Ch 11c Smartbook (Autonomic Nervous System)

Myelin begins to form on axons during ______ and continues until ______.

14th week of prenatal development; adolescence

What is a preganglionic neuron?

A neuron that extends from the CNS to an autonomic ganglion.

At an organ or effector that is innervated by both the SNS and PSNS, what is the typical type of response to stimulation by these nervous systems?

One would inhibit the organ and one would activate the organ.

Which statement accurately describes the role of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Regulates body functions while in restful situations; "resting and digesting" response.

Which statement most accurately describe the synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons?

Some preganglionic fibers that exit the spinal cord synapse with a postganglionic neuron in a paravertebral ganglion while others pass through a paravertebral ganglion and synapse with a postganglionic neuron within a collateral ganglion.

Choose the statements that accurately describe muscarinic receptors.

ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an inhibitory effect on some cells. All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and gland cells have muscarinic receptors. ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an excitatory effect on some cells.

The parasympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter _____________

ACh or acetylcholine

When does stimulation at cholinergic receptors end?

When acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.

Parasympathetic fibers that innervate structures in the thoracic and abdominal cavities are carried via cranial nerve __________________.

X

Parasympathetic impulses to the head, thorax, and upper abdomen are carried via which of the cranial nerves?

X (vagus) III (oculomotor) VII (facial) IX (glossopharyngeal)

Parasympathetic fibers that innervate structures in the thoracic and abdominal cavities are carried via cranial nerve _______________

X, 10, or vagus

Collateral ganglia are located in the ______, closely associated with certain large blood vessels.

abdominopelvic cavity

Collateral ganglia are located in the ______, closely associated with certain large blood vessels. Multiple choice question.

abdominopelvic cavity

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are receptors for which neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine

Sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers both release which neurotransmitter?

acetylcholine

What neurotransmitters do cholinergic fibers release?

acetylcholine

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine or ACh

Fill in the blank question. Stimulation at cholinergic receptors ends when acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme _______________

acetylcholinesterase or AChE

Stimulation at cholinergic receptors ends when acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme

acetylcholinesterase or AChE

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are neurotransmitters released from the ______ but the only ______ is released from the sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

adrenal medulla; norepinephrine

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers are classified as ______ because they secrete the neurotransmitter ______.

adrenergic; norepinephrine

Where are the sympathetic chain ganglia located?

along the sides of the vertebral column

The two types of receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine are ______ and ______.

alpha beta

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions often act ______ on the same organ, as impulses from one division activate it, while impulses from the other division inhibit it.

antagonistically

Programmed cell death, known as ________________ , naturally occurs throughout life in the brain.

apoptosis

Impulses that regulate the activities of internal organs such as the heart, stomach, and glands are transmitted along motor fibers of the ____________ subdivision of the peripheral nervous system.

autonomic

Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers from the motor pathways for the ______ nervous system

autonomic

The division of the PNS that regulates visceral activities and maintains homeostasis is called the ______ nervous system.

autonomic

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are divisions of the _________________ nervous system.

autonomic

Which subdivision of the peripheral nervous system contains the nerve fibers that connect to the viscera such as, for example, the heart and the intestines?

autonomic

What innervates internal organs such as the salivary glands, stomach, and intestines?

autonomic motor fibers of cranial nerves autonomic fibers of spinal nerves

Control centers in the medulla oblongata control what functions of the autonomic nervous system?

heart rate and blood pressure

Autonomic regulation of visceral functions, such as body temperature, hunger, and thirst, occurs in what area of the brain?

hypothalamus

The autonomic nervous system is mainly controlled by the ________________ located in the brain.

hypothalamus

The commands for the autonomic regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, and water balance come from the area of the brain called the

hypothalamus

What area of the brain is responsible for controlling the autonomic nervous system?

hypothalamus

The size of the pupil is ______ by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and ______ by the parasympathetic division.

increased, decreased

The size of the pupil is ______ by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and ______ by the parasympathetic division.

increased; decreased

During exercise, the heart rate ______ due to effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

increases

The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system arise from neurons located in the _____________ , __________________, and the medulla oblongata, as well as from neurons located in the sacral region of the spinal cord.

midbrain, pons

Which type of receptor can either be inhibited or excited by the binding of acetylcholine?

muscarinic

Indicate the location of parasympathetic (terminal) ganglia.

near or in the target internal organs

What are the types of cholinergic receptors?

nicotinic receptors muscarinic receptors

The adrenal medulla and postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system both release which neurotransmitter?

norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?

norepinephrine

Identify the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla when its cells are stimulated by sympathetic fibers.

norepinephrine epinephrine

Fill in the blank question. Postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system secrete a neurotransmitter called _________________

norepinephrine or noradrenalin

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in the number of neurons that link the CNS and an effector. More specifically, motor pathways in the somatic system use ________________ neuron(s), while motor pathways in the autonomic system involve ____________________ neuron(s).

one, two

Typically, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system innervations at an organ have what type of actions?

opposing actions

The ____________ branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the activities of internal organs during times of rest.

parasympathetic

Secretion by digestive system organs is increased by actions of the _____________ nervous system and decreased by actions of the ________________ nervous system.

parasympathetic or PSNS sympathetic or SNS

Secretion by digestive system organs is increased by actions of the __________________ nervous system and decreased by actions of the _________________ nervous system.

parasympathetic or PSNS sympathetic or SNS

Where do the synapses between the pre- and postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system occur?

paravertebral

Where do the synapses between the pre- and postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system occur?

paravertebral ganglia

What structures comprise the sympathetic trunks?

paravertebral ganglia and sympathetic fibers

What type of fibers travels via the gray rami?

postganglionic fibers unmyelinated fibers sympathetic fibers

An autonomic motor pathway consists of a(n) ______ and a(n) ______.

preganglionic fiber postganglionic fiber

What is the effect of the sympathetic division on the eye?

pupillary dilation

Which are the sympathetic effects on the urinary system?

reduced urine output by the kidneys contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

Which are parasympathetic effects on the urinary system?

relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter contraction of the urinary bladder wall

What factor explains the differences in effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on a particular effector organ?

release of different neurotransmitters

The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis and controls visceral activities by regulating the actions of ______.

several glands cardiac muscles smooth muscles

The branch of the autonomic nervous system controls the activities of body systems during stressful situations.

sympathetic

Heart rate is increased by the _________________ nervous system and decreased by the _______________ nervous system.

sympathetic parasympathetic

The autonomic nervous system is divided into the ________________ nervous system and the _________________nervous system.

sympathetic parasympathetic

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic parasympathetic

The ______ ganglia are located on each side of the spinal cord and are the sites of synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

sympathetic chain

What is the term for the continuous stimulation of smooth muscles in blood vessels by the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic tone

Sympathetic fibers and the paravertebral ganglia connected by them comprise the ______.

sympathetic trunk

The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the adrenal gland to release two hormones, one being ______.

sympathetic; epinephrine

The ______ nervous system dilates bronchioles to increase airflow, while the ______ nervous system constricts bronchioles to decrease airflow.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system occur in ______ ganglia, which are near or within target organs.

terminal

What are the origins of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?

the brainstem and the sacral regions of the spinal cord

Choose the origins of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

thoracic region of spinal cord lumbar region of spinal cord

The continuous stimulation of smooth muscles of most blood vessels by the sympathetic division is called sympathetic ________________

tone

The continuous stimulation of smooth muscles of most blood vessels by the sympathetic division is called sympathetic ____________________

tone

How many neurons form a typical autonomic nervous system pathway?

two

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons leave the spinal nerves through the _________________ rami.

white

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons travel via the ______ rami to enter the sympathetic ganglia.

white

What functions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system?

heart rate breathing rate blood pressure body temperature

Which are true about apoptosis in the brain?

If it fails, diseases like schizophrenia may result. It is a normal, natural occurrence.

Which are true about apoptosis in the brain?

It is a normal, natural occurrence. If it fails, diseases like schizophrenia may result.

How is norepinephrine removed from the synaptic cleft?

It is taken up by the presynaptic neuron.

By what methods might norepinephrine be removed from a synapse, ending its effect on receptors?

It may be actively transported into the presynaptic neuron that released it. It may diffuse into nearby tissue and degraded by enzymes located there.

What is the effect of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system on heart rate and digestion?

It speeds the heart and inhibits digestion.

Indicate changes that occur with aging that are linked to changes in nervous system function.

The number of dendritic branches in the cerebral cortex falls. The number of postsynaptic receptors decreases.

Indicate the origins of sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

The thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.

True or false: At an effector organ, the opposing effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are due to differences in neurotransmitters used by each system. True false question.

True

What functions of the autonomic nervous system are controlled by centers in the medulla oblongata?

blood pressure respiration heart rate

Typically, most organs controlled by the autonomic nervous system receive innervation from which division(s)?

both parasympathetic and sympathetic

The smooth muscles of what structures relax in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system. The same muscles contract in response to parasympathetic stimulation.

bronchioles intestines urinary bladder

What is a parasympathetic effect on the respiratory system?

bronchoconstriction

In the nervous system, nerve fibers that release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine are called ________________ fibers.

cholinergic

The parasympathetic postganglionic fibers (with one exception) are classified as ______ because they secrete the neurotransmitter ______.

cholinergic; acetylcholine

In addition to the paravertebral ganglia, other sympathetic ganglia are found nearer the viscera they innervate. These ganglia are called ______ ganglia.

collateral

Select the effects of parasympathetic stimulation.

constriction of pupil more blood to digestive organs decreased heart rate

The anatomical name that reflects the origin of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the CNS is the ______ division.

craniosacral

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons travel via the ______ rami to leave the sympathetic trunk.

gray

In general, the functioning of the nervous system ______ with age.

decreases

The sympathetic nervous system ______ digestive activities, while the parasympathetic nervous system ______ digestive activities.

decreases; increases

When does the process of myelination complete?

during adolescence