Ch 17 AP Euro Review - Marsh
Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as
"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?
England and Germany
plurality of world
Fontanelle
The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
Fontenelle.
Deism is the belief that
God created the universe but does not actively run it.
Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to
Lent.
Agreed with Louis 14 on absolutism
Locke
The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
Paris.
Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with
a blank slate.
Adam Smith on government
believed government shouldn't interfere in economics
The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to
change the general way of thinking.
Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century
corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
Most philosphers were seculars?
deism, atheism
Adam Smith
division of labor
High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the
enormous impact of the publishing industry.
Ideals of Enlightenment
freedom, liberty, indivudualism
Physiocrats believed what was the basis of value?
land
Salons were
literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.
The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of
magazines for the general public.
The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they
popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where
power is divided between the three branches of government.
For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
private property
Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:
proper child rearing and human education.
The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often
public and very gruesome.
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
religious intolerance.
leviathan
sea monster, Hobbs
Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended
the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
The French philosophes mostly included people from
the nobility and the middle class.
Montesquieu's Persian Letters
was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
The French philosophes
were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
Rousseau- what makes man slaves?
when men try to be civilized it puts them in chains.
Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his
28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.
A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with
Beccaria.
The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
Francois Quesnay.
Ricardo
Iron Law of Wages
Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
Mary Wollstonecraft.
The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was
Methodism.
Smith's major work
Wealth of Nations 1776
For Rousseau, the "general will" was
a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
Pogroms were
instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
Smith believed wealth was based on
labor. Don't need government. Law of Supply and Demand and Competition.
Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:
novels.
Isaac Newton and John Locke
provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
Malthus
resources will always outnumber people
European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
Adam Smith believed that government
should not interfere in people's economic decisions.
In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
the social sciences.
A key type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was
travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe
won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.
Mercantilism is a _____ game. The _________ controls it.
zero-sum government