Ch. 18

e. What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University?

the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots

a. One of the speakers in the video made an analogy between a city and a very large tree. In this analogy, the root system of the tree was compared to __________.

the way soils, air, and water are needed to sustain people in the city

A military base a few miles from a medium-sized city... As an ecological resource manager, your preliminary environmental studies should include inquiry into whether ________.

the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries

L'Enfant's 1791 Plan of the U.S. capital represented the first ________.

thorough city planning program

Since 2009, for the first time ever, more people in the world are living in __________ areas than __________ areas.

urban; rural

People who seek to improve resource sustainability of our cities urge us to ________.

use renewable energy sources and recycle materials

Cities export __________.

wastes

d. The student report estimated $45,500 in electricity savings. What was the approximate cost of electricity in cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) used to calculate this savings?

2.7 cents per kWh

a. According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas?

2018

b. Despite having a substantially lower population than Los Angeles (1.9 million in Curitiba versus 9.0 million in Los Angeles), approximately how many times larger is the fleet of buses in Curitiba?

3.5x

a. How many megawatt hours (MWh) per year of savings did the students identify for computers at the Penn State Mueller Laboratory Building?

30 MWh

e. You work for the city planning agency in Houston and successfully pass ordinances designed to double population density. Based on the graph, predict the approximate change in carbon emissions.

50% decline

c. Estimate the total energy use at the lab building and the total estimated savings. Approximately what percentage of the total electrical energy use do these savings represent?

62%

c. Compare the population densities of the most and least dense cities on the graph. What is the population ratio of the most- to least-dense cities?

7:1

b. Describe the relationship between carbon emissions and urban density as shown on the graph.

As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease.

g. Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?

As urban sprawl increases, automobile use also increases.

e. How do the rates of land use and gasoline consumption in Australian cities compare with those in U.S. cities?

At any level of per capita land consumption, people in U.S. cities use more gasoline than those in Australian cities.

a. Using the data, calculate the mean number of buses per million residents in Brazilian cities and the mean number of buses per million residents in cities in the United States.

Brazil: 930; United States: 320

a. Which city on the graph has both low to medium density (between 10 and 30 persons per hectare) and low carbon emissions?

Copenhagen

b. What do the orange dots represent?

European cities

d. In which city do individuals have the highest rate of gasoline consumption?

Houston

In the study of urban ecology in Baltimore and Phoenix, how do the two cities differ in their citizens' exposure to toxic chemicals?

In Phoenix, ethnic minorities are more likely to be exposed to such hazards, whereas in Baltimore, those living in working-class white neighborhoods are more likely to be exposed.

b. What is an urban growth boundary (UGB)?

It is a line on a map separating regions open to urban development from rural areas.

How do many researchers characterize sprawl?

It is characterized as a rate of development that exceeds population growth.

Which of the following is the most likely reason why it costs less per mile to operate an automobile in a small city than in a large city?

People in small cities generally drive shorter distances to and from work and thus less likely to waste fuel while caught in traffic jams.

From the 1950s to the 1970s many cities experienced a loss in population as people left for the suburbs. Which one of the following is not a factor that led to this migration?

People sought out the better public transportation options present in the suburbs.

Which of the following statements is true regarding sustainable cities?

Sustainable cities tend to be livable cities that provide a good quality of life for their residents.

c. How do the speakers in the video hope to treat waste generated by cities of the future?

They plan to rely more on recycling and upcycling.

c. In which nation or region do cities have the highest degree of urban sprawl?

United States

What is a light rail system?

a smaller rail system powered by electricity

Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________.

a walkable city center and expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion

Of the following, the benefits of green buildings include ________.

all of these are benefits of green buildings

a. What information is provided on the x-axis?

area per person, in square meters

b. The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________.

as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

c. LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________.

conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality

From where does the food that most city-dwellers consume originate?

farms surrounding the suburbs and from long distances away from the city

d. One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________.

foods that are grown locally

e. Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____.

fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium

Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________.

in developing nations, such as Delhi, India

a. How can urbanization threaten communities and landscapes?

increased traffic jams

Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________.

increased use of fossil fuels

The operating costs for transportation ________.

indicate that, when all operating costs are included, rail is the most sensible means of transport

While Kayla is driving along a busy highway just outside a major city, she suddenly comes to a standstill in traffic. For the first time ever, she notices that alongside the highway are stretches of forest and wetland. She hears the noise of frogs and insects and birds that she never would have noticed if not trapped in traffic. Why does Kayla never notice these natural wonders on her route?

noise pollution

f. The amount of gasoline used by each person generally decreases as per capita land consumption increases.

not supported

Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________.

passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's

c. The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____.

promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon

An urban growth boundary (UGB) is intended to ________.

provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural

Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels, and television all have allowed people to ________.

remain connected while living in less centralized locations

A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________.

the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive

c. Based on the data in the chart, which two cities would be most worthwhile to visit?

-Curitiba -Rio de Janeiro

b. Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply.

-in 1950, urban populations is more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal -in 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion -rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions -in 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion

b. How many MWh per year of savings are possible for HVAC?

1,500 MWh

Which of the following is a positive effect that cities have on the environment?

Cities give people places to live with smaller land use.

d. Which of the following ideas was suggested by speakers in the video?

Future cities should repurpose compacted metal as building blocks for buildings.

Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid?

It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.

In general, someone living in a highly urban area in the United States (such as New York City), has __________ environmental impact as a person living in a rural part of the United States.

Lesser

e. You are a member of a student committee at your college that is evaluating building energy use and potential savings. If your committee finds that your college's potential savings would be similar to those shown for Penn State, action in which area or combination of areas would result in approximately 5% energy savings?

Lighting

b. Which of the following best summarizes the future plans for cities?

Make cities self-sufficient.

d. Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions?

No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density.

What is the greatest negative environmental impact that occurs when people live in suburbs instead of living in cities?

Suburbanites take up many times as much space as city dwellers.

c. What is specifically restricted outside of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) as mentioned in the video concerning the UGS put into place in 2007?

The 2007 UGB restricts development that is on a large scale or that impacts sensitive natural areas outside its boundaries.

a. How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming?

The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.

d. How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program?

The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.

Which of the following consume the bulk of the electricity used in the United States?

buildings

What are green buildings?

buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste

How does an urban growth boundary attempt to limit sprawl?

by limiting future growth into already urbanized areas

What type of specialists have the job of advising policy makers on development, transportation, and parks?

city planners

a. The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________.

conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation

b. The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____.

decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere

Which of the following is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation?

designate lanes as carpool-only

What is the major factor driving the move to the suburbs from cities?

desire to live in less crowded, more peaceful conditions

A military base a few miles from a medium-sized city... Members of several local environmental groups propose that nearly all of the buildings be removed and the area turned into a regional hiking, fishing, and camping area, with very limited vehicle access. This will preserve the natural areas while providing recreation for the city dwellers. The most likely issue raised by opponents is whether ________.

revenue generated from users will pay for the changes and the maintenance of such a facility

In developing nations, such as India and Nigeria, ________.

rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers

Which of the following follows the philosophy of "building up, not out"?

smart growth

The birth of __________ initiated the phenomenon of sprawl.

suburbs