ch 18

Which type of neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic axons in the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine

___ and norepinephrine are the primary neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous

Acetylcholine

Which autonomic nervous system effector undergoes opposing effects without dual innervation?

Blood vessels

Which are ways in which the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are similar?

Both divisions utilize a preganglionic and ganglionic neuron. Both divisions contain the autonomic ganglia that house ganglionic neurons. Both divisions are under involuntary control.

Which regions of the central nervous system play a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system?

Brainstem Spinal Cord Hypothalamus

Which branch of the parasympathetic preganglionic axons exiting the facial nerve terminates at the submandibular ganglion?

Chorda tympani nerve

Which cranial nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to control the production and secretion of tears, nasal secretions, and saliva?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

True or false: The esophageal plexus consists of postganglionic axons from the vagus nerve.

False

The enteric nervous system is an array of neurons found in the wall of the ______.

GI tract

Which systemic changes accompany sympathetic stimulation?

Increased blood pressure Increased breathing rate Increased heart rate

Which events occur as a result of parasympathetic innervation from the pulmonary plexus to the bronchial tree?

Increased secretion of mucus Bronchoconstriction

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve has the following effects on the digestive tract organs.

Increased smooth muscle motility Increased secretory activity

This area of gray matter of the spinal cord in segments T1-L2 houses the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons.

Lateral horn

Which organs are innervated by postganglionic axons from the celiac ganglion?

Liver Stomach Spleen

Which are the primary neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous system?

Norepinephrine Acetylcholine

Which cranial nerve provides the parasympathetic innervation that causes the pupil to constrict when the eye is exposed to bright light?

Oculomotor (CN III)

How many motor neurons are needed to stimulate skeletal muscle contraction in the somatic nervous system?

One

Which autonomic ganglion, located anterior to the ear, receives parasympathetic axons from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

Otic ganglion

Which autonomic ganglion is located near the junction of the maxilla and palatine bones?

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Which autonomic ganglion provides postganglionic axons to the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate?

Pterygopalatine ganglion

Parasympathetic innervation of which muscles results in pupil constriction when the eye is exposed to bright light?

Pupillary constrictor muscle

What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk?

Rami communicantes

Which organs receive parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves?

Rectum Penis Urinary bladder Uterus

Which structures receive sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion?

Smooth muscles in blood vessels of neck Sweat glands of the head Dilator pupillae muscle of the eye

Which organ does NOT receive postganglionic axons from the inferior mesenteric ganglion?

Spleen

Which autonomic ganglion is located near the angle of the mandible?

Submandibular ganglion

Which part of the cervical portion of the sympathetic trunk distributes axons to structures within the head and neck?

Superior cervical ganglion

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is also known as the thoracolumbar division?

Sympathetic division

Which axons could be found within an autonomic plexus?

Sympathetic postganglionic axons Visceral sensory axons Parasympathetic preganglionic axons

Which are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

Sympathetic splanchnic nerves

Which segments of the spinal cord house the sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies?

T1-L2

Which region of the body contains structures that receive sympathetic innervation from the middle and inferior cervical ganglia?

Thorax

Which cranial nerve associated with the parasympathetic division carries nervous stimulation to thoracic and abdominal organs?

Vagus

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Vagus (CN X) Facial (CN VII) Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) Oculomotor (CN III)

All preganglionic axons in the autonomic system release the neurotransmitter

acetylcholine

During an emergency or crisis situation, the sympathetic nervous system can trigger mass ______ in which many effectors respond together.

activation

Axons that release norepinephrine are called ______.

adrenergic

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes ______ in mucous production in the airways of the lungs.

an increase

Preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the ______.

anterior roots

Which of the following works constantly with the somatic nervous system to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions?

autonomic nervous system

Collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons, parasympathetic preganglionic axons, and some visceral sensory axons, that provide complex innervation to target organs are known as

autonomic plexuses

The preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in the ______.

brainstem and sacral divisions of the spinal cord

The cell body of a lower motor neuron of the somatic nervous system is in the ______.

brainstem or spinal cord

Postganglionic axons from the ___ ganglion innervate the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal part of the duodenum, and part of the pancreas.

celiac

Axons that release acetylcholine are called ______.

cholinergic

Parasympathetic innervation of the ______ results in lens accommodation.

ciliary muscle

In blood vessels innervated by only sympathetic axons, increased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______ while decreased sympathetic stimulation causes the vessels to ______.

constrict, dilate

The location of preganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system allow it to be also known as the

craniosacral division

Increased parasympathetic activity from the cardiac plexus causes heart rate to _______.

decrease

Parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve causes the airways to ______.

decrease in diameter

An organ receiving innervation from postganglionic axons from both divisions of the autonomic system has

dual innervation

Visceral effectors innervated by postganglionic axons from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system have ______.

dual innervation

Parasympathetic innervation causes ______ of the female clitoris and male penis.

erection

Tears, nasal secretion, and saliva are under parasympathetic control from the cranial nerve named the

facial nerve

A sympathetic trunk looks like a pearl necklace, with bundles of axons making up the "string" and sympathetic trunk

ganglia making up the "pearls".

The otic ganglion receives parasympathetic axons from the ______.

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Because they connect to all spinal nerves (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal), the ______ rami communicantes allow sympathetic information originating from the thoracolumbar region to be dispersed throughout the body.

gray

Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to all spinal nerves through ______.

gray rami communicantes

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system helps maintain

homeostasis, a constant internal environment

Increased sympathetic activity from the axons of the cardiac plexus results in an ______ in both heart rate and blood pressure.

increase

Parasympathetic innervation from the postganglionic axons of the pterygopalatine ganglion cause the lacrimal glands and small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate to ______.

increase secretion

Postganglionic axons from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system innervating the thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the _______.

inferior cervical ganglion middle cervical ganglion

Parasympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle results in ______, which makes the lens more rounded to allow for close vision.

lens accommodation

Postganglionic axons from the inferior ___ ganglion innervate the distal colon, rectum, urinary bladder, distal parts of the ureters, and most of the reproductive organs.

mesenteric

During times of relaxation, the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is most active and utilizes discrete and localized innervation, stimulating only one or a few structures at the same time.

parasympathetic

The ______ division of the autonomic nervous system is also called the craniosacral division because of the location of its preganglionic neurons.

parasympathetic

The neurons in the figure belong to the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

parasympathetic

The subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system are the ______ division and ______ division.

parasympathetic, sympathetic

The pulmonary plexus consists of ______ sympathetic axons from the thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia and _____ parasympathetic axons from the vagus nerve.

postganglionic, preganglionic

Sympathetic splanchnic nerves are composed of _______ sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

preganglionic

The autonomic nervous system helps maintain homeostasis through the involuntary activity of autonomic or visceral

reflexes

In response to a specific stimulus, autonomic reflex arcs can trigger the following responses:

secretion by glands smooth muscle contraction cardiac muscle contraction

The enteric nervous system innervates _____ of the GI tract.

smooth muscle and glands

The ______ nervous system and _______ nervous system are the subdivisions of the motor nervous system that transmit all motor impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands throughout the body.

somatic, autonomic

Postganglionic axons from the ______ ganglion supply the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands in the floor of the mouth.

submandibular

The neuron in the figure belongs to the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is anatomically known as the ______ division.

thoracolumbar

The ______ nerve causes increased smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in the organs of the digestive tract.

vagus

The esophageal plexus consists of preganglionic axons from the

vagus nerve

In the somatic nervous system, a single motor neuron extends uninterrupted from the ______ root of the spinal cord to the effector muscle.

ventral

The sympathetic trunks are located immediately lateral to the ______.

vertebral column