Ch 12

Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.

Barring virus penetration into host cell Preventing virus maturation Blocking virus transcription and translation

Which of the following are quinolones? Multiple select question. Clindamycin Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin Cephalosporin

Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin

_____ is another name for polymyxin E.

Colistin

Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following?

Increased spectrum Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls

Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria? Multiple select question. Nafcillin Dicloxacillin Ampicillin Amoxicillin

Ampicillin Amoxicillin

______ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of

Antimicrobial

Identify the first tetracycline discovered.

Aureomycin

Polymyxins are derived from a species of which of the following?

Bacillus

Which of the following antibiotics contain the beta-lactam ring? Multiple select question. Quinolones Penicillins Tetracyclines Cephalosporins

Penicillins Cephalosporins

Aztreonam is used to control which of the following conditions?

Urinary tract infections Pneumonia Septicemia

Synercid is effective against members of which genera?

Streptococcus Staphylococcus Enterococcus

Which anti-influenza medication blocks the initiation of viral RNA synthesis?

Xofluza

Which are antiviral drugs used to treat influenza? Multiple select question. Bacitracin Xofluza Tamiflu Nystatin Relenza

Xofluza Tamiflu Relenza

Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?

broad spectrum

An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a

broad spectrum antibiotic

The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?

drug resistance

Interferon is produced primarily by ____ and ______ in response to various immune stimuli.

fibroblasts leukocytes

Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following?

fungi

Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell _____

membrane

___ analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.

metabolic

The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit _____ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.

metabolism

Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?

narrow

An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a

narrow spectrum antibiotic

drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity

penicillin

What are most cell walls made of?

peptidoglycan

Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?

protein synthesis

The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs?

quinolones

The tetracyclines bind to which of the following structures?

ribosome

Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms?

60%

What is the mechanism of action of Tamiflu?

It prevents host cells from producing active viruses.

What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?

antibiotic

Identify the active part of the penicillin structure.

beta-lactam ring

Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments?

cell wall

Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?

competitive

Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?

converts RNA to DNA

Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer?

interferon

Polymyxin B and E are toxic to which organ?

kidneys

The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called ____ toxicity.

selective

_____ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

semisynthetic

Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat ____ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.

systemic