Ch 15 - Urinary System - A&P

The " tube " that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside world is the ____________ and the "tube" that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the _____________.

urethra; ureter

four years of age

Control of voluntary urination through the night does not usually occur in children before

The bladder

A kidney stone blocking a ureter would interfere with the flow of urine to which organ?

diabetes insipidus

A very dilute urine with a low specific gravity in the urine indicates

Glomerulus

Blood leaving an afferent arteriole would enter which of the following?

It will increase, because water will be lost in sweat (and urine).

Brian's ultralight plane has crashed in the desert. It is hot, and he neglected to bring a canteen of water. Assume he is there all day. How would you expect this situation to affect the solute concentration of his blood?

painful urination

Dysuria is

It is longer (8″ vs. 1.5″), and it transports both urine and semen. The female urethra transports urine only.

Structurally and functionally, how does the male urethra differ from the female urethra?

All of the above.

The basic function(s) of the kidney is/are: to regulate blood volume. to eliminate nitrogenous wastes. to help regulate blood pressure.

detrusor muscle; transitional epithelium

The bladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle, collectively known as the ____, and its mucosa consists of ____.

Glomerular capsule

The filtrate forced through the capillary walls in the kidneys enters which of the following structures first?

50

The glomerular filtration rate drops by about _____ percent by the age of 70

Cortex, medulla, pelvis.

From the most superficial aspect of a kidney to its ureter, name its three major regions.

It decreases glomerular pressure.

How does a decrease in blood pressure affect glomerular pressure?

2

How many sphincters are found in the urethra?

Glomerular capsule-PCT-loop of Henle-DCT-collecting duct.

Indicate the correct order in which the filtrate flows through the following structures of the nephron.

The specific gravity of urine is higher because it contains more solutes than water.

Is the specific gravity of urine higher or lower than that of water? Why?

Fat helps keep the kidneys anchored against the body trunk wall. When she lost weight, the amount of fat decreased, and the kidneys fell to a lower position (ptosis), causing the ureter(s) to kink and inhibit urine flow.

Mary lost lots of weight, and suddenly she was having problems with her urine flow. What would you guess happened, and what caused the problem?

cells of the inner layer of the glomerular capsule.

Podocytes are

Calyx-renal pelvis-ureter-urinary bladder-urethra

Starting at the apex of a medullary pyramid, which is the correct sequence of structures through which urine flows to reach the exterior of the body?

A condition in a newborn baby boy, in which the urethral opening is on the ventral surface of the penis.

What is hypospadias?

posterior to the peritoneum and in the superior lumbar region

The kidneys are located

Retroperitoneal = behind, or in back of, the peritoneum

The kidneys are retroperitoneal. What does that mean?

aldosterone

The major factor regulating sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is

renal mechanism

The regulation of blood pH, by the elimination of excess acids or alkaline substances from the body, is accomplished by the

nephrons

The structural and functional units of the urinary system are the

3; 500; urine

The urinary bladder is made up of ________ smooth muscle layers and may contain _______ milliliters of __________ when moderately full.

Thirst

What is the chief mechanism prompting water intake?

A weak base, because a weak base will neutralize acidity by tying up only enough hydrogen ions to maintain a physiological pH, and there is no chance of overshoot and making the pH strongly basic.

To minimize the pH shift that occurs when a strong acid is added to water, would it be better to add a strong base or a weak base? Why?

Excreting nitrogenous wastes, maintaining acid-base balance, water balance, and electrolyte balance of the blood.

What are the four main functions of the kidneys?

Nephrons

What are the structural and functional units of the kidneys involved in forming urine?

Kidneys maintain acid base balance by excreting bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and reabsorbing or generating new HCO3-

What are the two main ways the kidneys maintain the acid base balance of the blood

The renal tubule carries out tubular reabsorption and secretion. The peritubular capillaries receive the fluid, nutrients, and needed ions to be returned to the general circulation.

What are two functions of the renal tubule and one function of the peritubular capillaries?

Renin

What enzyme produced by the kidneys helps to regulate blood pressure?

Voiding or urination.

What is a synonym for micturition?

Polycystic kidney disease is a degenerative condition in which cysts (blisterlike sacs) of urine interfere with normal kidney function and lead to kidney failure; glomerulonephritis is clogging of the glomerular filter with antigen-antibody complexes.

What is the difference between polycystic kidney disease and glomerulonephritis?

Aldosterone increases sodium ion reabsorption by the kidney tubules, and water follows (if able).

What is the role of aldosterone in water balance?

Urgency is the urgent feeling that you have to urinate. Frequency is the condition in which you urinate small amounts of urine frequently.

What is urgency as related to the urinary system? What is frequency?

Osmoreceptors are in the brain (hypothalamus), and they respond to changing (increasing) solute content (osmolarity) of the blood.

Where are osmoreceptors located, and to what stimulus do they respond?

Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule.

Which of the following describes the correct pathway of glomerular filtrate through the nephron?

Produce urea

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Hilus

Which of the following is NOT a layer surrounding the kidney?

Glomerular capsule

Which of the following is NOT located in the renal medulla?

Glucose

Which of the following is normally present in the filtrate forced from the glomerular capillaries but does not normally appear in the urine?

Creatine

Which of the following substances enters the renal tubule by both filtration and secretion?

Proteins

Which of the following substances is NOT normally present in the filtrate?

Red blood cells

Which of the following substances is not normally found in urine, and thus, if present, suggests a problem?

Cystitis

Which of the following terms refers to an inflammation of the urinary bladder?

Polyuria

Which of the following terms refers to the formation of a large volume of urine?

Thoracic cavity

Which of the following would NOT apply to the location of the kidneys?

The homeostatic pH of blood in the body varies between 7.35 and 7.45. Any blood pH below 7.35 is considered too acidic for normal body function.

Why is blood pH between 7.0 and 7.35 considered acidic even though basic chemistry defines any pH above 7.0 as basic?

It allows the cavity of the bladder to increase in volume to store more urine when necessary.

Why is the presence of transitional epithelium in the urinary bladder important?