which of the following is incorrect? a. Aerobic training improves central and peripheral blood flow. b. Aerobic training improves the capacity of muscle to generate greater amounts of ATP. c. V\od\O2max may be defined by the Fick equation. d. V\od\O2max = Q\od\max divided by a-vO2 difference.
d
30. Aerobic training results in which of the following changes in stroke volume? a. increased stroke volume at rest b. increased stroke volume at a standardized submaximal rate of work c. increased stroke volume at maximal rates of work d. All of these are correct.
d
33. Cardiorespiratory adaptations can be said to have occurred when a. the athlete performs the same absolute work as in pretraining in less time b. the athlete performs the same absolute work as in pretraining with less effort c. the recovery heart rate period is shortened. d. All of these are correct. e. only a and c
d
47. Reduced blood viscosity a. facilitates blood flow through the blood vessels b. enhances oxygen delivery to the active tissue c. is due to increases in the fluid portion of blood d. a, b, and c e. only a and c
d
12. The undergoes the greatest hypertrophy in response to aerobic training. a. left ventricle b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium
a
16. Of the following factors, which is considered the most important contributor to the improvement in stroke volume with endurance training? a. increased blood volume b. increased cardiac contractility c. increased ejection fraction d. decreased arterial blood pressure
a
2. The ability of a sprinter to sustain a high speed over the full distance of, for example, a 100- or 200-meter race is an example of a. muscular endurance b. cardiorespiratory endurance c. muscular strength d. aerobic capacity
a
24. M-mode echocardiography provides a. one-dimensional views of the heart b. two-dimensional views of the heart c. three-dimensional views of the heart d. measurement of blood flow
a
26. Cardiorespiratory endurance-trained athletes are able to achieve much higher maximal cardiac outputs than the average person because of a. an increased maximal stroke volume and an increased ventricular size b. an increased maximal heart rate and a decreased ventricular size c. a decreased maximal stroke volume and a decreased ventricular size d. a decreased maximal heart rate
a
32. What is a possible reason for lower maximal heart rates observed in endurance-trained athletes? a. Slower heart rates increase ventricular filling time. b. Slower heart rate increases afterload. c. Stroke volume increases as afterload increases. d. Stroke volume decreases.
a
34. What factor(s) affect heart rate recovery time? a. Exercise in hot environments can prolong heart rate recovery time. b. Exercise at high altitude can shorten heart rate recovery time. c. An untrained person has a shortened heart rate recovery time. d. All of these are correct.
a
40. The primary reason maximal oxygen uptake increases in response to aerobic training is a. increased cardiac output and muscle blood flow b. increased maximal heart rate c. increased oxidative enzymes in the muscle d. increased lung volumes
a
53. The arterial-venous oxygen difference at maximal rates of work with aerobic training due to . a. increases; increases in oxygen extraction by the tissues b. increases; increases in blood distribution to splanchnic tissues c. does not change; sufficient increases in cardiac output d. decreases; higher mixed venous oxygen content returning to the heart
a
57. Type II fibers are and their myoglobin content limits their oxygen capacity and results in poor aerobic performance. a. glycolytic; low b. glycolytic; high c. aerobic; low d. aerobic; high
a
6. Which of the following is the best objective laboratory measure of aerobic power, or cardiorespiratory endurance? a. maximal oxygen uptake b. lactate threshold c. anaerobic threshold d. maximal expiratory ventilation
a
66. The utilization theory related to the limitations in maximal oxygen consumption states that a. existing mitochondria have limited ability to use available oxygen beyond a certain rate b. central and peripheral circulatory factors limit endurance capacity c. improvements in maximal oxygen consumption result from increased blood volume and increased cardiac output d. improvements in maximal oxygen consumption result from better perfusion of active muscle with blood
a
68. Increased mitochondrial content and respiratory capacity of the muscle fibers appear more closely related to a. improvements in the ability to perform prolonged, high-intensity, submaximal exercise b. improvements in the ability to perform short duration, high-intensity exercise c. improvements in the ability to perform resistance exercise d. All of these are correct.
a
69. The major limitation of maximal aerobic capacity appears to be a. oxygen transport to the active muscles b. the size and number of mitochondria in the muscle cells c. the oxidative enzyme levels of the cells of the active muscles d. None of these is correct.
a
71. In response to heavy cardiorespiratory endurance training, a fully mature individual will a. generally attain his or her highest attainable V\od\O2max in 8 to 18 months b. have steady improvements in V\od\O2max as long as he or she continues training at an appropriate level c. not be able to increase V\od\O2max if he or she is older than about 60 d. not be able to achieve further performance improvement after his or her highest attainable V\od\O2max has been attained
a
74. Fatigue hinders performance by a. decreasing muscular strength b. decreasing reaction time c. decreasing movement time d. All of these are correct.
a
78. The major value of training bouts that last only a few seconds (sprints) is the development of a. muscular strength b. muscular endurance c. muscular power d. aerobic capacity
a
80. Performance improvement noted with sprint-type anaerobic training appears to result a. more from strength gains b. more from improvements in the functioning of the anaerobic energy systems c. from greater improvements in oxidative enzymes d. None of these is correct.
a
81. Gains in muscular strength and power are when strength training is combined with endurance training than when strength training is done alone. a. higher b. the same c. less
a
20. Most research studies that have investigated the effects of exercise training on heart size have been a. longitudinal training studies b. cross-sectional studies c. individual case studies d. multifaceted studies
b
21. Increased contractile force of the heart causes a. an increase in end-systolic volume b. a decrease in end-systolic volume c. no change in end-systolic volume
b
27. Endurance training results in a. Decreased left ventricular dimensions b. increases in resting, submaximal, and maximal stroke volumes c. increased systemic peripheral resistance d. lower blood volume
b
3. Muscular endurance is highly related to the development of a. aerobic capacity b. muscular strength and anaerobic power c. leg speed and anaerobic power d. cardiorespiratory systems' ability to maintain oxygen delivery to working muscles during prolonged bouts of exercise
b
36. Cardiac output at rest and during submaximal exercise at a given exercise intensity a. significantly increases following endurance training b. does not change much following endurance training, or may slightly decrease c. significantly decreases following endurance training
b
39. Cardiorespiratory endurance training causes which of the following changes? a. a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in new capillaries b. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in capillary recruitment c. a decrease in the cross-sectional area for exchange between the vascular system and metabolically active muscle fibers d. an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume
b
42. Resistance training causes a. blood pressure to change very little during training b. an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall, but no change in resting blood pressure c. an elevation in resting blood pressure d. hypertension in competitive weightlifters
b
44. The initial phase of rapid plasma volume increase after endurance exercise is most likely due to a. increased ADH release b. increased plasma albumin c. increased red blood cell volume d. decreased aldosterone release
b
46. Pseudoanemia may be observed in a. untrained participants who have a lower red blood cell count than aerobically trained b. aerobically trained participants who have increased red blood cell counts and lower hematocrits c. aerobically trained participants who have decreased red blood cell counts and higher hematocrits d. untrained participants who have higher red blood cell counts and higher hematocrits than aerobically trained
b
54. In response to aerobic training, a. type I and type II fibers become larger b. type I fibers become larger and type II fibers generally do not increase c. type IIa fibers are called on to perform in a manner expected of type IIx fibers d. there may be a transition from type I to type II fibers
b
58. stores oxygen and releases it to the mitochondria when oxygen becomes limited during . a. Hemoglobin; maximal exercise b. Myoglobin; the transition from rest to exercise c. Hemoglobin; the transition from rest to exercise d. Myoglobin; rest
b
61. Over years of training, maximal oxygen uptake tends to stabilize. Further improvements in an endurance athlete's performance (race pace) are most likely due to a. increased maximal heart rate b. increased lactate threshold c. increased breathing capacity d. All of these are correct.
b
62. Following aerobic training, an increased capacity to clear lactate and a decrease in lactate production at a given absolute workload result in a. a decreased lactate threshold b. an increased lactate threshold c. elimination of blood lactate accumulation during exercise d. higher blood lactate levels at each stage of a standard GXT above the lactate threshold
b
65. Following aerobic training, a. resting oxygen consumption declines b. oxygen consumption may decline during submaximal exercise due to increased exercise economy c. maximal oxygen consumption increases most dramatically in the trained athlete as compared to changes in the beginner d. All of these are correct.
b
70. The ability to sustain exercise at a higher percentage of V\od\O2max is primarily the result of a. increased cardiac output b. an increase in the ability to buffer lactate c. increased pulmonary ventilation d. lower submaximal heart rate
b
72. Genetic factors appear to account for approximately ___________% of the interindividual variation in V\od\O2max. a. 10 to 15 b. 25 to 50 c. 40 to 60 d. 60 to 80
b
76. Which of the following variables has been used as an index of anaerobic capacity? a. peak power output b. mean power output c. fatigue index d. maximal oxygen consumption
b
79. Anaerobic 30-second training bouts lead to an increase in a. succinate dehydrogenase b. phosphofructokinase c. citrate synthase d. All of these are correct.
b
8. The Fick equation indicates that the rate of oxygen consumption is equal to a. heart rate times systolic blood pressure b. cardiac output times a-vO2 difference c. Stroke volume times a-vO2 difference d. Heart rate times arterial oxygen saturation
b
1. The major objective of exercise training is to a. maintain an ideal body weight b. protect against coronary heart disease c. cause physiological adaptations specific to the type of training d. increase endurance capacity e. None of these is correct.
c
11. Cardiorespiratory endurance training results in which of the following heart rate adaptation(s)? a. decreased resting heart rate b. an increased resting heart rate and an increased maximal heart rate c. a decreased resting heart rate and an unchanged or slightly reduced maximal heart rate d. a decreased resting heart rate and an increased maximal heart rate
c
13. The increase in heart muscle mass with resistance training is due to a. repeated exposure to the decreased afterload b. repeated exposure to the decreased preload c. repeated exposure to the increased afterload d. repeated exposure to increased plasma volume
c
17. The heart of a highly trained endurance athlete would be characterized by all of the following except a. increased end-diastolic pressure b. increased left ventricular wall thickness c. increased maximal heart rate d. increased ejection fraction
c
31. At very high heart rates during cardiorespiratory endurance exercise, stroke volume may actually decrease because of a. a decreased ejection fraction resulting from ventricular fatigue b. decreased venous return from contracting muscles c. inadequate ventricular filling resulting from a shortening of diastole d. increased peripheral vascular resistance resulting from vasoconstriction in active muscles
c
35. An increase in mechanical efficiency is a possible explanation for a. a decrease in resting heart rate after endurance training b. a higher oxygen consumption rate at a given submaximal exercise work load after training c. a lower oxygen consumption at a given submaximal exercise workload after training d. a higher maximal oxygen consumption
c
37. Which of the following is incorrect? a. Resting cardiac output in the trained and untrained is similar. b. Submaximal cardiac output at a given exercise intensity does not change much following endurance training. c. Maximal cardiac output in aerobically trained athletes is significantly lower due to increases in maximal stroke volume. d. Heart rate recovery time is a convenient field method of tracking training adaptations, but cannot be used to compare fitness levels of different people
c
4. Which of the following sports would be least dependent on muscular endurance? a. boxing b. wrestling c. distance running d. sprinting
c
43. Cardiorespiratory endurance training causes which of the following changes? a. a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume b. a decrease in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume c. an increase in plasma volume and an increase in red blood cell volume d. an increase in plasma volume and a decrease in red blood cell volume
c
45. The second phase of rapid plasma volume increase after endurance training is most likely due to a. protein catabolism due to repeated exercise b. increased plasma albumin c. increases in ADH d. decreased aldosterone release
c
49. An increase in the arterial-venous oxygen difference with aerobic training is due to a. decreased hemoglobin content b. decreased hemoglobin concentration c. better distribution of blood to active muscle d. The arterial-venous oxygen difference does not change.
c
51. Which of the following are training adaptations to aerobic training? a. increased pulmonary diffusion at rest b. increased pulmonary diffusion at standardized submaximal exercise intensities c. increased pulmonary diffusion during maximal exercise d. All of these are correct.
c
52. The arterial-venous oxygen difference at maximal rates of work with aerobic training a. decreases b. does not change c. increases d. increases then slightly declines at maximal effort and test termination
c
55. Which of the following is considered one of the most important alterations in response to aerobic capacity that allows an increase in aerobic capacity? a. decreased resting heart rate b. increased stroke volume c. increased capillary density d. increased plasma volume
c
73. Healthy untrained girls and women have ________ lower V\od\O2max values than healthy untrained boys and men. a. 10 to 15% b. 25 to 50% c. 20 to 25% d. 40 to 60%
c
75. Which of the following is the most widely used test to examine anaerobic capacity? a. critical power test b. maximal accumulated oxygen deficit test c. Wingate anaerobic test d. graded exercise test
c
28. Which of the following happen with aerobic training? a. Resting heart rate decreases as a result of decreased sympathetic activity. b. Resting heart rate decreases as a result of increased parasympathetic activity. c. Steady-state submaximal heart rate at the same exercise intensity as measured before training declines. d. All of these are correct. e. None of these is correct.
d
10. Cardiorespiratory endurance training results in which of the following adaptations? a. Submaximal endurance capacity increases. b. More oxygen can be delivered to, and consumed by, active muscles than to untrained muscles. c. Heart mass and volume increase with training. d. All of these are correct.
d
14. Cardiovascular adaptations that occur with resistance training are primarily due to a. pressure changes that occur with resistance training b. the pressor response c. volume changes d. None of these is correct.
d
15. With endurance training, a. left ventricular chamber size increases b. left ventricular wall increases in thickness c. EDV increases d. a, b, and c e. a and c
d
18. Which of the following factors is (are) responsible for the increase in resting, submaximal, and maximal stroke volumes elicited by endurance training? a. increased blood volume b. a stronger heart c. reduced systemic vascular resistance d. all of these e. none of these
d
19. Which of the following is incorrect? a. The heart rate of a trained person is lower at rest and at the same absolute exercise intensity than the heart rate of an untrained person. b. EDV is greater in an aerobically trained person than in an untrained person. c. The Frank-Starling mechanism results in an increase in the force of contraction. d. Stroke volumes are the same for a trained person regardless of body size.
d
22. In the trained heart, increased ventricular mass results in a. decreased contractile force b. increases in end-systolic volume c. increases in peripheral resistance d. increases in ejection fraction e. All of these are correct.
d
23. Echocardiography can be used to view and measure or monitor which of the following? a. thickness of the heart walls b. action of the heart valves c. size of the heart chambers d. All of these are correct. e. None of these is correct.
d
25. Doppler echocardiography provides a. one-dimensional views of the heart b. two-dimensional views of the heart c. three-dimensional views of the heart d. measurement of blood flow
d
29. Aerobic training results in which of the following heart rate adaptation(s)? a. a decrease in resting heart rate b. a lower heart rate at a standard submaximal rate of work c. an increased maximal heart rate d. a and b
d
50. Which of the following is incorrect? a. Pulmonary ventilation is essentially unchanged at rest as a result of aerobic training. b. Pulmonary ventilation decreases during submaximal exercise as a result of aerobic training. c. Maximal pulmonary ventilation increases during an aerobic training program. d. Ventilation is a limiting factor for endurance performance in the average athlete.
d
56. The oxygen storage compound found in skeletal muscle is and is in type I fibers, giving the muscle its red color. a. hemoglobin; low b. hemoglobin; high c. myoglobin; low d. myoglobin; high
d
59. An adaptation to aerobic training includes a. an increase in the number of mitochondria b. an increase in the size of mitochondria c. an increase in oxidative enzymes d. All of these are correct.
d
60. Which enzyme activity is dramatically increased with aerobic training? a. succinate dehydrogenase b. hexokinase c. citrate synthase d. a and c
d
67. Which of the following factor(s) limit endurance performance? a. available oxygen supply b. increased maximal blood flow c. increased capillary density in active tissues d. All of these are correct.
d
7. The best definition of cardiorespiratory endurance is a. the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate in a single effort b. the functional range of motion about a joint c. the ability to sustain a held maximal force or to continue repeated submaximal contractions d. the entire body's ability to sustain prolonged, dynamic exercise using large muscle groups
d
38. Which of the following allows an increase in muscle blood flow during submaximal and maximal exercise after cardiorespiratory training? a. increased capillarization of trained skeletal muscle b. greater utilization of existing capillaries in trained skeletal muscle c. more effective distribution of blood d. a and c e. All of these are correct.
e
41. Following endurance training, a. arterial blood pressure is reduced at the same submaximal exercise intensity b. systolic blood pressure is increased at maximal exercise capacity c. diastolic blood pressure is decreased at maximal exercise capacity d. resting blood pressure does not change significantly in healthy subjects e. All of these are correct.
e
63. After training, the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) a. is reduced at both absolute and relative submaximal work rates b. is higher at maximal work levels c. reflects greater utilization of fatty acids during submaximal exercise d. None of these is correct. e. All of these are correct.
e
77. Sprint and resistance activities use more than do aerobic activities. a. type I fibers b. type IIa c. type IIx d. a and c e. b and c
e
9. Submaximal endurance capacity a. is measured with a V\od\O2max test b. is more closely related to competitive endurance performance than is maximal endurance capacity c. is probably determined by both a person's V\od\O2 and his or her lactate threshold d. a and b e. b and c
e
100. Much of the increase in blood volume during the first two weeks of an endurance training program results from increased volume of red blood cells. a. true b. false
false
84. Lung perfusion with blood during exercise is increased with training primarily because of increased flow to the lower regions of the lung. a. true b. false
false
86. Sixty- and seventy-year-old men and women are not able to increase their maximal oxygen uptake with endurance training. a. true b. false
false
89. An increase in plasma volume would not be expected to contribute to increased endurance performance. a. true b. false
false
91. When evaluating changes in maximal aerobic capacity after a swim training program, the maximal oxygen uptake values will show identical percentage of increases regardless of whether the testing was conducted on a treadmill or while swimming. a. true b. false
false
92. As a result of cardiorespiratory endurance training, ventricular chamber size (volume) increases, but ventricular wall thickness does not change. a. true b. false
false
94. Resistance training leads to greater increases in heart mass, wall thicknesses, and chamber dimensions than does cardiorespiratory endurance training. a. true b. false
false
95. Heart rate recovery time after acute exercise is an excellent way to compare the cardiorespiratory fitness levels of various individuals. a. true b. false
false
97. Bradycardia is always indicative of a strong, well-conditioned heart. a. true b. false
false
99. There is a high rate of hypertension among competitive weightlifters; this is thought to result from the repeated extreme blood pressure elevations that occur during heavy resistance exercise. a. true b. false
false
82. Endurance performance may continue to improve with continued training despite an athlete's achieving his or her highest maximal oxygen consumption. This is due to improvements in the ability to perform at increasingly higher percentages of V\od\O2max for extended periods. a. true b. false
true
83. Maximal oxygen uptake is regarded as one of the best single indicators of one's capacity for endurance exercise. a. true b. false
true
85. Cardiorespiratory endurance training appears to be of benefit to athletes in almost all sports. a. true b. false
true
87. Gains in muscular strength and power are lower when strength training is combined with endurance training than when strength training is done alone. a. true b. false
true
88. Heredity accounts for approximately 25 to 50% of the variation in maximal oxygen uptake values. a. true b. false
true
90. Traditionally, cardiac hypertrophy was considered by cardiologists to be a pathological condition; however, cardiac hypertrophy is now recognized as a normal adaptation to endurance training. a. true b. false
true
93. A decrease in lactate threshold would not be expected to contribute to increased endurance performance. a. true b. false
true
96. Stroke volume at rest, during standardized submaximal exercise, and during maximal exercise is higher after endurance training than before training. a. true b. false
true
98. Untrained women have maximal oxygen uptake values approximately 20 to 25% lower than those of untrained men, whereas highly trained female endurance athletes' maximal oxygen uptake values are only about 10% lower than those of equally trained men. a. true b. false
true