Ch. 14 Quiz

Sometimes, an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is used to detect anti-measles antibodies in a patient's serum. What type of ELISA could be used for this application?

-Indirect ELISA -Direct ELISA

The goal of vaccination is to stimulate immunological memory. Which of the following cells can be trained to remember antigens?

-T cells -B cells

Which of the following statements about the 1998 publication in The Lancet pertaining to autism and vaccines is true?

Following the publication, there was a drop in childhood vaccination rates in the United States and United Kingdom, and a subsequent increase in outbreaks of rare, vaccine-preventable diseases.

Which of the following should be in Angel's blood if she is in the early stages of a primary (first exposure) measles infection? (NCLEX Style)

IgM

If Sam does indeed have whooping cough, should the entire school body get vaccinated, or would another treatment be preferable?

Individuals age 11 or older (especially pregnant women) should receive a Tdap booster if they have not already, and prophylactic antimicrobial drug treatment may be needed for immunocompromised or unvaccinated individuals.

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?

Memory cytotoxic T cells

Angel developed a low-grade fever after visiting the carnival. What treatment would have been best for her at this time?

No treatment; the fever should be allowed to run its course.

If another child was exposed to Sam and did not have the pertussis vaccination for whooping cough, should the child be vaccinated immediately?

No. If the child is already infected, even if he or she is still asymptomatic, the pertussis vaccine is unlikely to prevent pertussis from developing.

Was Mariam being overly worried by telling the principal she suspected Sam had whooping cough?

No. Whooping cough is a highly contagious illness that insufficiently protected individuals can acquire

If you were Sam's pediatrician, what type of diagnostic test would you likely order to identify whether or not Sam has whooping cough?

Polymerase chain reaction

Which of the following statements provides the best definition for the term herd immunity?

Provided that a sufficient percentage of the rest of the population is vaccinated, non-vaccinated individuals, such as premature babies and immune-compromised patients, have protection against various diseases.

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?

Subunit vaccine

Could the parents be correct in their suspicion that the boy most likely caught the disease at school?

The nurse had not seen any previous pertussis cases at the school, so Sam most likely contracted the infection outside of school.

What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?

These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

The MMR (mumps, measles, rubella) vaccine is a live, attenuated vaccine. Which of the following statements is true?

Though the viruses are still infectious, they are unable to cause disease in patients with a normal immune system.

What does a vaccine contain?

Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)

inactivated killed vaccine.

The technique of vaccination as developed by Jenner was an improvement over variolation because

the cowpox virus used by Jenner was not fatal to humans but provided protection against smallpox.

A drawback of all inactivated vaccines is that

they are quickly cleared from the body, limiting antigen exposure.

Based upon the epidemiology described in this case, how is measles is transmitted? (NCLEX style)

Airborne transmission

While performing an ELISA, a lab technician fails to rinse away unbound detection antibody from the wells before adding the substrate for the reporter enzyme. What is the likely outcome of this error?

All wells, including controls, will indicate a positive result.

What is the primary benefit of vaccination?

An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.

What form of immunity is induced by vaccination?

Artificially acquired active immunity

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?

Attenuated live vaccine

What is the function of boosters?

Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.