Ch 12 Nervous Tissue, ch 11, ch 10, ch 9 questions

What is the correct order for the events of neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal? 1. Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm 2. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft 3. Action potential reaches axon terminal 4. Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane 5. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

peripheral nervous system

A division of the nervous system consisting of all nerves that are not part of the brain or spinal cord. -the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body

During wave summation,

A second stimulus arrives at the muscle before complete relaxation of the first contraction, causing the second contraction to have greater tension than the first one.

How are syndesmoses classified in terms of mobility?

Amphiarthrotic

EPSP

Excitatory postsynaptic potential; a slight depolarization of a postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential of that cell closer to the threshold for an action potential.

Determine which scenario below will result in a mechanical advantage (MA) of less than 1.0, which means the lever provides speed rather than strength.

If the length of the effort arm is 55 mm and the length of the resistance arm is 200 mm.

IPSP

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; a slight hyperpolarization of the postysynaptic cell, moving the membrane potential of that cell further from threshold.

What channels do IPSPs trigger to open

K+ or Cl-

Sodium is ____ and Potassium is ____

Na+: outside K+: inside

What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Oligodendrocytes

In a 1500-meter run, an event that may take about 5 to 6 minutes, ATP is supplied by which energy sources?

Phosphagens, anaerobic, and aerobic sources

Depolarized or EPSP

Post synaptic potential that results in the neuron becoming more positive

Hyper polarized or IPSP

Results in a neuron becoming more negative

Which of the following muscle characteristics characterize an effect of aging?

Slow, progressive loss of muscle mass

Which of the following are joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue?

Syndesmoses

From a relaxed, standing position, as you bring your arms up laterally so that they are straight out from your sides to stretch in the morning, the motion of the arms is called ____________. When you put your arms straight back down to your sides and then reach both hands up to rub your eyes, the motion that results at the elbow joint is called __________.

abduction; flexion

Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons.

afferent

_____ synovial joints are diarthroses.

all

When threshold is reached, depolarization occurs with the same amplitude of potential change. This is known as

all-or-none principle

All symphyses are classified as _______, meaning they are slightly mobile.

amphiarthrotic

An arthritic joint contains damage to the hyaline cartilage covering the articulating bones. In other words, the ________ has been damaged.

articular cartilage

The multiaxial joint in which the spherical end of one bone fits into the cuplike socket of the other bone is called a ___________ joint.

ball and socket

glenohumeral joint acromioclavicular joint sternoclavicular joint

ball and socket plane saddle

Acetylcholinesterase

catalyzes hydrolysis of ACh to remove it from the synaptic cleft.

The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has small invaginations called

caveolae

During relaxation, passive tension in _______ is released.

connectin

central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

The ability of muscle cells to shorten is called _______, a property that allows muscle cells to cause body movement.

contractility

While waiting for your food at your favorite restaurant, you see your favorite dish being carried to the table next to yours. The sight and smell of the food causes your salivary glands to produce saliva. What type of neuronal circuit caused this single reaction from the multiple stimuli you experienced?

converging circuit

Upon binding of endocannabinoids to their target, there is a(n)

decrease neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons.

An EPSP will cause the postsynaptic membrane

depolarize

A small group of neurons in the brain coordinating the action of many leg, back, and arm muscles during running is an example of a

diverging circuit

On a graph of an action potential, the small depolarizations that lead to threshold are from

excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs).

True or false: EPSPs and IPSPs have a long-term effect on a neuron.

false

true or false: Greater current flow is possible with larger resistance and a lower voltage.

false

true or false : Lack of ATP is currently considered to be a primary cause of muscle fatigue.

false ; Explanation Crossbridge recycling/elevated phosphate ion concentration, a change in Na+ or K+ ion concentration, or insufficient Ca++ at the neuromuscular junction are considered causes of muscle fatigue. Currently, there is no evidence that lack of ATP is a primary cause of muscle fatigue.

true or false : Myoglobin provides muscle fibers with a means of supplying ATP anaerobically.

false ; Skeletal muscles have abundant mitochondria for aerobic cellular respiration, myoglobin binds oxygen and releases it during muscular contraction, and creatine phosphate that supplies ATP anaerobically.

true or false: The glenohumeral ligaments provide most of the stability and strength of the glenohumeral joint.

false ; The rotator cuff muscles provide most of the shoulder joint stability.

true or false : Multiunit smooth muscle is characterized by the use of gap junctions between cell membranes.

false ;Single-unit smooth muscle is characterized by the use of gap junctions between cell membranes and linked functionally to contract all at the same time.

true or false: In a third-class lever, the effort is always farther from the fulcrum than the resistance.

false: In a third-class lever the effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum, so the resistance arm will always be longer than the effort arm.

true or false; Glial cells help neurons by generating action potentials.

false: glial cells do not generate action potentials

true or false : Smooth muscle is not located in the respiratory system.

false; Smooth muscle is located in the iris and ciliary body of the eye, the arrector pili muscles in the skin and in the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems in the body.

true or false : The temporomandibular joint is limited to protraction and retraction due to its articular disc.

false; The TMJ can exhibit many motions since it acts as both a hinge and gliding joint.

true or false : Cardiac muscle tissue contains fewer mitochondria than are found in skeletal muscle tissue.

false; it contains more than skeletal

True or False: Nerve impulses relaying pain would most likely use saltatory conduction.

false; pain would most likely use continuous conduction nerves innervating skeletal muscle would use saltatory conduction

True or False : Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies located within the CNS.

false; they are clusters of neuron cell bodies located in the PSN

The _______ layer of the synovial joint strengthens the joint to prevent the bones from being pulled apart.

fibrous

first class lever: second: Third

first : Fulcrum is between the resistance and effort second: Resistance is between the fulcrum and effort third: Effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance

When making a fist, the fingers are

flexed

The knee joint performs primarily flexion and extension, so it is classified as a __________ joint.

hinge

If stimulation frequency continues to increase, wave summation may lead to

incomplete tetany

Which of the following are categorized as symphyses?

intervertebral joints

Symphyses can be found in the

intervertebral joints.

Which action describes turning the sole of the foot medially, as in checking the bottom of a shoe for gum?

inversion

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

may result from positively charged ions entering the postsynaptic neuron.

The vascular supply to slow oxidative muscle fibers is ______ extensive than that of fast glycolytic muscle fibers.

more

The specialized region of the sarcolemma that has folds and indentations to increase the membrane surface area covered by the synaptic knob is the

motor end plate

The arm can move in the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes of space. Therefore, the shoulder joint is classified as

multiaxial

The most common type of neuron contains many dendrites and a single axon. Structurally, this is classified as a(n) ______________ neuron.

multipolar

Smooth muscle found in both the iris and ciliary muscle of the eye and arrector pili muscles in the skin is __________ smooth muscle.

multiunit

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

muscle, fasicle, muscle cell

Whereas a _________ is a bundle of axons within the _________ nervous system, a __________ is a cluster of cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system.

nerve; peripheral; ganglion

An extensive network of blood vessels and nerve fibers extends through both the epimysium and the _____ of a muscle.

perimysium

Neurolemmocytes produce myelin in the _____ nervous system.

peripheral

When sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, the membrane will depolarize. Therefore, the membrane potential will become more

positive

If the humerus is pivoting on its own longitudinal axis, it is exhibiting

rotation

The ___________ nervous system transmits information from receptors to the CNS, while the ___________ nervous system transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body.

sensory motor

_________ smooth muscle cells are stimulated to contract in unison (syncytium).

single unit

As a result of a neurotransmitter opening up chemically gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane,

sodium ions enter the cell

A gomphosis is functionally classified as a

synarthrosis

An articulation in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilage is called a

synchondrosis.

The joint capsule has an inner layer called the

synovial membrane

During relaxation, passive tension in _______ is released.

tetanus

The diameter of a muscle fiber will predict

the amount of power it can generate.

resting membrane potential

the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active. -the relative difference in charge across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron

summation

the highest point; adding changes in the membrane potential that are

saltatory conduction

the jumping of action potentials from node to node

If all the sodium leakage channels were removed from the cell membrane of a neuron,

the membrane potential would be about -90 millivolts.

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) causes

the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential to become more positive.

During tetany,

the stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber so rapidly that there is no muscle relaxation between stimuli, but rather, a continuous contraction of the muscle fiber.

potential energy

the stored energy due to position. ion gradients due to their position relative to plasma membrane

True or False: The enzyme acetylcholinesterase, located in the synaptic cleft and on the postsynaptic membrane, breaks ACh down into acetate and choline, thereby stopping the stimulation of a postsynaptic cell.

true

True or False; A regenerating axon in the PNS is guided by the regeneration tube and grows at a rate of about 5 millimeters per day.

true

true or false : In a gliding joint, the angle between bones does not change.

true

true or false : Neurotransmitters are removed from a synapse by degradation and reuptake. Group starts

true

true or false : The elbow joint is composed of two articulations.

true

true or false : The elbow joint sacrifices mobility in order to gain stability, in contrast to the glenohumeral joint.

true

true or false :Rising sarcoplasmic calcium levels results in contraction in both smooth muscle fibers and skeletal muscle fibers.

true

true or false: The entry of sodium ions into the postsynaptic neuron causes depolarization.

true

true or false; Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) may be caused by the opening of either chemically gated potassium channels or chemically gated chloride channels.

true

true or false : ATP is continually consumed by a resting muscle fiber.

true ; ATP use is required to maintain the resting membrane potential (powering the sodium-potassium pumps).

true or flase: Some smooth muscle contractions are controlled by a pacemaker.

true ; A pacemaker (similar to the pacemaker in the heart) stimulates smooth muscle in the walls of the stomach and small intestine to contract rhythmically to mix and propel the contents through the lumen of these organs.

true or false: Weaker contractions occur in muscles that are overly stretched because there is minimal thick and thin filament overlap for crossbridge formation.

true ; Explanation Weaker contractions occur in muscles that are overly stretched because there is minimal thick and thin filament overlap for crossbridge formation. A skeletal muscle stimulated when it is at normal resting length generates a maximum force because there is optimal overlap of the thick and thin filaments.

true or false : If the mechanical advantage is greater than 1.0, the lever produces more force, but less speed or distance, than the force exerted on it. If the mechanical advantage is less than 1.0, the lever produces more speed or distance, but less force, than the input.

true ; If MA is greater than 1.0, the lever produces more force, but less speed or distance, than the force exerted on it. If MA is less than 1.0, the lever produces more speed or distance, but less force, than the input.

true or false : Synovial joints have these features: an articular capsule, a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, blood vessels, and sensory receptors.

true ;Synovial joints are highly movable joints (diarthroses) that have several basic accessory structures, including an articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage lining the articulating surfaces of the two bones, ligaments, sensory receptors, and blood vessels.

An individual is better at performing repeated muscle contractions under aerobic conditions if he or she has a greater percentage of _____ fibers in the muscles used in that activity.

type 1 rather than type iib

Stimulation of muscle fibers at a rate of 20 to 50 stimuli per second does not allow for complete relaxation of the fibers before the next stimulatory event. This results in _________ and can lead to incomplete tetany.

wave summation

Synovial fluid is found

within the synovial cavity.