Ch. 11: Mass Society and Democracy

International Rivalries: How did international rivalries push Europe close to war?

International rivalries pushed Europe close to war by creating large networks of alliances which could drag almost all of the countries of Europe into conflict if any one country fell into war.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Post-Impressionism

A late nineteenth-century style that relies on the Impressionist use of color and spontaneous brushwork but that employs these elements as expressive devices.

The Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. (opposed the Triple Alliance)

Cubism

A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes

Abstract art

A style of art that does not show a realistic subject, usually transforming the subject into lines, colors or shapes.

What was the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), which emerged in 1875?

Under the direction of its Marxist leaders, the SPD advocated revolution while organizing itself into a mass political party that competed for elections in the German parliament. They wanted to improve condition for the working class.

revisionist

a Marxist who rejected the revolutionary approach, believing instead in evolution by democratic means to achieve the goal of socialism

Pablo Picasso

a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes to re-create reality.

Modern art

a general term for the huge changes in art in the 20th C. Much modern art is about the simplication and flattening of an image often to represent an essential aspect of reality instead of a representation of a visual scene (real or imagined)

psychoanalysis

a method by which a therapist and patient probe deeply into the patient's memory; by making the patient's conscious mind aware of repressed thoughts, healing can take place

modernism

a movement in which writers and artists between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance

Vincent Van Gogh

an artist who believed art was a spiritual experience and was interested in color. and believed that it could act as its own form of language

Zionism

an international movement originally for the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine and later for the support of modern Israel

Igor Stravinsky

composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes. He exploited expressive sounds and bold rhythms.

Sir Henry Bessemer

developed a method of turning iron ore into steel called the Bessemer process

The Habits of Good Society

etiquette book, focus on outward appearances, and hard work for the middle class

Modernism revolutionized architecture and gave rise to ____________, the idea that buildings should be useful.

functionalism. This caused architects to use concrete, steel frames, and electric elevators to build skyscrapers free of decoration.

George Eastman

invented the Kodak camera in 1888

What was the Women's Social and Political Union founded in 1903 by Emmenline Pankhurst and her daughters?

it used unusual publicity stunts to call attention to its demands. Its members pelted government offcials with eggs, chained themselves to lampposts, and smashed department store windows.

According to Freud, what determines much of human behavior?

past experiences and internal forces of which people were largely unaware

assembly line

pioneered by Henry Ford in 1913, a manufacturing method that allowed much more efficient mass production of goods

Describe 2 painting styles that became popular in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.

post-impressionists used intense color and strong brushstrokes. Cubists used geometric shapes to show the human form from several angles, recreating reality in the viewer's mind

mass production

production of goods in quantity usually by machinery

Guglielmo Marconi

sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901

Duma

the Russian legislative assembly

Functionalism

the idea that buildings should be used solely for functional purposes and not have decoration

ministerial responsibility

the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the king or president

bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

feminism

the movement for women,s rights

pogrom

the organized massacre of a minority group, especially Jews

What is Social Darwinism?

the radical belief that Darwin's theory of natural selection could be applied to modern human societies. A British philosopher, Herbert Spencer, argued that. social progress came from "survival of the fittest". This idea allowed people to believe that they shouldn't take care of the weak.

suffrage

the right to vote

Social Darwinism

theory used by Western nations in the late nineteenth century to justify their dominance; it was based on Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, "the survival of the fittest," and applied to modern human activities

proletariat

working class

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and his invention led to mass production

The United States: Before 1900, what was the trials the slaves and people faced and what happened concerning slavery?

After the civil war, the old South had been destroyed. A 13th amendment abolishing slavery and a 14th giving African Americans full citizenship and the right to suffrage were added. However, new state laws in the South soon stripped them of the right to vote and by 1880, white supremacy was back.

Western Europe: How was France gaining more political democracy?

After the collapse of Louis-Napoleon's Second Empire left the country in confusion, in 1875 the Third Republic gained a new republican constitution. This new constitution had a president and a two-house legislature. (the higher class voted for the upper house and all adult males for the lower: the Chamber of Deputies). France failed to develop a strong parliamentary system, and the existence go many political partied forced the primer (prime minister) to depend on a coalition of pitied to say in power. Nevertheless, by 1914, the Third Republic had the loyalty of most voters.

The Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I. (opposed the Triple Entente)

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

What happened to the original artistic and literary styles during 1870-1914?

Artists and writers rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance. The changes they produced have since been called modernism.

How did the woking-class family change in the late 1800s?

Before, women were expected to do piecework, marry, and do more labor to support the family, and children (9 or 10) would become apprentices or were employed. During this period, there were higher paying jobs and better living conditions, families could depend on the husband's and the grown children's job, and wives could stay at home. They also started to limit their family sizes.

What characterized the diverse middle class in the 1800s?

Below the upper-middle class was a middle group that included lawyers, doctors, members of. the civil. service, etc.. Beneath this solid middle group was a lower-middle-class of small shopkeepers, traders, and prosperous farms. The Second Industrial Revolution produced a new group of white-collar workers between the lower-middle class and the lower class. This group included traveling salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone operators, etc.. Though not highly paid, they were often committed to middle-class ideals. The middle classes shared a certain lifestyle with values that dominates much of the 1800s. They believed in hard work, which was open to everyone and guaranteed positive results. Outward appliances were also important.

The United States: How did the Second Industrial Revolution affect the United States?

Between 1860 and 1914, the U.S. shifted from a farm based economy to an industrial economy. American steel and iron was the best in the world in 1900. Industrialization led to urbanization and by 1900, the U.S. had three cities reaching 1 million. In 1900 the U.S. was the world's richest nation, but the richest 9% of Americans owned 71% of the wealth. Many labors worked unsafely, and devastating cycles of unemployment made them insecure. Many tried to form unions, but the American Federation of Labor only represented a small fraction of them. In the late 1800s, the U.S. expend abroad and controlled the sugar colony in Hawaii and settled there. When the queen tried to keep the island under the people's control, the U.S. sent military force and annexed Hawaii. In 1898, the U.S. defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War and the U.S. got Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Review: What did the first and seance Industrial Revolution have in common? In what ways did they differ?

Both revolutions depended on vast imports of goods, and both led to huge economic growth. The first industrial revolution gave rise to textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. The second was built on steel, electricity, chemicals, and petroleum. It modernized society more.

What were the causes of the Second Industrial Revoltuion in Western Europe?

Causes: New processes and products lead to a new age of industrialization. Sir Henry Bessemer patented a new process for making high-quality steel cheaply and efficiently. Electricity became a valuable new for, of energy and was converted to other forms such as heat, light, and motion. This electricity gave birth to a new series of inventions such as homes and cites having electric lights with Thomas Edison in the U.S. and Joseph Swan in Great Britain invented the light bulb. A revolution in communication began when Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio waved across the Atlantic. Effects: Electricity began to be common in cities and the communication systems had improved. By the 1880s, streetcars and subways powered by electricity became common in cities. Electricity in the factory allowed more machines and a 24h open factory. The development of the internal-combustion engine, provided a new source of power in transportation. This gave way to ocean liners with oil-fired engines, airplanes, and automobiles. Industrial production grew at a rapid pace because increased sales. Wages for workers increases, and prices for manufactured goods were lower. This was due to the assembly line (Henry Ford), which allowed mass production. The first department stores began opening as well. The bad effects was Europe was divided into two economic zones (the western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and northern Italy.) Also, another part of the south and east was largely agricultural and provided food and raw material sam had a low standard of living. The birth of a true world economy followed this revolution (other countries selling and transporting goods). And countries such as Europe focused on railways, mines, electrical power plants, and banks.

Since many socialist parties were forming, what was the Second International?

In 1889, leaders of various socialist parties joined together and formed the Second International. This was an association of national socialist groups that would fight against capitalism worldwide.

Why did some parts of Europe not share in the economic boom of the early twentieth century?

Eastern and southern parts of Europe did not share in the boom because they were still largely agricultural and had poor transportation systems. They provided food and raw materials for industrial countries instead of developing their own manufacturing.

What was the Dreyfus affair in France?

In 1894, a military court found Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French general staff, guilty of selling army secrets. After the trail, he was found innocent. A wave of public outcry finally forced the gov. to pardon him.

What role did nationalism play in the late 1800s?

Extreme nationalists also used Social Darwinism, but on a nations scale. This idea was used to justify racism, or the belief the some people are superior to others. The growth of extreme nationalism and racism led to the growth of anti-Semtism, or discrimination towards Jews.

How might extreme nationalist's perception of themselves lead them to believe in Social Darwinism?

Extreme nationalists may have perceived themselves as the "fittest" and thought they would...and should...win all the wars they pushed for.

How did ministerial responsibility relate to how power was distributed in Central Europe?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia created legislators, but the leading ministers were still responsible to the monarch. The fact that these monarchs continued to hold greater power to the elected bodies weakened democracy

How were the Jewish treated harshly in the late 1800s?

In Russia, the worst treatments of Jews occurred: persecutions and pogroms (organized massacres), were widespread. Thousands of Jews emigrated to escape persecution, immigration to Palestine, which became a home for a Jewish nationalist movement called Zionism.

Central and Eastern Europe: What political developments did Central and Eastern Europe experience in the late nineteenth century?

Germany: The constitution of the new imperial Germany that Otto von Bismarck. began in 1871 set up a two-house legislature. Ministers of government, however, still reported to the emperor, who controlled the armed forces, foreign policy, and the bureaucracy. As chancellor (prime minister), Bismarck worked to keep Germany from becoming a democracy. However, by the reign of William II, Germany had become the strongest military and industrial power in Europe. With the expansion of industry and cities came demands for democracy. Conservative forces tried to thwart the movement for democracy by supprting a strong foreign policy. They. believed this would divert people from pursuing democratic reforms. Austria: After the adoption of a duel monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867, Austria adopted a constitution that, in theory, set up a parliamentary system with ministerial responsibility. Unfortunately, the emperor ignored this and issued his own decrees. The empire remained troubled by conflicts among ethnic groups because though Germany ruled, other minorities in parliament advocated for their freedom, which encouraged the emperor to ignore the parliament and govern by imperial decrees. Hungary: Had a parliament that worked and was controlled by landowners who dominated the peasants and ethnic groups. Russia: Nicholas II came to power believing that czars should have absolute power. However, Russia had become the 4th largest producer of steel and it became industrialized with an industrial working class, and pitiful living and working conditions. Socialist parties developed, but gov. forced them underground. Opposition to the czarist regime finally exploded in 1905 when a massive procession of workers went to the Winter Palace to present a petition of grievances to the czar. Troops opened fire on the peaceful demonstration. This "Bloody Sunday" caused workers throughout Russia to strike. Nicholas II was forced to grant civil liberties and create a legislative assembly, the Duma. By 1907, the czar gain curtailed the power of the Duma and ruled Russia all-powerfully again.

Western Europe: How was Britain gaining more political democracy in its society?

Great Britain had long since had a working two-party parliamentary system (the two parties - the Liberals and Conservatives - competed win majority and pass laws) which passed many laws concerning an increased number of male voters and female voters. In the early 1900s, political democracy was becoming well established in Britain. Social reforms for the working class soon followed and in 1900, a. new Labour Party emerged. and dedicated itself to the interests of workers.

Who was Sigmund Freud? And what theory of creativity is he associated with?

He was a doctor from Vienna who proposed theories regarding the nature of the human mind. His major theories were published in 1900 in The Interpretation of Dreams. According to Freud, human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences and internal foes of which people were largely unaware. Repression of such began in childhood, so he devised a method known as psychoanalysis (by which a therapist could probe deeply into the patient's memory.

What did Einstien propose?

His theory of relaitivity stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer. According to his theory, neither space nor time as an existence independent of the human experience. Moreover, matter. and engird reflect the relativity of time and space. He concluded that matter is just another form of energy.

Claude Monet

Impressionist painter who painted pictures that captured the interplay of light, water, and sky.

What was the crisis in the Balkans? Describe the event up through 1914.

In the 1800s, as the Ottoman Empire began to fall apart, most of its Balkan provinces gained freedom. As this was happening, two Great Powers saw a chance to gain influence in theBalkans: Austria-Hungary and Russia. Their rivalry over the Balkans was one of the causes of WWI. While the Balkan territory of Bulgaria operated autonomously under Russian protection, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbia was outraged: the annexation of of two Slavic-speaking countries led to an International controversy and dashed the Serbians' hopes of creating a large Serbian kingdom including most of the southern Slavs. The Russian, self-appointing protecters of the Slavs, supported the Serbs and opposed annexation. Backed by the Russians, the Serbs prepared for war against Austria-Hungary. At this point, Emperor William II of Germany demanded that the Russians accept the annexation of face ear with Germany. Weakened from their defat in the Russo-Japanese Way in 1905, the Russians backed down but vowed revenge. Two wars between Balkan states in 1912 and 1913 further embittered the inhabitants and created more tension amount the Great powers. The Serbs blamed Austria-Hungary for their failure to create a large Serbian Kingdom. Austria-Hungary was convinced that Serbia and Serbian nationalism were moral threats to its empire. As Serbia's chief supporters, the Russians were angry and determined not to back down again against Austria-Hungary or Germany. Finally, the allies of Austria-Hungary and Russia were determined to support their respective allies more strongly. By the beginning of 1914, these counties viewed each other with suspicion. Europe was on the verge of war.

How did the second industrial revolution influence women's roles in society?

It opened up new jobs for women for there were not enough men to fill low-paid, white-collar jobs created. The expansion of the gov. services also created job opportunities for women such as jobs in education, health, and social services. Middle class women held these jobs, but were mostly filled by the working class. Though marriage reminded almost the only honorable career for most women, the average number of children born to a women began to decline. This was tied to the improved economic condition and increased use of birth control. The family was the central institution of the middle-class. With less children, mothers could devote more time to childcare and domestic leisure. This fostered. the ideas of togetherness. But, when waged was among the working class, many men could alone provide for the family and women could now stay home. Women now felt like they had the right to advocate for their rights, as well.

What occurred under William II's rule and Germany's increased power?

Kaiser William II fired Bismarck and took control of Germany's foreign policy. He wanted to advance Germany's power. He wanted, as he put it, to find Germany's rightful "place in the sun". One of his changed was to drop the treaty with Russia, allowing France to from an alliance with Russia. Germany now had a hostile neighbor on the west and east. Over the next decade, German policies caused the British to draw closer to France, thus allying Great Britain, France, and Russia in the Triple Entente.

Who was Karl Marx and what did he believe?

Karl Marx, along with Friedrich Engels, wrote The Communist Manifesto, which blamed to system of industrial capitalism for the poor working condition in industrial factories. Marx believed that all of world history was a "history of class struggles." According to Marx, oppressed and oppressed have always "stood in constant opposition to one another." The oppressors owned means of production and the oppressed owned nothing and were dependent. He believed society was "more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat." The bourgeoise were oppressors and the proletariat the oppressed. He predicted the struggle between these groups would lead to a revolution. The proletariat would overthrow and for, a dictatorship to organize production. However, he thought it would eventually produce a classes society; the state would wither away.

How did innovation change literature, the visual arts, and music in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Literature: Western novelists and poets who followed the naturalist style believed that literature should be realistic and address social problems. However, symbolists writers had a different idea, and believed the external world, including art, was only a collection of symbols reflecting the true reality - the human mind. Painting and Architecture: Impressionism was a movement that began in France in the 1870s, causing artists to fins new way sot express their art. However in the 1880s, a new movement, called postimpressionism, arose in France. Artists like Van Gough helped prove that artists should paint how they feel. By the early 1900s, artistes were no longer convinced their main goal was to represent reality. One reason for the decline of realism in painting was photography. Artists tended to focus less on mirroring reality, which a camera should do, and more on creating reality. Sculptors and writers looked for meaning in individual consciousness. Between 1905 and 1914, the search for expression created modern art. Picasso invented Cubism. Abstract painting emerged around 1910, with artists such as Wassily Kandinsky. Then came functionalism. Which was the idea that buildings should be functional or useful and all unnecessary things stripped away. Music: Music was transformed by musicians like Stravinsky and used bold rhythms.

What social and economic effects did the assembly line have on the bourgeoisie?

Mass production and the assembly line served to improve the lives of the bourgeoisie by making them wealthier and goods cheaper and to further remove them, socially, physically, and economically, from the poorer workers.

Why did some members of the women's rights movement believe that suffrage was the key to improving the position of women in society?

Members of the women's rights movement thought that suffrage was the key to improving the position of women in society because it would let them affect how decisions were made and truly play a role in society instead of merely relying on the actions and reforms of others. They thought thiswoul make them like full citizens.

What is ministerial responsibility, and why is it important?

Ministerial responsibility is the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the king or the president. It is important as it ensures that the interests of the populace are protected at all times.

What were women in the 1800s advocating for in terms of women's rights?

Modern feminism, or the. movement for women's rights, had its beginnings during the enlightenment. Women advocated equality for themselves on the doctrine of natural rights. In the 1830s, women in the U.S. and Europe argued for the right to own property. These weren't successful until 1870 in Britain, 1900 in Germany, and 1907 in France. N\ext, some midland upper class women fought for and gained access to universities. Others sight entry into occupations dominated by men. By the 1840s and 1850s, the movement expanded s women called for. equal political rights. They believed in suffrage, the right to vote, was the key for improving. their overall position. Suffragists had one basic aim: the right of to. full citizenship in the nation-state. The British women's movement was the most active. in. Europe.

Central and Eastern Europe: Did the government of Germany, Austria-Hungary, or Russia adhere to the principle of ministerial responsibility?

No, the ministers of Germany and Austria answered to emperors, and Russia was controlled by Czar Nicholas II. While, Hungary's parliament worked but was ruled by landowners.

Why did Western nations make this commitment to public education?

On reason was industrialization. In the first Industrial Revolution, workers without training or experience were able to meet factory needs. The new firms of the Second Industrial Revolution needed trained, skilled workers. The chief motive for public education was political. Giving more people the right to vote created a need for better-educated voters. Even more importantly, primary schools instilled patriotism. Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, and m most of them were women. Men saw this as part of a women's "natural role". They were paid lower salaries then men, which in itself was a strong inventive for states to set up teacher0training schools for women. The Second Industrial Revolution allowed people to pursue new forms of leisure. Popular mass leisure both entertained large crowds and distracted them from the realties of work life. The industrial system gave people new times -evening hours, weekends, and a week or two in the summer - to indulge in evening activities. Amusement parks, dance halls, and organized team sports became enjoyable ways for people to spend their leisure hours.

What problems were created by the rapid population growth in cities?

Overcrowding led to filthy living conditions in which deadly epidemics like cholera spread. Contaminated water and poor sewage systems made the problem worse. Local governments had to get involved because the solutions involved large-scale projects like install sewage systems as well as tracking and isolating contagious diseases

What became the safe place for the Jewish?

Palestine, the land of ancient Israel, had long been the land of their dreams. A key figure in the growth of political Zionism was Theodor Herzl, who wrote a book called The Jewish State. Settlement in Palestine was difficult because it was part of the Ottoman Empire, which opposed the immigration.

Western Europe: What happened with democracy in Western Europe in the late nineteenth century?

Political democracy was expanding based on the signs of: universal male suffrage laws, the prime minister was responsible to the popularly elected legislative body, not to a king or president. (this is called ministerial responsibility and is crucial for democracy), and mass political parties formed.

How do living conditions of the masses of people affect how a nation is ruled? How does a move toward democracy affect the living conditions of the masses?

Poor enough living conditions lead to rebellion and a demand for a voice in government, which can help move a country toward democracy. A democratic government allows every adult citizen a voice in shaping the government. There are more poor and middle-class people than rich people in every country, so they have enough votes to elect representatives who will pass legislation that improves their lives.

When did public education become widespread and why had it not happened earlier?

Public education became widespread in the late 1800s partly because companies needed skilled, educated workers for new factories. Earlier, factory jobs did not require much training

How were Marxist parties divided over their goals?

Pure Marxists though that capitalism could be defeated by a violent revolution, Other Marxists, called revisionists, rejected the revolutionary approach and argued that workers must continue to organize in mass political parties and even work with other parties to gain reforms. As workers received the vote, they could achieve their arms by working within democratic systems.

How were the effects of industrialization uneven across Europe?

Two economic zones 1 = Britain, Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, Western Austro-Hungarian Empire, Northern Italy - advanced 2 = Southern Italy, most Austria Hungary, Spain, Portugal, Belkin, Russia - provided foods and raw materials for the industrial countries, lower living standards

Wassily Kandinsky

Russian painter who was a pioneer of abstract art and sought to avoid visual reality. He believed art should speak directly to the soul using only line and color.

How did scientific discoveries in the late 1800s impact the way people saw themselves and their world?

Scientific discoveries, such as the theory of relativity and the discovery of radiation, caused previously established beliefs on reality and the earth to come further into question. This caused many people to begin to see the world in which they worked in as one without boundaries and absolutes.

What were some of the signs that democracy was expanding in the late nineteenth century? What were some reasons for that expansion?

Signs that democracy was expanding included universal male suffrage and ministerial responsibility. Democracy expanded due to pressure from organized groups such as trade unions and the woman's rights movements

Review: What qualities of socialism appealed to working-class people?

Socialism appealed to many workers because although they worked in dangerous conditions, they did not earn enough for their basic needs.

How was socialism a response to industrialization?

Socialism took place in order to stand for the rights of the workers and to create unions in order to make sure their needs are met. This was a response to the harsh schedules and treatment of workers as a result of industrialization. This lead to socialist parties and trade unions based on the theory of Karl Marx.

How was wealth distributed among U.S. citizens?

The United States was the world's richest nation by 1900 due to its industrial economy, income from colonies like Somoa and Hawaii, and the low wages paid to workers. The vast majority of the countries wealth was in the hands of only 9% of its population

How did class divisions in Europe change during the nineteenth century?

The upper middle class started to merge with the upper class, while the middle class grew. Many of the poor farmers now worked in the factories in the cities, but they could join into the middle classes through farming again or white-collar work.

Discuss the major social changes that occurred during the Second Industrial Revolution.

The upper middle class started to merge with the upper class, while the middle class grew. Many of the poor farmers now worked in the factories in the cities, but they could join into the middle classes through farming again or white-collar work. Lifestyle for the working lavas was improved in cities due to many reforms.

What characterized the working class in the 1800s?

The working classes (or lower classes) made up 80% of European population. These classes included landholding peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers. Most were unskilled day laborers or domestic servants. In Britain, in 1900, one out of every seven employed persons was a domestic servant. After 1870, urban workers began to live more comfortably. Reforms created better living conditions in cities. A rise in wages, extra clothes or pay to entertain themselves also contributed. Eventually, workers won a 10-hoir work day with the Saturday afternoon off.

Orville and Wilbur Wright

These brothers were bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.

What characterized the New Elite social class in the 1800s?

They were the top of European society; they only;y made up about 5% of the populace. During the 1800s, the most successful industrialists, bankers, and merchants - the wealthy upper-middle class - had joined with the landed aristocracy - the upper class- to form this new elite. They were leaders in the gov. and military.

Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan

Thomas Edison: invented light bulb (American Inventor) Joseph Swan: (British inventor) opened homes and cities to illumination by electric lights. (Street lights)

Western Europe: How did Italy's government in the 1870s compare to Great Britain's?

Though, in 1870, Italy emerged as a united state, there was little national because of the gulf between the poverty-stricken south and the industrialized north. Turmoil between labor and industry weakened the social fabric of the nation. Even universal male suffrage did little to. halt the spread of corruption and weakness. Meanwhile, Britain had a strong political democracy forming and a solid government with the parliament and voters rights.

What did scientists believe before Curie and the atom? What did Curie discover?

Throughout much of the 1800s, Westerners believed in a mechanical conception of the universe that was based on the ideas of Isaac Newton. The universe was viewed. as a giant machine. Matter was thought to be made of solid material bodies called atoms. The French scientist Marie Curie discovered that an elect called radium gave off energy, or radiation, that apparently came from within the atom itself. Atoms were not just material bodies but small, active worlds.

What were some reasons governments promoted public education?

To have skilled workers, educated voters, and to teach children proper things about politics such as patriotism ex.

Another force working for evolutionary, rather than revolutionary, socialism was the trade union, or labor union. What were these?

To improve their conditions, workers organized in a trade union. The right to strike was an important part of the trade union movement. At first, it was illegal to strike under any circumstances. However, in Great Britain, workers won the right to strike in the 1870s.

How did society change as a result of urbanization and industrialization?

Universal education was a product of the mass society of the late 19nth and early 20th centuries. Between 1870 and 1914, most Western governments began a finance system of primary education. Both girls and boys between the ages of 6 and 12 were required to attend these schools.

Lesson 2: Why did European cities grow so quickly in the 19th century ?

With few jobs available in the countryside, people rural areas migrated to cities to find work in there factories. In industralized nations, cities grew tremendously. Cities also grew faster in the second half of the 19nth century because of improvements in public health and sanitation. Improvements came because of a number of urban reformers urged local governments to do something bath filthy living conditions, which caused diseases such as Cholera. To solve this, city gov. created boards of health to improve housing quality. Clean water and an effective sewage systems were critical, as well as the need for freshwater by building dams and reservoirs.

What did Otto von Bismarck realize as Germany gained power?

With the emergence of Germany in 1871 as the most powerful European state, he realized it upset the power set up in 1815 at Vienna. Fearing France wanted an anti-Germany alliance, Bismarck made a defensive alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879, and Italy joined in 1882. This Triple Alliance thus united the powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in a defensive alliance against France. At the same time, Bismarck tainted a separate alliance with Russia.