Ch 12 quizlet 1.5
Which area of the graph occurs when there is a sudden rush of sodium ions into the neuron?
2
The axon is connected to the soma at the a. collaterals b. axon hillock c. synapse d. synaptic terminal e. telodendria
B
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the a. axon b. neuron c. nerve d. receptor e. glial cell
B
What type of synapse is most common in the nervous system? a. processing b. chemical c. radiative d. electrical e. mechanical
B
Which Neurotransmitter has a direct effect on opening chloride channels? a. serotonin b. GABA c. norepinephrine d. dopamine e. endorphins
B
Which neurotransmitter has widespread effects on a person's attention and emotional state? a. GABA b. serotonin c. dopamine d. endorphins e. norepinephrine
B
_______ monitor the position of the skeletal muscles and joints. a. pressoreceptors b. proprioceptors c. exterceptors d. photoreceptors e. internoceptors
B
Which of the following is NOT a type of channel used in production of electrical signals in neurons? A) Leakage channel B) Voltage-gated channel C) Ligand-gated channel D) Mechanically gated channel E) Ion-gated channel
E) Ion-gated channel
Which of following organelles is a common site of protein synthesis in neurons? A) mitochondria B) nucleus C) Nissl body D) Golgi apparatus E) nucleolus
C) Nissl body
Which of the following types of neurons is exclusively found in the cerebellum? A) bipolar neuron B) multipolar neuron C) Purkinje cells D) unipolar neuron E) pyramidal cells
C) Purkinje cells
Which of these is the earliest step in the generation of an action potential?
Sodium channels open
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by
Schwann cells
In a(n) _________ synapse, current flows directly between cells. a. cell b. electrical c. chemical d. gap e. osmotic
B
Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter a. GABA b. serotonin c. acetylcholine d. norepinephrine e. adrenalin
C
The ______ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. a. afferent b. autonomic c. somatic d. parasympathetic e. sympathetic
C
The equilibrium potential of sodium is a. -70mV b. -90mV c. +66mV d. -65mV e. +30mV
C
Which of the following types of cells display the property of electrical excitability? A) Muscle cells B) Neurons C) All of these choices D) None of these choices
C) All of these choices
Sensory Information from skeletal muscles travel over _______ fibers. a. Type D b. Type E c. Type B d. Type A c. Type C
D
The molecule responsible for making cyclic AMP is called a. G-protein b. anandamide c. adenosine synthase d. adenylate cyclase e. adenosine
D
Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate a(n) _________ gate. a. repolarization b. threshold c. swinging d. inactivation e. ion
D
When Cholinergic receptors are stimulated, a. sodium ions leave the postsynaptic neuron b. chloride ions leave the postsynaptic neuron c. norepinephrine deactivates acetylcholine d. sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron e. chloride ions enter the postsynaptic neuron
D
Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system? A) Sensory function B) Integrative function C) Motor function D) All are functions of the nervous system
D) All are functions of the nervous system
Which of the following are divisions of the peripheral nervous system? A) Somatic nervous system B) Autonomic nervous system C) Enteric nervous system D) All of these choices
D) All of these choices
Which of the following is NOT considered a small molecule neurotransmitter? A) Acetylcholine B) Biogenic amines C) Purines D) Endorphins E) Serotonin
D) Endorphins
The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into A) somatic and sympathetic divisions. B) somatic and parasympathetic divisions. C) enteric and somatic divisions. D) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. E) voluntary and involuntary divisions.
D) Sympathetic and parasymathetic divisions
Plasticity means A) ability to regenerate after being damaged. B) sending a signal through a converging circuit. C) signal transmission at a synapse. D) ability to change based on experience. E) ability to stretch and recoil without damage.
D) ability to change based on experience
During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel, 1. the inactivation gate is open. 2. the activation gate is closed. 3. the channel is permeable to Na+. A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 3 only D) both 1 and 2 are true. E) all of these choices are true.
D) both 1 and 2 are true
With respect to neurons, the term ìnerve fiberî refers to A) an axon. B) a dendrite C) a Nissl body. D) both axons and dendrites. E) all of these choices
D) both axons and dendrites
Chromatolysis refers to A) break up of lysosomes after neural injury. B) Wallerian degeneration after neural injury. C) plasticity of neuron. D) break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury. E) none of these choices
D) break up os Nissl bodies after neural injury
A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating A) EPSPs B) water-filled channels in its membrane C) IPSPs D) either EPSPs or IPSPs E) All the choices are correct
D) either EPSPs or IPSPs
The sodium-potassium exchange pump stabilizes resting potential at about __________.
-70 mV
Glial cells that surround neurons in ganglia are a. satellite cells b. ependymal cells c. oligodendrocytes d. microglia e. astrocytes
A
Rapid impulse conduction from "node" to "node" is called a. saltatory propagation b. continuous propagation c. spatial propagation d. divergent propagation e. synaptic transmission
A
Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system? a. satellite cells b. oligodendrocytes c. microglia d. astrocytes e. ependymal cells
A
Which of the following statements about the action potential is false? a. the rapid depolarization phase is caused by entry of potassium ions b. during the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive. c. during the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open d. during the hyperpolarization phase, the ion pumps re-establish the sodium and potassium concentrations across te cell membrane. e. repolorization occurs as potassium ions leave the axon.
A
Which type of axons has the largest diameter? A) A fibers B) B fibers C) C fibers D) A and B fibers E) B and C fibers
A) A fibers
This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons. A) Diverging circuit B) Converging circuit C) Reverberating circuit D) Parallel after-discharge circuit E) Normal circuit
A) Diverging circuit
In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron. A) EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials B) IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials C) EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials D) IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs E) EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs
A) EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials
This type of nervous tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells. A) Gray matter B) White matter C) Nissl bodies D) Ganglia E) Nuclei
A) Gray matter
Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called a. multipolar b. anaxonic c. bipolar d. tripolar e. unipolar
B
Which of the following types of neurons have one axon and one dendrite emerging from the cell body and are found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and olfactory region of the brain? A) bipolar neuron B) multipolar neuron C) unipolar neuron D) nonpolar neuron E) pseudounipolar
A) bipolar neuron
An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane. A) depolarizes B) repolarizes C) hyperpolarizes D) does not affect the polarity of E) moves across channels in
A) depolarizes
. Na+/K+ñATPase is considered to be an electrogenic pump because A) it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential. B) the sodium ions are negatively charged. C) it exhibits low permeability. D) both it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential and the sodium ions are negatively charged. E) all of these choices
A) it contrbutes to the negativity of the resting membrane porential
Name the type of membrane channel that randomly opens and closes and is found in dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons. A) leak channel B) ligand-gated channel C) mechanically gated channel D) voltage-gated channel E) pressure-sensitive channel
A) leak channel
Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to A) remove a neurotransmitter B) stop a spatial summation C) continue a temporal summation D) inhibit a presynaptic potential E) excite a presynaptic potential
A) remove a neurotransmitter
Hearing your cell phone ring in an otherwise quiet lecture hall is an example of which of the following types of nervous system functions? A) Sensory function B) Integrative function C) Motor function D) More than one of the types of nervous system functions E) None of the types of nervous system functions
A) sensory function
The effect of a nerve impulse on a postsynaptic neuron depends on the __________.
All answers are correct
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates:
All answers are correct
The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?
All answers are correct
This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body. A) Multipolar neuron B) Bipolar neuron C) Unipolar neuron D) Purkinje cell E) Renshaw cell
B) Bipolar neuron
Wallerian degeneration refers to A) degeneration of the proximal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury. B) degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury. C) break of Nissl bodies after neural injury. D) plasticity of neuron. E) none of these choices
B) degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury
Schwann's cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons in the peripheral nervous system A) when neurons are injured. B) during fetal development. C) after birth. D) only in response to electrical stimulation by neuroglial cells. E) during the early onset of Alzheimer's disease.
B) during fetal development
Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of A) chemical synapses B) electrical synapses C) ligand-gated channels D) voltage-gated channels E) mechanically-gated channels
B) electrical synapses
In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it A) stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover. B) fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold. C) fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential. D) recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire. E) runs out of neurotransmitter.
B) fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.
Which of the following neurotransmitters are used in virtually all of the inhibitory synapses found in the spinal cord? A) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine B) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine C) epinephrine and norepinephrine D) serotonin and melatonin E) glutamate and aspartate
B) gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine
A neurotransmitter that binds to an ionotropic receptor that contains a chloride channel would be classified as an A) inhibitory neurotransmitter and would produce an EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron. B) inhibitory neurotransmitter and would produce an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron. C) excitatory neurotransmitter and would produce an EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron. D) excitatory neurotransmitter and would produce an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron. E) excitatory neuropeptide and would hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron.
B) inhibitory neurotransmitter and would produce an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron.
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to chemical binding and is found in dendrites of some sensory receptors like pain receptors, and in the dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons. A) leakage channel B) ligand-gated channels C) mechanically gated channels D) voltage-gated channels E) pressure-sensitive channel
B) ligand-gated channels
A depolarizing graded potential A) makes the membrane more polarized. B) makes the membrane less polarized. C) is considered a type of action potential. D) is the last part of an action potential. E) is seen when the cell approaches threshold.
B) makes the membrane less polarized
Which of the following types of neurons is the most common type of neuron found in the brain and spinal cord? A) bipolar neuron B) multipolar neuron C) unipolar neuron D) nonpolar neuron E) pseudounipolar
B) multipolar neuron
Which of the following types of electrical signals allow rapid long-distance communication within the nervous system? A) resting potential B) nerve action potential C) muscle action potential D) graded potential E) long-term potentiation
B) nerve action potential
During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus A) Latent period B) Absolute refractory period C) Relative refractory period D) All of these choices E) None of these choices
C) Relative refractory period
When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs A) in the synaptic cleft. B) in the dendrites. C) at the trigger zone. D) in the neuron nucleus. E) in the neuroplasm.
C) at the trigger zone
The nervous system can distinguish between a light touch and a heavier touch by A) saltatory conduction. B) continuous conduction of graded potentials. C) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers. D) propagation action potential in both directions. E) modifying the length of the refractory period
C) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers.
IPSP stands for A) inhibitory presynaptic summation potential B) inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential C) inhibitory postsynaptic potential D) inhibitory presynaptic potential. E) none of these choices
C) inhibitory postsynaptic potential
In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane. A) electrons B) protons C) ions D) free radicals E) neutrons
C) ions
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to touch, pressure, vibration, or tissue stretching and is found in the auditory receptors of the ear, and in touch and pressure receptors in the skin. A) leakage channel B) ligand-gated channels C) mechanically gated channels D) voltage-gated channels E) temperature-sensitive channel
C) mechanically gated channels
The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from: A) +5 to 100 mV B) ñ25 to ñ70 mV C) ñ40 to ñ90 mV D) ñ90 to 5 mV E) None of these choices
C) ñ40 to ñ90 mV
When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold, A) ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly. B) voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly. C) ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly. D) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly. E) none of these choices occur
D) voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly
Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to changes in membrane potential and is located in axons of all types of neurons. A) leakage channel B) ligand-gated channels C) mechanically gated channels D) voltage-gated channels E) temperature-sensitive channel
D) voltage-gated channels
Which area of the graph shows when membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential? a.1 b.3 c.2 d.4
D. 4 is approaching more negative that -70 and the equilibrium potential is -90
In______, activity at an axoaxonic synapse increases the amount of neurotransmitter released when an action potential arrives at the axon terminus. a. spacial facilitation b. spatial summation c. temporal summation d. presynaptic inhibtion e. presynaptic facilitation
E
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called a. ependymal b. astrocytes c. oligodendrocytes d. satellite cells e. microglia
E
The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the a. synaptic terminal b. dendritic membrane c. chemical synapse d. electrical synapse e. axon hillock
E
The sum of the electrical and chemical forces acting on an ion is known as its a. thermodynamic difference b. summation difference c. action potential d. permeability gradient e. electrochemical gradient
E
Which of the following terms is used to describe a type of synapse? A) Axodendritic B) Axosomatic C) Axoaxonic D) None of these choices E) All of these choices
E) All of these choices
A polarized cell A) has a charge imbalance across its membrane. B) includes most cells of the body. C) exhibits a membrane potential. D) includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential. E) All of these choices are correct.
E) All of these choices are correct
Saltatory conduction A) can occur in unmyelinated axons B) happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels C) encodes only action potentials that are initiated in response to pain. D) occurs in unmyelinated axons and happens due to even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels E) occurs only in myelinated axons
E) occurs only in myelinated axons
The neurotransmitter glutamate opens channels that are permeable to sodium ions. What effect does glutamate produce on a postsynaptic neuron?
EPSPs
________ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.
Ependymal cells
Which of the following is true about threshold for an action potential?
It is more positive than the resting potential
A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called
The postsynaptic neuron
Which of these axons will conduct an action potential most quickly
Type A fiber
Compared to type A axons, type C axons are __________.
Type C axons have all of these characteristics
Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated
afferent
Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential.
all answers are correct
During propagation of the action potential, __________.
all answers are correct
Ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways?
all answers are correct
The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?
all answers are correct
Which of the following is a recognized class of opioid neuromodulators?
all answers are correct
The all-or-none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called
anaxonic
Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?
anaxonic
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
astrocytes
The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the
astrocytes
Which is the largest and most abundant type of neuroglia?
astrocytes
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite, with the soma in between, are called
bipolar
The ion that triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is
calcium
The afferent division of the PNS _____________.
carries sensory information
The axon hillock connects the axon with the __________.
cell body (soma)
The ________ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
central
Which of these components is usually absent from a neuron?
centrioles
Which of the following is not a possible drug effect on synaptic function?
change the type of receptor found in the postsynaptic membrane
Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?
chemical
________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.
chemically-gated channels
Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except
conducting action potentials
The threshold stimulus is the
depolarization necessary to cause an action potential
Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
direct long-term functions such as growth
Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and a(n) ________ gate.
inactivation
________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.
mechanically-gated
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called
microglia
Most CNS neurons fall into which structural category?
multipolar
Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called
multipolar
The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is
multipolar
________ neurons are the most common class in the CNS.
multipolar
________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.
neuroglia
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________.
neuron
Which of these neurotransmitters does not bind to a plasma membrane receptor?
nitric oxide
Which of these neurotransmitters do adrenergic synapses use?
norepinephrine
Which of these neurotransmitters is released at CNS adrenergic synapses?
norepinephrine
What is this structure of the neural cell?
nucleus
The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
oligodendrocytes
Which type of ion channel is always open?
passive
The most abundant intracellular cation is __________ while the most abundant extracellular anion is __________.
potassium; chloride
The neurotransmitter GABA blocks presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels. Consequently, GABA produces __________.
presynaptic inhibition
Which of these is not a neuron structural category?
pseudopolar
The rabies virus travels to the CNS via
retrograde axoplasmic transport
Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are
satellite cells
Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?
satellite cells
Which of these types of neuroglia are abundant in peripheral ganglia?
satellite cells
________ neurons form the afferent division of the PNS.
sensory
The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.
somatic
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the
synapse
The events that occur at a functioning cholinergic synapse cause _____________ .
synaptic delay
What is the structure of the neural cell?
telodendria
Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called
unipolar
Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted?
whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS
Regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ________ matter.
white
