Ch. 14

Almost 75% of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ___ nerve.

Vagus

Which nerve carries most of the parasympathetic outflow?

Vagus

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when

Sympathetic stimulation is increased

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

Abdominopelvic

What neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia?

Acetylcholine

What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons?

Acetylcholine

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ____ at their effector junctions.

Acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

Activates B2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

Adrenal glands

Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called

Adrenergic

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true?

All answers are correct

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

Allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. The drug probably binds to ___ receptors.

Beta-1 adernergic

A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will not lead to

Binding of the nicotine to the channel

In which of the following organs are both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors associated with respiratory autonomic reflexes?

Both aorta and carotid arteries

The adrenal medullae secrete

Both epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate?

Both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

Both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

Sympathetic nerves

Bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity

Sympathetic neurons

Bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity

The statement "it sends its preganglionic fibers to terminal or intramural ganglia" is

True only for the parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

Celiac

Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH?

Chemoreceptors

Splanchnic nerves

Consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia

During sympathetic activation, which of the following would NOT occur?

Constriction of pupil

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except

Decreased heart rate

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological states?

Digestion

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

Digestive tract

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to

Dilate the right pupil

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except

Dilation of the airways

Most vital organs receive _____ innervations. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Dual

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur?

Feeling of euphoria and increased energy

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells does not result in

Inactivation of G proteins

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic functions?

Increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the ____ ganglion.

Inferior mesenteric

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic pelvic nerves synapse on neurons located within ____ ganglia.

Intramural

Which of the following is true for the craniosacral division?

It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS

Describe the solitary nuclei.

Large masses of gray matter on each side of the medulla oblongata

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

Lateral gray horns of segments T1 and L2 of the spinal cord

As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organs would you expect might be affected by this injury?

Left pupil and heart

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ___ and postganglionic fibers are ____.

Long; short

The sympathetic collateral ganglia include all of the following except the

Lumbar

Sweat glands contain ____ receptors.

Muscarinic cholinergic

Compare nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors.

Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions

Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body?

Stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. Located in the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs.

Baroreceptors are NOT found in the

Oral cavity

The ____ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

Parasympathetic

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a ____ neuron.

Preganglionic

Starting in the spinal cord, trace the path of a nerve impulse through the sympathetic ANS and its target organ in the abdominal cavity.

Preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) -- collateral ganglia -- ganglionic neurons -- visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity

Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland

Release epinephrine into blood capillaries

Stimulation of A1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in

Release of calcium ions from intracellular stores

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ___ reflexes.

Short

Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS?

Short preganglionic fibers

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Compare short reflexes with long reflexes.

Short reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS, whereas long reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors.

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ___ and postganglionic fibers are ____.

Short; long

Ganglionic neurons innervate as all of the following except

Skeletal muscle

Name the two types of motor pathways.

Somatic and visceral

Two terms that both refer to internal organs are

Splanchnic and viscera

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

Splanchnic nerves

What brain structure relays somatosensory information?

Thalamus

Explain the function of autonomic ganglia.

They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors.

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

Thoracolumbar division

The statement "there is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and effector organ" is

True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems