ch 15 + 16 apclassroom

all of the following are true of railroad expansion in the late nineteenth century except that it: A. opened new territories to commercial agriculture B. accelerated the growth of some older cities and created new ones C. was financed by private corporations without government assistance D. led to new managerial forms and techniques E. was often capitalized beyond what was needed

C. was financed by private corporations without government assistance

in the late nineteenth century united states, farmers sought federal relief from distress caused by: A. low tariffs B. natural disasters C. inflationary monetary policies D. excise taxes on agricultural products E. discriminatory freight rates

E. discriminatory freight rates

the ghost dance was an american indian religious movment associated with: A. the pueblo revolt B. an american indian victory at little bighorn C. an infusion of hispanic cultural traditions D. the outbreak of king phillip's war E. distress over loss of tribal autonomy

E. distress over loss of tribal autonomy

which of the following was least involved in the struggle for women's rights? A. elizabeth cady stanton B. alice paul C. lucritia mott D. carrie chapman catt E. dorothea dix

E. dorothea dix

which of the following constitutes a significant change in the treatment of American Indians during the last half of the nineteenth century? A. the beginnings of negotiations with individual tribes B. the start of a removal policy C. the abandonment of the reservation system D. the admission of all American Indians to the full rights of United States citizenship E. the division of the tribal lands among individual members

E. the division of the tribal lands among individual members

According to historian Fredrick Jackson Turner, a key factor in the development of American individualism and democracy was: A. puritan theology B. transcendentalism C. the American Revolution D. the Civil War E. the frontier

E. the frontier

Which of the following helps to explain the development of railroad transportation as depicted in the graph? A. Growth of support from farmers for the business practices of railroads B. Forced relocation of American Indians to work as railroad laborers C. Distribution of federal government subsides to railroad corporations D. Increase of competition between different railroad companies

C. distribution of federal government subsides to railroad corporations

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a difference between White's and Hahn's claims in the excerpts about how American Indian societies changed in the late 1800s? A. White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment. B. White argues that federal supervision of American Indians decreased, while Hahn argues that the United States came to control all aspects of their lives on reservations. C. White asserts that American Indians came to be governed directly by the United States, while Hahn asserts that they remained outside the jurisdiction of the United States. D. White contends that American Indians retained possession of much land, while Hahn contends that they lost possession of most of their land to United States settlers.

A. white claims that reservations reduced american indian autonomy from the united states, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment

African Americans who fled the violence of the Reconstruction South in 1879 and 1880 to start anew in Kansas were known as A. Exodusters B. Homesteaders C. Scalawags D. Jayhawkers E. the Colored Farmers' National Alliance

A. exodusters

The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the: A. expansion of federal power B. decline of an agrarian economy C. increase in sectional divisions D. institutionalization of racial segregation

A. expansion of federal power

Which of the following pairs of immigrant groups were most prominent in the construction of the first transcontinental railroad? A. Chinese and Irish B. Irish and Japanese C. Chinese and Japanese D. Italians and Irish E. Chinese and Italians

A. Chinese and Irish

the cartoon above is intended to express: A. a critique of reconstruction B. opposition to women's rights C. opposition to states' rights D. support for strong government E. opposition to the draft

A. a critique of reconstruction

in the late nineteenth century, state governments in the south were largely successful in restricting: A. african americans' voting rights guaranteed by the fifteenth amendment B. the power of the democratic party in the region C. state laws allowing married women to own property D. corruption in the federal government E. antitrust laws regarding textile manufacturing

A. african americans' voting rights guaranteed by the fifteenth amendment

the ghost dance, a religious movement that developed in the late nineteenth century, emerged from which of the following? A. american indians' distress over of tribal authority B. african americans' effort to cope C. southern white peoples' reactions to their loss of authority during Reconstruction D. western migrants' nostalgia for life in the east E. east european immigrants' response to industrial life

A. american indians' distress over tribal authority

Which of the following developments helps to explain the rise in exports from the West Coast depicted in the graph? A. An expansion in the railroad network led to greater access of western farmers to eastern markets B. The decline in bison populations created higher demand for fruit and sugar from the West Coast C. A reduction in labor strikes led to more regular and efficient transportation on existing railroad lines D. The growth of western United States settlements led to increased trade with American Indian groups

A. an expansion in the railroad network led to greater access of western farmers to eastern markets

The intent of the Dawes Act of 1887 was to A. Assimilate American Indians into the mainstream of American culture B. Recognize and preserve the tribal cultures of American Indians C. Legally establish the communal nature of American Indian landholding D. Restore to American Indians land seized unjustly E. Remove all American Indians to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)

A. assimilate american indians into the mainstream of american culture

The Dawes Act (1887) did which of the following? A. Divided Native American tribal lands into individual holdings B. Promoted the preservation of Native American cultural identity C. Granted immediate citizenship to Native Americans D. Set up the reservation system E. Forbade the use of Native American languages in public schools

A. divided native americans tribal lands into individual holdings

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." one key change immediately following the civil war aimed at achieving the 'racial justice' that blight describes was the: A. establishment of a constitutional basis for citizenship and voting rights B. creation of new agencies to ensure racial integration in employment C. Campaign by the federal government to eliminate poverty D. desegregation of the United States armed forces

A. establishment of a constitutional basis for citizenship and voting rights

which of the following statements best summarizes the views of Andrew Johnson on Reconstruction? A. he believed that Reconstruction was an executive branch matter and sought the rapid restoration of the former Confederate states to the Union. B. he supported the idea of the president and Congress sharing power and believed in a stringent plan of Reconstruction. C. he believed that both secession and Reconstruction should be dealt with by the Supreme Court D. he slowly moved to a Radical Republican position on Reconstruction and supported increased rights for African Americans. E. he refused to take a position on Reconstruction, prompting Republicans to impeach him for his irresponsibility.

A. he believed that reconstruction was an executive branch matter and sought the rapid restoration of the former confederate states to the union

the developments depicted on the map most strongly affected American Indians by A. increasing armed conflict with United States citizens and threatening traditional ways of life B. promoting economic growth through new lines of trade with previously isolated communities C. encouraging the federal government to recognize American Indian sovereignty D. reducing contact with White settlers due to the abandonment of old overland routes to the Pacific

A. increasing armed conflict with United States citizens and threatening traditional ways of life

Which of the following developments best explains changes in agricultural production in the United States during the 1880s and 1890s? A. New systems of transportation integrated farming into national markets B. farmers established new plantations for commercial crops such as cotton and tobacco C. The Civil War devastated farms in large portions of the South D. Commercial farms increasingly relied on labor provided by immigrants

A. new systems of transportation integrated farming into national markets

During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, farmers complained about all of the following EXCEPT: A. rising commodity prices B. high interest charges C. high freight rates D. High storage costs E. Large middleman profits

A. rising commodity prices

Which of the following developments helps to explain the change in agriculture depicted in the graph? A. The extraction of western resources led to the growth of new towns and cities that demanded goods B. The growth of an internal slave trade provided an enlarged workforce whose labor helped increase agricultural production C. Farmers' cooperative organizations reduced consolidation in the agricultural markets in order to increase population D. Increased migration from the West for industrial jobs in eastern cities led to increased consumption of agricultural goods

A. the extraction of western resources led to the growth of new towns and cities that demanded goods

The compromise of 1877 resulted in A. The withdrawal of federal troops from the South B. Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives by state population C. The implementation of the first income tax D. Government subsidies for American Indians who agreed to submit to reservation life E. The establishment of stricter regulations on immigration

A. the withdrawal of federal troops from the south

which of the following was true of the 1973 slaughterhouse cases and the 1883 civil rights cases? A. they weakened the protections given to african americans under the fourteenth amendment B. they weakened the protections given to women under the fourteenth amendment C. they were reversed in plessy v. ferguson D. they were concerned with the constitutionality of the emancipation proclamation E. they were deplored by president grant

A. they weakened the protections given to african americans under the fourteenth amendment

"Yet, after all our years of toil and privation, dangers and hardships upon the ... frontier, monopoly is taking our homes from us by an infamous system of mortgage foreclosure, the most infamous that has ever disgraced the statutes of a civilized nation. ... How did it happen? The government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people; the circulating medium was contracted. ... As Senator Plumb [of Kansas] tells us, 'Our debts were increased, while the means to pay them was decreased.' [A]s grand Senator ... Stewart [of Nevada] puts it, 'For twenty years the market value of the dollar has gone up and the market value of labor has gone down, till today the American laborer, in bitterness and wrath, asks which is the worst: the black slavery that has gone or the white slavery that has come?'" — Mary Elizabeth Lease, speech to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1890 the economy described in the speech is most similar to the economy in which of the following decades? A. 1910s B. 1930s C. 1950s D. 1960s

B. 1930s

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a similarity between White's and Hahn's overall arguments in the excerpts about interactions between American Indians and the United States in the late 1800s? A. Both argue that the United States government desired to recognize the sovereignty of American Indians. B. Both claim that United States officials sought to restrict the authority of tribes over individuals. C. Both assert that American Indian community connections strengthened because of United States assistance. D. Both contend that new United States laws caused American Indians to abandon their tribal identities.

B. both claim that United States officials south to restrict the authority of tribes over individuals

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 the conflict between the Sioux nation and the United States was primarily driven by differing A. styles of farming B. claims to land C. forms of government D. family structures

B. claims to land

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" The fulfillment of advice such as that in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following in the late nineteenth century? A. the economic decline and depopulation of eastern cities B. competition for resources among white settlers and american indians C. the outbreak of war with mexico over control of territory D. restrictions on immigration from eastern and southern europe

B. competition for resources among white settlers and american indians

Which of the following achievements of the "carpetbag" governments survived the Redeemer" administrations? A. Participation by both Whites and African Americans in local governments B. Establishment of a public school system C. Election of African American majorities to state legislatures D. Establishment of a vigorous Republican Party in the South E. Opening of public facilities to African Americans

B. establishment of a public school system

All of the following contributed to the decline of open-range cattle ranching at the end of the nineteenth century EXCEPT A. excessively cold winters B. Federal recognition of American Indian land claims C. A drop in cattle prices at stockyards D. Overgrazing E. Production of crops for distant markets

B. federal recognition of american indian land claims

Between 1870 and 1900, farmers did all of the following in an attempt to better their condition EXCEPT: A. seek state regulation of railways B. limit production of crops C. organize cooperative marketing societies D. from a third political party E. advocate inflation of the currency

B. limit production of crops

In adopting the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress was primarily concerned with: A. protecting the powers of the southern state governments established under Andrew Johnson B. protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves C. ending slavery D. guaranteeing all citizens the right to vote E. establishing the Freedman's Bureau

B. protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves

"Yet, after all our years of toil and privation, dangers and hardships upon the ... frontier, monopoly is taking our homes from us by an infamous system of mortgage foreclosure, the most infamous that has ever disgraced the statutes of a civilized nation. ... How did it happen? The government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people; the circulating medium was contracted. ... As Senator Plumb [of Kansas] tells us, 'Our debts were increased, while the means to pay them was decreased.' [A]s grand Senator ... Stewart [of Nevada] puts it, 'For twenty years the market value of the dollar has gone up and the market value of labor has gone down, till today the American laborer, in bitterness and wrath, asks which is the worst: the black slavery that has gone or the white slavery that has come?'" — Mary Elizabeth Lease, speech to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1890 Lease's views best reflect the influence of which of the following developments in social and political movements in the 1890s? A. increased calls for radical overthrow of the federal government B. rising grassroots challenges to the dominant economic system C. greater support for corporate power in agriculture D. emerging ideological justifications for inequities of wealth

B. rising grassroots challenges to the dominant economic system

During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the A. Creation of large commercial and banking centers B. Spread of sharecropping C. Rise of large-scale commercial farming D. Decline of the textile industry E. Emergence of the cotton economy

B. spread of sharecropping

"Since the surrender of the armies of the confederate States of America a little has been done toward establishing the Government upon true principles of liberty and justice; and but a little if we stop here. We have broken the material shackles of four million slaves. We have unchained them, from the stake so as to allow them locomotion, provided they do not walk in paths which are trod by white men. . . . But in what have we enlarged their liberty of thought? In what [ways] have we taught them the science and granted them the privilege of self-government? . . . "Unless the rebel states, before admission, should be made republican in spirit, and placed under the guardianship of loyal men, all our blood and treasure will have been spent in vain. . . . There is more reason why [African American] voters should be admitted in the rebel states. . . . In the states they form the great mass of the loyal men. Possibly with their aid loyal governments may be established in most of those states. Without it all are sure to be ruled by traitors; and loyal men, black and white, will be oppressed, exiled, or murdered. "I believe, on my conscience, that on the continued ascendency of [the Republican] party depends the safety of this great nation. [If there is not African American suffrage] in the rebel states then every one of them is sure to send a solid rebel representative . . . to Congress, and cast a solid rebel electoral vote. . . . I am for Negro suffrage in every rebel state. . . . every man, no matter what his race or color; every earthly being who has an immortal soul, has an equal right to justice, honesty, and fair play with every other man; and the law should secure him those rights." Thaddeus Stevens, member of Congress, speech to the House of Representatives, 1867 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to refute Stevens' claim in the excerpt that the Union had done little for formerly enslaved people by 1867? A. The assistance granted to formerly enslaved people to seek work in Northern factories B. The creation of schools by the Freedmen's Bureau for formerly enslaved people C. The widespread redistribution of land from former Confederates to formerly enslaved people D. The adoption of work as sharecroppers by many formerly enslaved people

B. the creation of schools by the freedman's bureau for former enslaved people

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." Which of the following best characterizes the 'sectional reunion' blight describes? A. gilded age financial policies encouraged economic growth in the north and south B. the federal government removed troops from the south and eliminated aid for former slaves C. new political alliances united northern and southern members of the democratic party to win control for both houses in congress D. white laborers in the north and african american farmers in the south joined together in the populist movement

B. the federal government removed troops from the south and eliminated aid for former slaves

which of the following was a serious constitutional question after the Civil War? A. the restoration of the power of the federal judiciary B. the legality of the national banking system C. the political and legal status of the former Confederate states D. the relationship between the United States and Britain E. the proposed annexation of Columbia

C. the political and legal status of the former confederate states

which of the following was a consequence of the shift to sharecropping and the crop lien system in the late nineteenth-century South? A. a major redistribution of land ownership B. a diversification of crops C. a cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers D. a rise in cotton yields per acre from antebellum production levels E. the termination of the control exerted by White landowners of former slaves

C. a cycle of debt and depression for southern tenant farmers

"After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South's political leaders saw themselves entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering: white Republicans and blacks. . . . "Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both black and white. . . . "[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of northern Republican support from the so-called 'carpetbag regimes' in 1877. The inconsistency of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators." George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1984 "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988 Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to modify Foner's main argument in the second excerpt? A. Many African Americans were elected to the United States Congress for the first time during Reconstruction. B. Southern states were not permitted to rejoin the Union until they had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. C. After 1877 Democrats in the South legislated restrictions on the ability of African Americans to vote. D. Radical Republicans passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to protect African Americans against abuses.

C. after 1877 Democrats in the South legislated restrictions on the ability of African Americans to vote.

Which of the following was a result of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887? A.It encouraged cooperative landownership among American Indians B. American Indians in the West led attacks on the United States forts C. American Indians lost control of millions of acres of land D. American Indians and Whites challenged each other over landownership in range wars E. Most American Indians were relocated to the west of the Mississippi

C. american indians lost control of millions of acres of land

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by blight? A. mass immigration from abroad and internal migration of african americans reduced racial tensions in the north and south B. the federal government established a limited social welfare state and reduced regional differences between the north and south C. efforts to change southern radical attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the south's determined resistance and the north's waning resolve D. the theory of social darwinism encouraged political and business leaders to reduce efforts to create racial equality in the south

C. efforts to change southern radical attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the south's determined resistance and the north's waning resolve

"Yet, after all our years of toil and privation, dangers and hardships upon the ... frontier, monopoly is taking our homes from us by an infamous system of mortgage foreclosure, the most infamous that has ever disgraced the statutes of a civilized nation. ... How did it happen? The government, at the bid of Wall Street, repudiated its contracts with the people; the circulating medium was contracted. ... As Senator Plumb [of Kansas] tells us, 'Our debts were increased, while the means to pay them was decreased.' [A]s grand Senator ... Stewart [of Nevada] puts it, 'For twenty years the market value of the dollar has gone up and the market value of labor has gone down, till today the American laborer, in bitterness and wrath, asks which is the worst: the black slavery that has gone or the white slavery that has come?'" — Mary Elizabeth Lease, speech to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 1890 In the speech, Lease was reacting primarily to the problems faced by which of the following groups? A. bankers B. southern European migrants C. farmers D. african Americans

C. farmers

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 The claims made by White and Hahn about United States policies toward American Indians in the late nineteenth century are similar in that they both support which of the following arguments? A. The federal government sought to grant members of American Indian tribes United States citizenship. B. The United States Congress saw treaties as the best way to promote American Indian economic development. C. Federal officials desired to encourage the adoption of White American lifestyles by American Indians. D. The United States wanted to force American Indians to provide labor for agriculture and mining.

C. federal officials desired to encourage the adoption of white americans lifestyle by american indians

Which of the following was true of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887? A. It created American Indian reservations for the first time B. It was intended to recognize the contributions of American Indian Peoples C. It eliminated most tribal land ownership in favor of ownership by individuals D. It led directly to the Battle of Wounded Knee E. It indicated that the federal government had abandoned the goal of American Indian assimilation

C. it eliminated most tribal land ownership in favor of ownership by individuals

all of the following led congress to impose radical reconstruction measured except the: A. enactment of black codes by southern legislatures B. outbreak of race riots in new orleans and memphis C. massive exodus of former slaves from the south D. election of former confederates to congress E. response of southern legislatures to the fourteenth amendment

C. massive exodus of former slaves from the south

"The slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; . . . they are overworked, underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep. . . . They are often kept confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together." Theodore Dwight Weld, Slavery As It Is, published in New York, 1839 "Slaves of the South are the happiest, and in some sense, the freest people in the world. . . . They enjoy liberty because they are oppressed by neither care nor labor. . . . The women do little hard work. . . . Men and stout boys work, on the average, in good weather, not more than nine hours a day." George Fitzhugh, Slaves Without Masters, published in Richmond, Virginia, 1857 the issue being debated in the two excerpts was most directly resolved by the: A. passage of the Missouri Compromise B. election of Abraham Lincoln as president C. ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment D. formation of the Populist Party

C. ratification of the thirteenth amendment

" All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State where in they reside." The provision above overturned the: A. alien and sedition acts B. chinese exclusion act C. supreme court ruling in Dred Scott v. Standford D. supreme court ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland E. supreme court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia

C. supreme court ruling in dred scott v. stanford

by the 1870s, which of the following most reflected the continuation of the trend depicted on the maps? A. the purchase of automobiles by most households in the United States B. the extension of electrical power to most homes in the United States C. the completion of transcontinental railroads D. the development and use of the cotton gin in the South

C. the completion of transcontinental railroads

which of the following best describes the situation of freedom in the decade following the Civil War? A. each was given 40 acres of land and a mule by the Union government. B. all were immediately granted political equality by the Emancipation Proclamation. C. the majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby planters. D. they were required to pass a literacy test before being granted United States citizenship. E. they supported the passage of Black codes to ensure their economic and political rights

C. the majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or nearby planters

Fredrick Jackson Turner's theory emphasized the significance of the frontier for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. an open frontier led to the development of the unique American character B. free land promoted freedom of opportunity on the frontier C. the frontier helped establish democratic institutions D. the western frontier had land that could be distributed to former slaves E. the frontier was a safety value for the excess population of eastern cities

D. the western frontier had land that could be distributed to former slaves

why did Congressional Reconstruction end in 1877? A. the freed slaves had been successfully integrated into Southern society. B. the treaty ending the Civil War had set such a time limit. C. most of the politically active Black people had left the South for Northern cities. D. the Republican and Democratic parties effected a compromise agreement after the 1876 presidential election. E. the United States needed the troops stationed in the South to confront the French in Mexico.

D. the republican and democrat parties effected a compromise agreement after the 1876 presidential election

During Reconstruction, which of the following was a change that took place in South? A. many African Americans found manufacturing employment B. many white southerners supported African American' rights C. African Americans favored the democratic party D. African Americans were able to exercise political rights

D. african americans were able to exercise political rights D

which of the following contexts best explains the construction of transcontinental railroads in the late 1800s? A. reconstruction policies allowed freedom of movement for formerly enslaved people. B. westward migration created consumer demand for a transportation system connecting the East and the West. C. conflicts between the North and the South drove their economic development in different directions. D. large-scale industrial production brought business consolidation and the needed capital to support railroad construction.

D. large-scale industrial production brought businesses consolidation and the needed capital to support railroad construction

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein al"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!"l must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Which of the following most accurately describes a group who acted on ideas such as those in the excerpt? A. business leaders planning to promote philanthropy B. activists calling for preservation of the western wilderness C. southern european immigrants seeking opportunity in urban areas D. northern european immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching

D. northern european immigrants pursuing mining, farming, and ranching

The Black Codes passed in a number of southern states after the Civil War were intended to A. Close public schools to the children of former slaves B. Promote the return of former slaves to Africa C. Enable Black citizens to vote in federal elections D. Place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities E. Further the integration of southern society

D. place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities

The image most strongly supports the argument that Reconstruction: A. led to the unfair punishment of white southerners by the north B. encouraged large-scale rebellions by former slaves C. involved unconstitutional abuses of government power D. temporarily altered race relations in the south

D. temporarily altered race relations in the south

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Construction established: A. the freedom of all slaves not emancipated under Abraham Lincoln's proclamation B. federal protection for African Americans from Ku Klux Klan terrorism C. the right of citizenship for any person born in the United States D. that suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude E. the power of federal government to intervene in state affairs to protect individual liberties

D. that suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude

"Article 2: [T]he United States now solemnly agrees that no persons... shall ever be permitted to pass over, settle upon, or reside in... this reservation for the use of said Indians. "Article 6: If any individual belonging to said tribes of Indians, or legally incorporated with them, being the head of a family, shall desire to commence farming, he shall have the privilege to select...a tract of land within said reservation, not exceeding three hundred and twenty acres in extent. "Article 11: [T]he tribes who are parties to this agreement hereby stipulate that they will relinquish all right to occupy permanently the territory outside their reservations . . . but yet reserve the right to hunt on any lands north of North Platte, and on the Republican Fork of the Smoky Hill river, so long as the buffalo may range thereon in such numbers as to justify the chase. . . . They will withdraw all opposition to the construction of the railroads now being built on the plains. . . . They will not attack any persons at home, or travelling, nor molest or disturb any wagon trains, coaches, mules, or cattle belonging to the people of the United States." Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, agreed between the United States government and various bands of the Sioux nation, 1868 which of the following contributed to reducing the conflict that article 11 and similar provisions of other treaties were designed to address? A. the rerouting of several major railroads to avoid tribal lands B. a decrease in the number of White settlers traveling near reservations C. the implementation of government conservation policies that protected large areas of public land D. the destruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

D. the deconstruction of nearly the entire population of buffalo

which of the following occurred during radical reconstruction? A. the passage of the black codes B. a permanent shift of southern voters to the republican party C. the creation of a new industrial base in a majority of southern states D. the formation of the ku klux klan E. widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves

D. the former of ku klux klan