Ch. 15 - Ch. 17

What two problems make storing memories in the neocortex unfavorable?

(1) The associative connectivity problem and (2) The interference problem.

What are the two important features of the DNMS task?

(1) new objects are used on every trial; and (2) the experimenter can vary the interval between the sample and the choice trial.

What are the two critical assumptions in the standard model of systems consolidation?

(1) the critical interaction between the MTH system and other cortical sites is required for only a limited time after learning, and (2) the MTH system-neocortical interaction is needed only to consolidate declarative memory, but not procedural memory.

Name the five steps through which information flows in the neural system that supports the episodic memory systems.

(1.) Association cortices to (2.) Perirhinal/parahippocampal cortex to (3.) Entorhinal cortex to (4.) Hippocampus (5.) Back to the projection areas

According to the unitary view: A) Both semantic and episodic memory depend on the MTH system B) Damage to the hippocampal formation will disrupt episodic but not semantic memory C) components of the MTH system are relatively dedicated to specific functions. D) All of the above E) None of the above

A

The information that is processed through the hippocampus is then projected to: A) subiculum B) perirhinal cortex C) parahippocampal cortex D) neocortical regions E) all of the above

A

Which of the following are false? A) The hippocampus contains content B) The hippocampus receives converging inputs from wide spread regions of the brain C) The hippocampus sends information back to regions that project to it D) None of the above are false E) All of the above are false

A

Which of the following is false according to indexing theory? A) Memories are stored in the hippocampus. B) Memories are stored in the neocortical structures. C) Overlapping memories create unique indexes in the hippocampus. D) Overlapping memories can not be maintained by the neocortex. E) Both a and b

A

Which of the following is true according to indexing theory? A) Synapses are strengthened in the hippocampus. B) Synapses are strengthened in the neocortex. C) Synapses are strengthened in both the hippocampus and the neocortex. D) Synapses are not strengthened in the hippocampus or the neocortex. E) The strength of synapses is not addressed in the indexing theory.

A

Compare the unitary view and the modular view of the medial temporal hippocampal system.

According to the unitary view, the entire system is necessary for both episodic and semantic memory. According to the modular view, the hippocampal formation is not involved in semantic memory.

What is the complementary memory systems view?

According to this view, the hippocampal system learns rapidly, but when necessary, other systems learn more slowly to substitute the hippocampal function.

What evidence supports the conclusion that the memory system that supports skillful behaviors is outside of the region of the brain that supports our ability to recollect the training episodes?

Amnestic patients who have no recollection of their training episodes can still perform.

What evidence supports the conclusion that the details that make up an episode and the impact of the experience are stored in different brain regions?

An amnestic patient can be reluctant to shake hands without remembering the episode when they were stung minutes before. H.M. could learn perceptual and motor task but could not remember the learning sessions.

According the multiple trace theory of systems consolidation, which of the following statements is false? A) Regardless of its age, an episodic memory will always depend on the hippocampal system. B) Remote episodic memories will survive complete damage to the hippocampal system. C) Remote episodic memories will not survive complete damage to the hippocampal system. D) Both new and old memories will be lost if damage to the hippocampus is complete. E) Both episodic and semantic memories require multiple indexes.

B

Milner concluded that bilateral removal of H.M.'s temporal lobes resulted in... A) Impaired cognitive function. B) Limited retrograde amnesia. C) Impaired short-term memory. D) Intact long-term episodic memory. E) All of the above.

B

The entorhinal cortex does not project to: A) The hippocampus B) The neocortex C) The parahippocampus D) The perirhinal cortex E) The entorhinal cortex projects to all of the above

B

The standard model of systems consolidation predicts that fMRI will show that the hippocampus will be A) will be more active during the retrieval of old memories than during the retrieval on new memories. B) will be more active during the retrieval of new memories than during the retrieval of old memories. C) will be equally active during the retrieval of old memories and new memories. D) more active during the retrieval old semantic memories than during the retrieval of new semantic memories. E) both a and d.

B

What was the outcome of Claparède's experiment? A) The patient didn't remember he had hidden a pin in his hand, so they shook hands with him repeatedly. B) The patient didn't remember he had hidden a pin in his hand, but they didn't shake hands with him again. C) The patient remembered he had hidden a pin in his hand, but shook hands with him repeatedly anyways. D) The patient remembered he had hidden a pin in his hand and didn't want to shake hands again. E) None of the above

B

Which of the following is true according to indexing theory? A) The neocortex serves as the index. B) The hippocampus serves as the index. C) Both serve as the index depending on the type of memory.

B

Which of the following is true? A) The hippocampal index contains content. B) The hippocampus can index content. C) Memory content is contained in the cortex. D) Hippocampal neurons do not know what type of information they are receiving.

B, C, D

Sutherland's animal model studies of contextual fear conditioning provide no support for systems consolidation or multiple trace theory. Why?

Because he found that old and new memories are equally impaired by either partial or complete lesions of he hippocampus.

Why do older memories have more copies of the index in the hippocampus than younger memories?

Because older memories have been reactivated more often than newer memories.

According to multiple trace theory, when remote memories are spared it is for what reason?

Because with age, multiple indexes to the trace are established in the hippocampus.

Can you provide examples of how episodes with overlapping information are somehow protected from interference by the episodic memory system?

Being able to remember where you parked today versus yesterday; being able to recall what you had for breakfast every day of the week.

Who was responsible for the research on H.M.?

Brenda Milner

According to the standard model of systems consolidation, which of the following statements is false? A) The hippocampus plays only a temporary role in consolidation. B) Memories are permanently stored in the neocortex. C) Memories are permanently stored in the hippocampus. D) Disruptive events primarily impact the MTH system. E) Procedural memory is not subject to systems consolidation.

C

Damaging which of the following structures is likely to impair performance on the DNMS task in monkeys? A) Hippocampus B) Amygdala C) Rhinal cortex D) Both A and B E) All of the above

C

Mishkin found that performance on the DNMS task is impaired by damage to... A) the amygdala B) the hippocampus C) both the amygdala and hippocampus D) the rhinal cortex E) Both C and D

C

Mishkin originally used the DNMS task because he believed it... A) measured the monkey's ability to differentiate between two objects. B) measured the monkey's food preference. C) was a measure of episodic memory. D) was a measure of familiarity. E) Both C and D

C

The multiple trace theory predicts that fMRI will show that the hippocampus will be A) will be more active during the retrieval of old memories than during the retrieval on new memories. B) will be more active during the retrieval of new memories than during the retrieval on old memories. C) will be equally active during the retrieval of old memories and new memories.

C

In R.B.'s case, neuropathological assessment of his brain indicated that the pathology was restricted to primarily to the _________.

CA1 region of the hippocampus

_________ is the process that initially forms the memory trace.

Cellular consolidation

In R.B.'s case, all of the following were true except that he had... A) anterograde amnesia B) episodic memory impairment C) damage to the hippocampus D) damage to the rhinal cortex E) Both B and D

D

In order to ensure that ChR2 was only expressed in neurons activated by the fear conditioning: A) Blue light was used to activate the neurons. B) Mice were maintained on doxycycline through out the experiment. C) Mice were maintained on doxycycline prior to the conditioning phase. D) Doxycylcline was removed from the diet only during the conditioning phases. E) Both a and d

D

We now believe that the DNMA task does not require: A) The amygdala B) The hippocampus C) The perirhinal cortices D) Both A and B E) Both B and C

D

Which of the following is not a property of the episodic memory system? A) It supports conscious recollection B) It automatically captures episodic and incidental information C) It keeps similar episodes separate D) It supports motor skills and learning E) None of the above are properties of the episodic memory system

D

According to the modular view: A) Components of the MTH system are relatively dedicated to specific functions. B) Both semantic and episodic memory depend on the MTH system. C) Damage to the hippocampal formation will disrupt episodic but not semantic memory. D) Damage to the perirhinal cortex will disrupt both semantic and episodic memory. E) Both A and D

E

According to the standard model of systems consolidation, damage to the hippocampal system will impair the retreival of: A) all memories. B) all episodic and semantic memories. C) old episodic and semantic memories. D) new episodic and semantic memories. E) new but not old episodic memories.

E

If episodic and semantic memory belong the same Declarative Memory system then damage to A) the complete medial temporal hippocampus should impair both episodic and semantic memory B) the neocortical components of the medial temporal hippocampus should impair only semantic memory. C) only the hippocampal component should impair only episodic memory. D) only the hippocampal component should impair both episodic and semantic memory. E) Both a and d

E

In the DNMS task, on the test trial: A) The reward is located under the novel object B) The reward is located under the familiar object C) The monkey must choose the object that matches the sample D) The monkey must choose the new object E) Both A and D

E

The findings of Varga-Khadem with children who suffered damaged to the hippocampus at an early age: A) Support the unitary view of the medial temporal hippocampus system. B) Support the modular view of medial temporal hippocampus. C) Suggest that the children still had semantic memory but lack episodic memory. D) Suggest that the children still had episodic memory lacked semantic memory. E) both B and C

E

Which of the following about consolidation is true? A) Cellular consolidation takes place over a period of weeks. B) Systems consolidation takes place over a period of weeks. C) Cellular consolidation requires a few hours, as opposed to weeks. D) Systems consolidation requires a few hours, as opposed to weeks. E) Both b and c

E

Which of the following is false according to indexing theory? A) Memories are stored in the hippocampus. B) Memories are stored in the neocortical structures. C) Overlapping memories create unique indexes in the hippocampus. D) Overlapping memories can not be maintained by the neocortex. E) Both a and b

E

Which of the following statements about H.M. is true? A) He was the first person to have part of his brain surgically removed B) His memory was selectively impaired C) His memory for motor learning was intact D) Both A and B E) Both B and C

E

Which of the following statements about H.M. is true? A) The precise location of H.M. brain loss was known B) H.M.'s amnesia was restricted to his episodic memory C) H.M.'s general cognitive function was impaired D) H.M. did not display anterograde amnesia E) Both A and B

E

Name the structures through which information flows into and out of the hippocampus.

Entorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus to CA3 to CA1 to subiculum and back to entorhinal cortex.

Studies of patients with selective damage to the hippocampus reveal that it is critically involved in _________.

Episodic memory

What is the evidence for the role of the hippocampus in automatic information capture?

Even when nothing forces the normal rat to remember the location of the objects, if moved, the rat will explore the object as novel. Rats with damage to the hippocampus are not sensitive to the location of the objects changing.

T/F According to the modular view, the entorhinal cortex is on top of the hierarchy for episodic memory.

False

T/F According to the unitary view, components of the MTH system are relatively dedicated to specific functions.

False

T/F According to the unitary view, the hippocampal formation is required for episodic memory but not for semantic.

False

T/F Henry Malaison could not learn and retain any new skills.

False

T/F Information from the perirhinal and parahippocampus cortices is next projected to the hippocampus.

False

T/F Initial experiments by Mishkin revealed that damage to either the hippocampus or the amygdala had severe effect on DNMS performance.

False

T/F It is likely that the monkeys with damage to the hippocampus were using recognition based on recollection to perform the DNMS.

False

T/F One can't have a sense of familiarity without recollection.

False

T/F Our episodic memory system can only be accessed if we intentionally initiate a search.

False

T/F Patients with selective damage to the hippocampus that was sustained in early childhood had impaired cognitive function and severe amnesia.

False

T/F Sensory information at the neocortex level is well integrated, but not abstract.

False

T/F The activation of the entire memory by a subset of the original experience is called pattern separation.

False

T/F The brain has specialized systems to store the different kind of memories, but the content of our experience does not matter to the brain.

False

T/F The hippocampus automatically stores only information that pertains to the task at hand.

False

T/F The hippocampus stores the content of experiences.

False

T/F The patient in Claparède's experiment could remember that there was a hidden pin.

False

T/F The process of pattern completion enables similar experiences to be stored as unique memories.

False

T/F The standard model of systems consolidation applies to declarative and procedural memory.

False

What were the primary regions that were remove from H.M.'s brain?

He had his medial temporal lobes removed, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and some of the surrounding regions of the underlying neocortex (perirhinal cortex and parahippocampus).

What is the evidence that rodents can acquire a representation of a context that can be activated by a subset of the features that make up the episode?

In an experiment demonstrating that rats can retrieve a memory of an explored context, the control rats displayed no fear in context B, where they were actually shocked, but displayed fear in context A, where they had been allowed to explore and had received no shock.

Initial research showed that damage for both the hippocampus and the amygdala was necessary to impair episodic memory. What was wrong with those experiments?

In the process of removing both brain structures, researches unintentionally damaged another medial temporal lobe structure, the rhinal cortex.

Why is the neural circuit that supports episodic memory described as having a loop-like structure?

Information carried forward to the hippocampus also is then projected back to the sites lower in the hierarchy that initially brought the information to the hippocampus.

Why was the purpose of multiple trace theory?

It aimed to explain why partial damage to the hippocampus could spare old remote episodic memories.

Define the medial temporal hippocampal (MTH) system.

It consists of the perirhinal, parahippocampal, and entorhinal cortices and the hippocampal formation.

fMRI studies appear to support multiple trace theory and provide almost no evidence for the standard model. How would you defend the standard model?

It is possible that brain imaging is capturing activation in the MTH system due to the neocortex projecting back to the hippocampus, rather than because of retrieval cues activating indexes.

Describe the function of pattern separation. What makes it possible?

It keeps representations of similar experiences segregated. It is possible because the similar (but different) inputs from neocortical structures are likely to converge onto different neurons in the hippocampus and similar patterns are likely to create different indices.

A patient with damage to the hippocampus has extensive amnesia for both old and new memories. Is this evidence for or against the standard model? Why?

It provides evidence against the standard model, because retrograde amnesia would have to be temporally graded if the standard model were correct.

What is the function of the episodic memory system?

It supports the ability to consciously recollect and report on facts and events that people have experienced.

What were the results reported by Broadbent and Clark?

No matter what the condition, old contextual fear memories were not protected from disruption by hippocampal damage.

What evidence indicates that the hippocampus provides processes that enable pattern separation?

Rats lacking a hippocampus display more generalized fear than control rats; Rats with damage to the dentate gyrus couldn't differentiate between identical objects when the special distance between the two was small.

What is an important difference between recognition based on recollection versus recognition based on familiarity?

Recognition based on recollection relies on the episodic memory system the hippocampus, while recognition based on familiarity does not.

Provide an example of recognition without recall.

Recognizing a person as familiar without being able to recall information about the place and time you met them.

What is a problem with the animal model for studying episodic memory?

Since episodic memory supports conscious recollection in humans, it is hard to tell if the particular tasks researchers use really measure episodic memory in animals.

Why is the CA1 region of the hippocampus important for episodic memory?

The CA1 field is a final stage whereby information processed by other regions is sent out via the subiculum.

In indexing theory, which brain area stores the experience and which provides the index?

The content of an experience is stored in neocortical regions of the brain and the hippocampus stores is information about how to retrieve the memories stored in the neocortex. To access that information, when this representation is activated it projects back to the neocortex to activate the pattern representing the entire experience.

What is the relationship between the neocortex, a memory, and the hippocampus according to indexing theory?

The experience causes patterns of activity in the neocortex and that input is represented by modified synapses in the hippocampus.

_________ sits at the top of a hierarchically organized system.

The hippocampus

What is the relationship between the hippocampus, learning goals, episodic memory system, automatic capture, and incidental information?

The hippocampus isn't driven by our intentions or goals to capture information. It contributes to the episodic memory system by automatically capturing the information it receives as we attend to and explore the world, including incidental information that doesn't pertain to the task at hand.

What is the multiple memory systems perspective?

The idea that memories are sorted and stored in specific brain regions depending on the content of the experience.

Explain the hierarchical structure of the episodic memory system?

The level of integration or abstraction of information increases as it flows from the associative cortices to the perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices to the entorhinal cortex and through the hippocampus.

Henry Malaison wasn't the first patient to display amnesia for certain types of information. What was unique about his case?

The location of the brain damage was well recorded, which allowed researchers to better understand what brain areas are responsible for memory.

A normal rat will explore the object presented in the different context as if it were novel, but a rat with damage to the hippocampus treats explored objects as familiar. Explain these results.

This means that control animals had a memory of the object and the context in which it occurred, but rats with damage to the hippocampus did not.

How does systems consolidation theory explain Ribot's law?

This theory assumes that events that disrupt memory target the medial temporal hippocampal system. As the memory ages it becomes liberated from this system—no longer dependent on the MTHS. Thus, old memories are less vulnerable than new memories because they no longer depend on this system for retrieval.

T/F According to the modular view, the entorhinal cortex is on top of the hierarchy for semantic memory.

True

T/F According to the modular view, the hippocampal formation is not required for semantic memory.

True

T/F According to the standard model of systems consolidation, damage to the hippocampus would not cause retrograde amnesia if it were damage weeks after the memory was consolidated.

True

T/F According to the standard model of systems consolidation, the hippocampus is only Temporarily involved in the consolidation of episodic and semantic memories.

True

T/F Conscious recollection means that you have an awareness of remembering.

True

T/F Conscious recollection requires intentional initiation of a search to access our episodic memory system.

True

T/F Current neuroimaging studies support the modular view.

True

T/F Damage to the hippocampus or the amygdala did not impair performance on the DNMS task.

True

T/F Directly activating neurons that are part of the index can retrieve the memory in a living animal.

True

T/F Endel Tulving argued that episodic memory should be considered as separate from declarative memory.

True

T/F Every one agrees that the hippocampal component is critical for the initial acquisition and retrieval of episodic memories.

True

T/F Henry Malaison had extensive anterograde and retrograde amnesia, but his short-term memory was intact.

True

T/F Initial experiments by Mishkin revealed that damage to either the hippocampus or the amygdala had very little effect on Delayed Non-matching to Sample (DNMS) performance.

True

T/F It is likely that the monkeys with damage to the hippocampus were using recognition based on familiarity to perform the DNMS.

True

T/F Optogenetics provides strong support for the idea that the contextual fear memory trace depends on the hippocampus for the life of the memory.

True

T/F Recollection includes content that is supported by the episodic memory system, but familiarity does not.

True

T/F Rodents can acquire a representation of a context that can be activated by a subset of the features that make up the episode.

True

T/F Sensory information is most abstract and fully integrated at the hippocampus level.

True

T/F Systems consolidation theory does not assume that repeated recall or repetition contributes to the memory becoming independent of the hippocampus.

True

T/F The details that make up an episode and the impact of the experience are stored in different brain regions.

True

T/F The episodic memory system must be critically involved in both the storage and retrieval of contextual information.

True

T/F The hippocampus automatically captures information including unintentional, incidental information.

True

T/F The hippocampus provides an index for memory traces in other brain regions.

True

T/F The patient in Claparède's experiment didn't want to shake hands again.

True

T/F The subiculum is a part of the medial temporal hippocampal system.

True

T/F The subiculum is the output region of the medial temporal hippocampus system.

True

T/F fMRI studies appear to support multiple trace theory and provide almost no evidence for the standard model.

True

How are episodic and semantic memory systems similar; how are they different?

We can intentionally retrieve information from them and in some sense declare we have the memory; but the content of semantic memory is not tied to the place or context where it was acquired.

Describe pattern completion.

When a subset or portion of the experience that originally established the memory trace is encountered, it can activate or replay the entire experience.

What brought Vargha-Khadem and her colleagues to the conclusion that there was a disproportionate sparing of semantic memory compared to episodic memory in patients who suffered selective damage to their hippocampus early in life?

While they all developed normal language and social skills, their memory for everyday experiences was so poor that none of them could be left alone for any extended period of time.

Did H.M.'s case provide evidence for the multiple memory systems view? Defend your answer.

Yes, he provided the foundation for the theory, because his anterograde and retrograde amnesia were restricted to certain kinds of content.

Marr suggested that although the hippocampus can rapidly acquire information, it serves only as _________.

a temporary memory store

As information is carried forward to the hippocampus it becomes more _________ are integrated.

abstract/compressed

When neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2 were activated by a _________ the mice displayed fear in a context where they had never been shocked.

blue light

Systems consolidation refers to changes in the strength of the memory trace brought about by interactions between _________.

brain regions

Semantic memory is sometimes said to be free of _________.

context

The context preexposure paradigm allows researchers to study how rodents acquire _________.

context representations

In animals, _________ provides the most useful paradigm to investigate the role of the hippocampus in new and old memories.

contextual fear conditioning

The episodic memory system must be critically involved in both the storage and retrieval of _________.

contextual information

The feeling of remembering a retrieved memory trace depends on _________.

contextual information

Hippocampal neurons in the _________ that were active during a contextual fear-conditioning experience expressed channelrhodopsin-2.

dentate gyrus

Pattern completion means that a subset of the original input pattern can activate the _________.

entire original input pattern

Information flows into and out of the hippocampus, from and to the _________.

entorhinal cortex

Recollection includes content that is supported by the _________.

episodic memory system

The removal of Henry's medial temporal lobes disrupted what is called the _________.

episodic memory system

Researchers use __________ study patterns of brain activity produced when normal subjects are asked to retrieve episodic memories.

fMRI

In memory retrieval, a subset of the initial input pattern can activate the _________.

hippocampal index

The general conclusion from neuroimaging studies is that recollection-based recognition is associated with the _________.

hippocampus

Encountering components of a prior episode can activate the _________ which in turn projects back to the neocortex and activates the _________.

hippocampus index, content of the episode or memory

Where in the neural circuit does the second level of integration take place?

in the entorhinal cortex

The idea that the hippocampus binds inputs from coactive patterns of neocortical activity is called _________.

indexing theory

Sensory information received by the unimodal associative and polymodal associative areas is not well _________.

integrated

In the case of Henry Malaison, the _________ were bilaterally removed.

medial temporal lobes

What is procedural memory?

memories that support learned skills (such as bike riding or skiing).

Henry Malaison could learn and retain the skills needed to perform the _________ and rotary-pursuit tasks.

mirror-tracing

According to the _________ damage to the hippocampus will disrupt episodic but not semantic memory.

modular view

Researchers who argue that semantic memories can be acquired even when the hippocampus is selectively removed believe in which view of the medial temporal hippocampal system?

modular view of the memory

The idea that the brain sorts memories by their content is called the _________.

multiple memory systems view

Studies using the fMRI method generally support the _________.

multiple trace theory

Question 14 options: Information flows to the highest level of integration and then loops back to the _________.

neocortical areas

In the DNMS task, the monkey will find a reward such as a grape or a peanut if it chooses the _________ object

new

In their review of the human amnesia literature, Nadel and Moscovitch concluded that if the hippocampal system is severely damaged there is _________.

no sparing of either remote or recent episodic memories

Older memories have more copies of the index in the hippocampus than younger memories because _________.

older memories have been reactivated more often than newer memories

From the viewpoint of the episodic system, every episode of our lives is unique, even if it contains _________.

overlapping information

The idea that a subset of the original input pattern can activate the entire original input pattern is called _________.

pattern completion

What properties of the hippocampus make pattern completion possible?

patterns of activity in the neocortex are represented as an index and activation of the index by a subset of this pattern can retrieve the entire pattern.

The general conclusion from neuroimaging studies is that familiarity is supported by the _________.

perirhinal cortex

According to multiple trace theory, the more often a memory is _________ the more indexes there are to represent it in the hippocampus.

recalled

_________ tasks require the subject to make a judgment about whether something has previously occurred.

recognition memory

Declarative memory includes episodic memory and _________ memory.

semantic

Making generalizations is a property of _________.

semantic memory

The _________ is the output region of the MTH.

subiculum

What are the important properties of the episodic memory system?

support of conscious recollection and storage of temporal-spatial contextual information for later retrieval, ability to automatically capture episodic and incidental information, and ability to acquire information about an event that occurs only once, yet protect the representations it stores from interfering with each other.

The entorhinal cortex projects to two hippocampal regions. What are they?

the dentate gyrus and the CA1 region

According to Suzanne Corkin and new clinical data, damage to even just _________ produces a profound retrograde amnesia for both new and old episodic memories.

the hippocampal formation

What are the basic assumptions of indexing theory?

the hippocampus binds inputs from co-active patterns of neocortical activity and when activated by a subset of the original pattern occurs the index will activate the original input pattern.

According to the standard model of systems memory consolidation, older memory traces are stored in _________.

the neocortex

Where does the first level of integration occur?

the perirhinal and parahippocampus cortices

Research subsequent to Mishkin's report led to the conclusion that it was the damage to _________ which drastically impaired performance on the DNMS task.

the rhinal cortex

Temporally graded retrograde amnesia following damage to the hippocampus would support _________.

the standard model of systems consolidation

The control rats in the context preexposure experiment displayed no fear in the context where _________ but displayed fear in the context where _________.

they were actually shocked; they explored and received no shock

What is the purpose of the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imagining method?

to measure regional changes in brain activity during a cognitive task.

People who have no recollection of their _________ can still perform learned behavior.

training episodes

According to the _________ damage to the hippocampus will disrupt both semantic and episodic memory.

unitary view

According to multiple trace theory, when remote memories are spared it is because _________.

with age multiple indexes to the trace are established in the hippocampus