ch 17 ap2

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels? Pancreatic polypeptide Somatostatin Glucagon Insulin Somatotropin

Insulin

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be agonistic. antagonistic. synergistic. permissive

synergistic

Protein hormones are

water-soluble.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands. are the organs of the endocrine system. secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. help maintain homeostasis. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins? Prolactin and oxytocin hormone and oxytocin Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone and growth hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland? Regulate glucose levels in the blood Act as secondary sex hormones Stimulate metabolism of lipids Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids Stimulate metabolism of proteins

Regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

Where is the pituitary gland located? Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone Between the cerebrum and cerebellum, inferior to the occipital lobe On the posterior surface of the thyroid gland On the tracheal surface, inferior to the larynx Within the third ventricle of the brain

Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the posterior pituitary gland hypothalamus, and it targets cells of the anterior pituitary gland. anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland. posterior pituitary, and it targets parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland. thyroid gland, and it targets cells of the parathyroid gland.

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that activate a G protein and second-messenger cascade. bind to DNA and initiate transcription. open ion channels in the cell membrane. activate adenylate cyclase.

bind to DNA and initiate transcription.

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a

biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble.

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from cholesterol. glycerol. amines. polypeptides. nucleic acids

cholesterol

In most of its target cells, cortisol ________ glucose uptake and _______ protein metabolism. increases, increases increases, decreases decreases, decreases decreases, increases

decreases, increases

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many. each step involves one molecule activating or synthesizing exactly one other molecule for precise control. enzymes are used up and degraded after each individual reaction they catalyze.

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the pineal gland. cerebral cortex. spinal cord. hypothalamus. adrenal cortex

hypothalamus

Thyroid hormone's effects are to increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells. decrease metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade. increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning off the G protein, cAMP cascade.

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by increasing protein synthesis in target cells.

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has more localized and long-lasting effects. more widespread and long-lasting effects. more localized and short-term effects. more widespread and short-term effects.

more widespread and long-lasting effects.

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone. thyrotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone. prolactin and growth hormone. prolactin and vasopressin. follicle-stimulating hormone and leutenizing hormone.

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling. autocrine paracrine allomone pheromone

paracrine

In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates phospholipase C. protein kinase A. calmodulin. adenylate cyclase

phospholipase C.

The parathyroid glands are located

posterior to the thyroid gland.

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore steroids. biogenic amines. proteins. catecholamines.

proteins

Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary. somatotropic gonadotropic thyrotropic mammotropic corticotropic

somatotropic

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to regulate salt and water balance by acting on the renal system. stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands. stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla. stimulate cell growth and cell division in muscle and bone. stimulate the development of the folds on the surface of the brain.

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands.

The half-life of a hormone is one-half of the time it takes to synthesize the chemical messenger molecule. the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted. half the time until the hormone molecule dissolves. half of the duration of the hormone's effects on its target cells throughout the body.

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted.

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. up-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity. down-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity. down-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity.

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity.