Ch 11

Which of the following is an accurate description of the effect of opioids on sedation and sleep?

Opioids cause somnolence and lethargy.

Which of the following statements is false, with regard to the metabolism and elimination of opioid drugs from the body?

Phase 1 reactions take place with the help of enzymes, whereas phase 2 reactions take place in the absence of enzymatic activity.

What is the most commonly cited reason as to why patients discontinue use of prescribed opioids?

Sedation and cognitive impairment

The passing of the British Pharmacy Act in 1868, which made pharmacist shops the only legal dispenser or opioids, marked the start of a new belief about addiction—that it was

a medical concern that should be handled by physicians.

Opioid maintenance therapies are

based on the premise that the real harm done by opioids arises from the fact that they are expensive and illegal.

Which of the following opioid maintenance therapy drugs is a mixed agonist-antagonist that partially agonizes μ receptors and fully antagonizes δ and κ receptors?

buprenorphine

Which of the following opioids is mixed with soda or alcohol and used recreationally, called by such street names as syrup, sizzurp, purple drank, and lean?

codeine

The preferential degradation, rather than recycling, of internalized ____ opioid receptors following endocytosis leads to a loss of these receptors, which is believed to result in the development of opioid tolerance.

delta (δ)

Which of the following opioids is fully synthetic?

fentanyl

Which of the following opioids is semisynthetic, created by adding two acetyl groups to the morphine molecule?

heroin

A 33-year longitudinal study of heroin addicts found that the cause of death resulting in the greatest number of years of potential life lost was

heroin overdose.

Heroin is more potent than morphine and produces a greater analgesic effect because

it is more highly lipid soluble.

Which type of opioid receptor is distinct in that it acts as a sort of homeostatic, anti-reward system that antagonizes the acute reinforcing effects of opioids and produces aversive and dysphoric effects in laboratory animals?

kappa (κ)

Which of the following opioids is highly lipophilic, readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and has a high degree of bioavailability when administered orally?

methadone

The ________ opioid receptor is the primary target of nearly all opioid drugs. It is largely responsible for the analgesic, sedating, euphoric, and addictive properties of opioids.

mu (μ)

Which of the following effects of opioids shows rapid tolerance within only a few administrations of the drug?

nausea and vomiting

When a drug agonizes a receptor, but to a lesser degree than the endogenous ligand so that it produces only a submaximal response, it is called a ___________________. Pentazocine (Talwin) is an example of such a drug.

partial agonist

The severity of opioid withdrawal depends on the user's daily dose but, for most individuals, it

resembles a bad case of the flu.

In the abrupt approach to opioid detoxification, addicted individuals may be administered naloxone or naltrexone. These drugs

shorten the duration of withdrawal, but intensify the symptoms.

Which of the following is not a type of opioid receptor found in the brain?

sigma (σ)

The opioids are referred to as narcotic analgesics, a label that denotes both their pain-relieving and _______________ properties

sleep-inducing

Some opioids are prodrugs, meaning that

the parent compound is itself inactive in the brain but, through the process of metabolism, is chemically converted into an active pharmacological agent.

In the early 2010s, the street drug krokodil caught the public's attention because

users of the drug developed gangrenous wounds and other outwardly visible signs of the drug's use.

Which of the following statements is true, regarding the self-administration of opioid drugs by laboratory animals?

μ receptor agonists are readily self-administered by laboratory animals.

How does stimulation of μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors contribute to the development of a conditioned place preference in laboratory animals?

μ receptor agonists produce reward, δ receptor agonists promote contextual learning, and κ receptor agonists produce a conditioned place aversion.

Which of the following is not an endogenous opioid ligand?

All of the above are endogenous opioid ligands

In addition to laboratory research assessing a drug's reward and reinforcement values, which of the following acts as a reliable indicator of the abuse liability of a particular opioid?

All of the above are indicators of an opioid drug's abuse liability.

Which of the following conditions is more likely to occur in individuals who use opioids chronically?

All of the above are more likely to occur in chronic opioid users.

Which of the following drugs is used in opioid maintenance therapy?

All of the above drugs are used as opioid maintenance therapies

With chronic use, opioids can produce sensitizing effects on neural mechanisms. Which of the following symptoms is indicative of opioid-induced sensitization?

Hyperalgesia

What would happen if morphine were to be administered orally?

Morphine is a base, so most of its molecules will be ionized and it would be absorbed rather slowly from the gastrointestinal tract.