CH. 14

Which are endogenous pyrogens? Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interferon (IFN) Lipid A Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Viral proteins

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Interferon (IFN) (endogenous, but doesn't stimulate fever) Lipid A (exogenous) Viral proteins (exogenous)

The fever response is defined as an abnormally elevated ____ ______

body temperature

Substances known as ________ are released by cells in an injured area that act on endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. chemokines chemotactic factors chemical mediators cytokines

chemical mediators cytokines

_________ factors (chemokines) are cytokines that stimulate the movement of white blood cells.

chemotactic

Phagocyte migration to inflammation areas when attracted by stimulants from both parasite and host tissue is an example of ______.

chemotaxis

The process of ________ refers to the migration of WBCs toward chemical stimuli from an injured area.

chemotaxis

________ is the migration of WBCs to the site of infection or trauma in response to chemical messages.

chemotaxis

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following, except swelling warmth redness chills pain

chills.

In the respiratory tract, __________ on the epithelium convey trapped foreign particles entrapped in mucus towards the pharynx for removal.

cilia

most specific; activated by antibody bound to microorganisms

classical pathway

Opsonization is the way that complement proteins

coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes.

The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells.

complement

The ______ system is a cascade of serum proteins that form a membrane attack complex.

complement

The _______ system is a cascade of serum proteins that form a membrane attack complex.

complement

The _________ system of blood proteins enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.

complement

Sugars called mannans activate the ____________ complement pathway.

lectin

nonspecific reaction of a host serum protein that binds a sugar, called mannan, in microbial cell walls

lectin pathway

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is

lysozyme

__________ is an enzyme found in tears and saliva that breaks down bacterial peptidoglycan.

lysozyme

After monocytes migrate out of the bloodstream into the tissues, they are transformed into ________ by inflammatory mediators.

macrophages

The clearance of pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils, and damaged tissue after inflammation is performed by

macrophages

Interferon gamma regulates __________ and _________ as well as neutrophils.

macrophages lymphocytes

Please select all the cells that serve as phagocytes to test your understanding of phagocytosis and identify which cells serve this function.

neutrophils monocytes macrophages

Which of the following are phagocytic digestion mechanisms? nitric oxide cationic proteins hydrolytic enzymes grinding and crushing respiratory burst

nitric oxide cationic proteins hydrolytic enzymes respiratory burst

All three interferons bind to cell surface receptors and induce a change in ____________ expression in the target cell, resulting in the production of antiviral proteins.

gene

_____________ differences in susceptibility to infection and disease exist within members of a species.

genetic

Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen. T/F

true

Components of the first line of defense include all the following, except phagocytic white blood cells. nasal hairs. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin. flushing action of tears and blinking. flushing action of urine.

phagocytic white blood cells.

The binding of PAMPs to TLRs results in a stimulation of ____________ and release of chemical ___________

phagocytosis mediators

The phagocyte initially encloses ingested materials in a vacuole called a(n) _____________

phagosome

A phagolysosome is the product of the fusion of a(n) _________ with a(n) __________.

phagosome lysosome

Inborn, nonspecific defenses include ____________, ____________, and ____________ barriers

physical chemical genetic

In the phagolysosome, the _________ burst produces products of oxygen metabolism called ________ oxygen intermediates that damage or kill ingested microbes.

respiratory reactive

Secretions from ____________ glands in the skin can have an antimicrobial effect.

sebaceous

Fever would be considered what line of defense?

second line, innate

The swelling seen in inflammation is given the Latin term ________________, whereas the pain is given the term _____________.

tumor dolor

The urogenital tract receives partial protection from microbes through the flushing action of _____________ flow through the urethra.

urine

Lactobacilli maintain a protective pH in the ___________

vagina

Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism? fever inflammation vomiting phagocytosis

vomiting

Which processes remove noxious substances or microorganisms from the body? saliva secretion secretion of stomach acid vomiting defecation

vomiting defecation

Microorganisms or noxious substances can be evacuated from the body by ________ or ____________

vomiting defecation

The synthesis of interferon against one type of virus ____ protect against other types of viruses.

will

vWhich are true of fever? It increases metabolism. It increases the effectiveness of interferon. It inhibits phagocytosis. It can inhibit multiplication of some microbes.

It increases metabolism. It can inhibit multiplication of some microbes. IT ALSO: it stimulates hematopoiesis it increases phagocytosis

Which of the following cell types is NOT a one of the major phagocytic cells of the immune system? Neutrophils Monocytes Dendritic cells Macrophages Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

________ react to foreign substances in the third line of defense.

Lymphocytes

________ react to foreign substances in the third line of defense. Digestive enzymes Lymphocytes Inflammatory mediators Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

Which of the following cell types can be activated/stimulated by interferon? Macrophages Mast cells B cells Eosinophils Basophils Natural killer cells

Macrophages B cells Natural killer cells

Which is engulfed by phagocytes?

Microbes, dust, and dead cells

How is an acidic pH maintained in the vagina? Secretion of hydrochloric acid Excessive sebaceous glands Action of microbiota

Action of microbiota

Nonspecific chemical defenses include A. lysozyme. B. lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat. C. skin's acidic pH and fatty acids. D. stomach hydrochloric acid. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following cell types are the main phagocytic cells of the immune system? Monocytes Basophils Mast cells Neutrophils Lymphocytes Macrophages Dendritic cells

Monocytes Neutrophils Macrophages Dendritic cells

Which of the following nonspecific mediators inhibits virus replication and cellular division while increasing some lymphocyte action?

IFN

Which of the following is NOT a component of the first line of defense? skin barrier genetically susceptibility inflammatory response chemical barriers

Inflammatory response

__________ defenses are present at birth and provide mostly nonspecific resistance to infection, whereas __________ defenses are specific defenses that must be acquired.

Innate; adaptive

________ stimulates cells to produce antiviral proteins.

Interferon

________ are small protein molecules produced by certain leukocytes and tissue cells in response to viral infection.

Interferons

Which of the following cytokines is the primary growth factor from T cells?

Interleukin 2

Which of the following are NOT exogenous pyrogens? Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interferon Histamine Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Interferon Histamine (not a pyrogen)

Which of the following are not cutaneous barriers? Skin glands Meninges Hair follicles Intestinal villi

Intestinal villi meninges

What is the purpose of vasodilation?

It increases blood flow to the injured area

True or false: Serous fluid exudate is clear in color.

True

Which is NOT an fever-reducing drug?

Penicillin Aspirin and Acetaminophen can lower fevers

By what mechanism does the membrane attack complex destroy pathogens?

Perforation

In which vacuole does a phagocyte initially enclose foreign material?

Phagosome Not: Phagolysosome Reason: The lysosome fuses with the phagosome, forming the digestive phagolysosome.

Which properties of white blood cells assist with the process of diapedesis? Produce antibodies Readily change shape Display processed antigen on their surfaces Actively motile

Readily change shape Actively motile

When a toll-like receptor (TLR) binds to a foreign molecule, what is stimulated? Release of chemical mediators Phagocytosis Production of additional TLRs Production of PAMPs

Release of chemical mediators Phagocytosis

Ciliated epithelium and nasal hair are first-line defense adaptations that guard which body tract?

Respiratory

Chemotactic factors are cytokines that stimulate the formation of membrane attack complexes. increase blood flow into an area of inflammation. stimulate antibody production. attract WBCs to the site of inflammation.

attract WBCs to the site of inflammation.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the inability of neutrophils to recognize C3b-bound pathogens. What is the most likely symptom of this disease?

bacterial infections difficult to control

The digestive juices and _________ of the intestines provide nonspecific chemical defense against most microbes.

bile

_______ is the medical term for swelling.

edema/ tumor

Which of the following is not a stage of complement activation. Amplification Cascade Initiation Membrane attack Elongation Polymerization

elongation

liberated by white blood cells during phagocytosis

endogenous pyrogens

Which of the following will induce a fever?

endotoxin endogenous pyrogen tumor necrosis factor

The complement system is a cascade of serum proteins that, when activated, results in all of the following EXCEPT: enhancement of inflammation enhancement of antibody production enhancement of phagocytosis formation of membrane attack complexes

enhancement of antibody production

________ are antimicrobial peptides produced by various tissues that damage cell membranes of bacteria and fungi.

Defensins

What peptide is released by skin cells and causes lysis of bacterial cells?

Dermicidin

_______________ is a peptide released by skin cells that breaks down bacterial membranes, and causes lysis of bacterial cells.

Dermicidin

________ is the shedding of the outermost layer of epithelial cells.

Desquamation

Accumulation of exudate that gives rise to local swelling and hardness is known as ________. Inflammation Rubor Edema Tumor Calor

Edema Tumor

Which are products of infectious agents?

Exogenous pyrogens

Complement proteins are produced by the spleen

F

True or false: Interferons only bind to virally infected host cell receptors.

F INF only bind to uninfected host cell receptors

True or false: Macrophages develop from activated neutrophils.

F Reason: macrophages develop from monocytes

True or false: When treated early, chronic inflammation generally resolves within a few weeks or months.

F Reason: Even with treatment, chronic inflammation such as arthritis can last years.

The ____________ line of defense includes barriers that block invasion through a portal of entry.

first

IFN alpha and beta stimulate ________. phagocytes dendritic cells natural killer cells plasma cells

phagocytes

Which of the following are exogenous pyrogens? A host cell substance such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) A fungal toxin A bacterial product such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) A host cell substance such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A fungal toxin A bacterial product such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Which of the following are main functions of the inflammatory response? Stimulation of antiviral protein production in uninfected cells. Mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma. Repair of damaged tissues. Polymerization of the components of membrane attack complexes. Destroy microbes and block their further invasion.

-Mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma. -Repair of damaged tissues. -Destroy microbes and block their further invasion. NOT: Polymerization of the components of membrane attack complexes. Reason: This is an outcome of complement activation. Stimulation of antiviral protein production in uninfected cells. Reason: This is an outcome of interferon production.

Please order the following choices to reflect the stages of the inflammatory response, from the first to the last.

1) 1. Chemical mediators are released by tissue cells in response to injury or infection 2)Vasodilation of the blood vessels to increase blood flow 3) Permeability of the capillaries increases, allowing plasma and WBCs to exit the blood vessels into the inflamed tissue 4) WBCs migrate through the tissue spaces towards the actual site of injury or infection 5)Neutrophils clean up the area by phagocytosis of microbes and dead cells; accumulation can contribute to pus 6) Regeneration of the tissue or formation of scar tissue completes the repair process

Please order the following choices to reflect the events of phagocytosis, from the first to the last, to test your understanding of the major stages of phagocytosis and describe what is happening at each stage.

1) chemotaxis 2) adhesion of pathogen 3) ingestion 4)phagolysosome formation 5) destruction 6) elimination of debris

order of phagocytosis

1) chemotaxis 2) ingestion 3) phagolysosome formation 4) killing of bacterial cells 5) release of cellular debris

Please place the steps in the correct order to assess your understanding of the phases in the process of phagocytosis.

1) chemotaxis by phagocyte 2) adhesion of bacteria 3) engulfment into phagocytic vacuole 4) phagosome 5) phagolysosome formation 6) killing and destruction of bacterial cells 7) release of residual debris

Please order the following choices to reflect the steps of the fever response, from the first to the last.

1) infection, inflammation, allergy 2) blood circulation of endogenous or exogenous pyrogen substances 3) response of neurons in the hypothalamus that control thermoregulation (hypothalamic "thermostat") by increasing body temperature setting 4)cutaneous vasoconstriction, shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, reduction of heat loss by peripheral arterioles, and increased heat gain by musculature 5) fever

Neutrophils are part of which line of immune defense?

1st

The host inflammatory response is a component of the ________ line of defense.

2nd

There are how many different types of complement activation pathways?

3 classical, alternative, lectin

There are _______ major types of interferon.

3 -alpha -beta -gamma

The complement system is composed of at least ________ proteins.

30

Which of the following are normal body temperature? 37 degrees Celsius 98.6 degrees Celsius 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

37 degrees Celsius 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

Choose the correct sequence of the events in phagocytosis: 1: Phagolysosome formation 2: Elimination 3: Ingestion 4: Destruction 5: Chemotaxis

5, 3, 1, 4, 2 1. Chemotaxis 2. Ingestion 3. Phagolysosome formation 4. Destruction 5. Elimination

What occurs as monocytes are transformed into macrophages? The programming of PAMPs An increase in size The development of toll-like receptors Enhancement of lysosomes

An increase in size Enhancement of lysosomes

Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific host defense? Genetic differences Physical barriers Antibody production Chemical barriers

Antibody production

Which of the following activate the alternative complement pathway?

Antigens on microbe surfaces

How do interferons activate white blood cells?

Bind to surface receptors and induce changes in genetic expression

The resident biota can act as a first line defense by: Blocking access of pathogens Secreting lysozyme and lactoferrin Forming an anatomical barrier Competing for nutrients

Blocking access of pathogens Competing for nutrients

Which is true regarding the action of interferons? Targeting and direct destruction of viruses Tumor suppressive effects Targeting and direct destruction of viruses and tumor suppressive effects Both tumor suppressive effects and inhibition of cancer gene expression The inhibition of the expression of cancer genes

Both tumor suppressive effects and inhibition of cancer gene expression INF don't directly destroy viruses but make antiviral proteins with cells adjacent to infected cells

Elimination and destruction systems present in the phagolysosome include all the following, except bromine lysozyme lactic acid nitric oxide hydroxyl free radical

Bromine

An early indication of inflammation is elevated levels of ___________-_________ protein produced by the liver.

C reactive

A protein produced by the liver that stimulates phagocytosis and promotes the complement system during the inflammatory response is called the

C-reactive protein.

The end result of the amplification segment of the complement system is the protein ______, a key factor in polymerization of the remaining complement factors in the membrane of the target cell.

C3

The increased flow of blood during inflammation causes which two cardinal signs? The increased flow of blood during inflammation causes which two cardinal signs? Multiple select question. Tumor Calor Rubor Dolor

Calor (warmth) Rubor (redness) Tumor (swelling) Dolor (pain)

Which adaptation guards the respiratory tract by propelling particles upward and outward?

Cilia

The membrane attack complex forms in which complement pathway(s)?

Classical, lectin, and alternative

Which type of interferon regulates macrophages and lymphocytes?

Gamma Beta and Alpha stimulate phagocytes

Which of the following are NOT fever-reducing drugs? Histamine Tumor necrosis factor Penicillin Acetaminophen Aspirin

Histamine Tumor necrosis factor Penicillin

_________ migrate to specific tissues and remain there during their life span.

Histiocytes

Bacterial PAMPs are recognized by which cells?

Host phagocytes Reason: PAMPs are pathogen-associated molecular patterns recognized by phagocytes.

Which is an insoluble protein that protects skin?

Keratin Reason: Sebum is lipid, not a protein, secreted by sebaceous glands of skin. Histamine Reason: Histamine is an inflammatory mediator released by mast cells and basophils. Reason: Lysozyme is a chemical in tears and saliva that destroys peptidoglycan. Reason: Interferon is a glycoprotein that is released internally by leukocytes, fibroblasts, and other cells.

Which of the following is NOT a main function of inflammation? Lead to allergic response Stimulate immune cells Repair tissue damage Destroy or block microbes

Lead to allergic response

Which of the following is NOT an endogenous pyrogen? Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Which is involved in the oxygen-dependent system used in digestion within phagolysosomes?

Myeloperoxidase

After completing phagocytosis and killing of engulfed microbes, neutrophils use a system called ________ _________ traps (NETS) to capture additional pathogens.

Neutrophil Extracellular

Which white blood cells are the primary components of pus?

Neutrophils NOT: Lymphocytes Reason: Unlike neutrophils, lymphocytes are not phagocytes and therefore do not contribute as much to pus formation.

Joan's inflamed and painful joints are likely due to which of the following chemicals?

Prostaglandins

Which is NOT a direct function of the complement system? Enhancing inflammation Destroying pathogens Raising body temperature Opsonizing antigens

Raising body temperature Complement proteins aid in inflammation, attraction of immune cells, and phagocytosis.

Which of the following have an antimicrobial effect?

Sebum, saliva, and tears

Which of the following are the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation? Swelling Redness Cooling Pain Warmth Sweating

Swelling Redness Pain Warmth

Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis. T/F

T

Inborn, nonspecific defenses include physical, chemical, and genetic barriers that impede the entry of not only microbes but any foreign agent T/F

T

Individuals have the ability to possess genetic resistance to certain infections. T/F

T

One of the chief functions of inflammation is to destroy and block microbes from further invasion. T/F

T

Streptococci and Gonococci are both termed pyogenic bacteria. T/F

T

Tachypenea is a term for rapid breathing.

T

True or false: Chronic inflammation can lead to host tissue destruction.

T

True or false: Enzymatic digestion of bacteria can occur within 30 minutes

T

True or false: Interferon activates natural killer cells, T cells, B cells, and phagocytes.

T

True or false: Interferon is host-specific but not virus-specific.

T

True or false: The membrane attack complex forms with all three types of complement activation.

T

When the lysosome fuses with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome, antimicrobial chemicals are released in the phagolysosome causing the death of the microbe. T/F

T

True or false: Complement action enhances inflammation.

T Reason: Complement produces inflammatory peptides (C3a,C4a, C5a) upon activation.

True or False: Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.

T opsonization

How is it that we are not in a state of continuous infection from the microbes we encounter every day?

The immune system provides an overlapping network of host defenses.

Which receptors do interferons bind to?

Uninfected host cell receptors

Which type(s) of host cells produce interferon in the case of a viral infection?

Virally infected cells only IFN genes are induced in host cells upon infection by viruses

Allowing a low to moderate grade fever to continue is medically warranted in some cases due to several specific benefits to the patient. Under what circumstances would it be necessary to treat a patient with fever suppressant drugs like Tylenol to lower the fever?

When a patient has a high or prolonged fever. in cases of prolonged fevers in children for patients with cardiovascular disease

The classical complement pathway is a pathway of complement activation initiated by ______.

a specific antigen-antibody interaction

The third line of defense is a powerful system of specific responses to infectious agents called _________ or __________ immunity

adaptive acquired

begins when complement proteins bind to normal cell wall and surface components of microbes

alternative pathway

As part of the nonspecific chemical defense, semen contains a(n) ____________ __________ that inhibits bacteria.

antimicrobial chemical

The protein activated by the amplification of the complement system that goes on to facilitate polymerization of the remaining complement factors in the membrane of the target cell is called ______________

c3

Multiple copies of which complement protein are inserted into the plasma membrane of an invader to form a membrane attack complex?

c9

Fever is an increase in body temperature that is associated with: cancer allergy blood loss infection

cancer allergy infection

Skin glands and hair follicles are ________________, or skin, barriers.

cutaneous

A(n) ______ is a chemical substance produced by blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.

cytokine

Peptides produced by cells and tissues that damage cell membranes and lyse bacteria and fungi are _____________

defensins

The shedding of epithelial cells in the epidermis is referred to as _________________

desquamation

The process of _________ refers to the transmigration of white blood cells out of capillaries into deeper tissues.

diapedesis

The transmigration of white blood cells across capillary walls into deeper tissues is called ________.

diapedesis

The function of the phagolysosome is to ______.

digest the ingested particles or cell

Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following EXCEPT Chemical products of microorganisms phospholipid released by injured cells components of the complement system enzymes released by lysosomes

enzymes released by lysosomes

_______ pyrogens are the product of infectious agents and trigger _________

exogenous fever

products of infectious agents

exogenous pyrogens

Interferons are known to inhibit the _________ of cancer genes and to have tumor ___________ effects.

expression suppressor

Products from a lysed neutrophil that capture and immobilize microbes to keep them from spreading make up the neutrophil ______.

extracellular traps

Protein-rich fluid that builds up in the extracellular spaces during inflammation is called ______.

exudate not: Edema Reason: This refers to the actual accumulation of fluid (swelling), not the fluid itself. plasma Reason: Plasma leaks into the tissues at the site of inflammation and forms what is then called exudate. pus Reason: This term includes the fluid plus leukocytes, microbes, and decayed tissue.

During inflammation, a protein-rich fluid called __________ moves from the venules into the extracellular space, resulting in a swelling of tissue called ________

exudate edema

A person will typically experience the sensation of chills when ______ is starting to occur in the body.

fever

Which of the following is NOT a trigger for inflammation? trauma infection fever immune response

fever

Which of the following is not considered a lymphoid organ or tissue? spleen lymph node heart thymus bone marrow

heart

Specialized macrophages called ________ migrate to certain tissues and remain there for their life span.

histiocytes NOT: basophils (not macrophages) Neutrophils (not macrophages) eosinophils (not macrophages)

The membrane attack complex (MAC) __________ creates in the membranes or viral envelopes of pathogen, resulting in their eventual lysis.

holes

______ acid produced by the stomach acts as a nonspecific chemical defense.

hydrochloric

The __________ controls body temperature by regulating the body's heat production and heat loss.

hypothalamus

The study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense is

immunology

Interferons are produced and secreted only by virally- _____________ cells.

infected

Trauma, infection, or an immune response can trigger a nonspecific immune response called _______

inflammation

_________ is a reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that restores homeostasis.

inflammation

The second line of host defenses includes fever, _________, _________, _______, and _________

inflammation phagocytosis interferons complements

benefits of fever include

inhibiting the replication of temperature sensitive microbes. increasing the speed of phagocytosis. reducing the availability of iron

Review the beneficial effects of fever against infection choosing all correct statements below.

inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms stimulates immune response and naturally protective physiological processes (hematopoiesis, phagocytosis, and specific immune reactions) stimulates the activities of T cells and increase the effectiveness of interferon

Correct order of complement activation

initiation amplification & cascade polymerization membrane attack

Immunities that are present at birth are considered __________.

innate

The host defenses include _____________ immunity which is present at birth, and ____________ immunity which is acquired over time and specific in its action.

innate adaptive

product of lymphocytes and macrophages

interferon alpha

product of fibroblasts and epithelial cells

interferon beta

product of T cells

interferon gamma

Fever impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of _____.

iron

Skin is protected by the insoluble protein _____________

keratin

Which of the following would be considered a late reaction of inflammation? brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation. macrophages clear pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils and damaged tissue. exudate and pus can accumulate. capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema. chemical mediators and cytokines are released.

macrophages clear pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils and damaged tissue.

An example of genetic differences in susceptibility to disease is the sickle-cell trait that confers resistance to _________.

malaria

Several molecules of the complement protein C9 are inserted into the plasma membrane of invading microbes to form the ____________ ____________ complex.

membrane attack

Phagocytes have receptors that recognize pathogen-associated ____________ ________ (PAMPS) on microbes.

molecular patterns

Macrophages develop from _______

monocytes

Moist _____________ membranes line the eye and the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts.

mucous

The flow of ________ carries microbes away from the respiratory tract.

mucus

In the respiratory tract, ____________ ____________ trap the larger particles that enter.

nasal hairs

Structures that comprise some of the first line defenses in the respiratory tract are __________ ________ and ____________ epithelium.

nasal hair ciliated

An elevated number of white blood cells, in particular the ___________, are a sign of bacterial infection.

neutrophils

___________ are the first phagocytes to react early in the inflammatory response.

neutrophils

Which cells are elevated in bacterial infections?

neutrophils Lymphocytes Reason: Lymphocytes tend to be elevated in viral infections while neutrophils spike in bacterial infections. Erythrocytes Reason: White rather than red blood cells are elevated during microbial infections.

Joe cut his finger on a sharp twig and now is experiencing dolor. This means

pain

Interferons stimulate cells to do what?

produced antiviral proteins

Opaque matter formed during inflammation that consists of serum exudate, tissue debris, leukocytes, and microorganisms is called ______.

pus

Pyogenic microbes form ________.

pus

__________ is opaque matter formed during inflammation that consists of serum exudate, tissue debris, leukocytes, and microorganisms.

pus

Pus-forming bacteria are also called ________ organisms.

pyogenic

A __________ is a circulating chemical substance that resets the control center in the hypothalamus to a higher body temperature setting.

pyrogen

Which component of the endothelial cells lining the venules assists with the process of diapedesis?

receptors for binding white blood cells

Choose the four signs/symptoms of inflammation.

redness swelling warmth pain

Coughing and sneezing are first line defenses that expel air and contaminants from the _________ tract.

respiratory

Human _________________ is an external, confluent protective barrier.

skin

The ________ provides an impervious and waterproof barrier to microbes.

skin

The _________ is a host barrier that has an acidic pH and secretes a variety of antimicrobial compounds.

skin

Which body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal flora?

skin

Which is NOT lined by moist mucous membranes? Eye Intestine Throat Skin

skin

Which host barrier offers protection against microorganisms due to the presence of sebum, which has a high fatty acid content and acidic pH?

skin NOT: Mucous membranes Reason: Mucous membranes have a more neutral pH than does skin. Hair and nails Reason: Hair and nail protect via keratin protein rather than fatty acids, which are found on skins.

Which of the following is a first line of defense?

skin antibody: 3rd line complement: 2nd line phagocytosis: 2nd line inflammation: 2nd

Certain pathogens have specificity for only one _________ of organisms.

species

Some pathogens are capable of infecting only one host _________ such as humans or cats.

species

Hydrochloric acid present in a human host's ________ is inhibitory to many microbes.

stomach

The secretion that helps remove microbes from the skin surface is ______.

sweat

Microbes can be removed from skin by the flushing effect of ____________

sweat glands

First line defenses provided by resident biota include all of the following EXCEPT: competition for nutrients and other resources synthesis and secretion of lysozyme secreting antimicrobial agents blocking access by pathogens

synthesis and secretion of lysozyme

Microbes and other unwanted materials are flushed from the surface of the eyes by the flow of _______________

tears

The flow of ________ flushes microbes from the eyes.

tears

The hydrolytic enzyme lysozyme is found in: tears blood saliva lymph

tears saliva and sebum

Once a phagocyte has encountered a pathogen it uses its _________- ___________ receptors (TLRs) to make contact with the pathogen.

toll like