ch 18 sociology

Which phrase is often used to describe the people protesting changes that would have a local impact, such as the placement of a halfway house in their residential neighborhood?

"Not in my backyard" (NIMBY)

What term is used to describe organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental changes in an existing group or society?

A social movement

What are the four inevitable processes of social change according to Talcott Parsons?

Adaptive upgrading Value generalization Differentiation Inclusion

Which of the following sociologists viewed human society as moving forward from a mythological way of thinking toward scientific thought?

Auguste Comte

Which theorists stress that, in a capitalist economic system, many firms are not willing to pay the price of meeting strict safety and environmental standards?

Conflict

Which of the following statements about crowds are true?

Crowds display definite patterns of behavior. Crowds are governed by social norms.

Which term refers to the period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt to new changes in material culture?

Culture lag

Which of the following statements about disasters are true?

Disasters are often related to nature. Disasters may be related to technology, such as airline crashes.

In the United States legislative actions regarding surveillance of electronic communications have not always upheld a citizen's right to privacy. Which of the following is an example of an action that did uphold such a right?

Electronic Communication Privacy Act, 1986

Which of the following are examples of social change?

Expanded access to formal education The Industrial Revolution An increase in women in the labor force

True or false: Those who take a Marxist view of social change restrict themselves to a passive role in responding to changes in the material culture.

False

How did Karl Marx describe the discrepancy between workers' view of their condition and their objective position?

False consciousness

Which of the following statements illustrate the functionalist perspective on social change?

From a functionalist perspective, change is viewed as a means of maintaining stability. The functionalist perspective emphasizes a state of equilibrium in social life.

Which sociological perspective generally takes a positive view of the Internet as facilitating communication and empowering those with few resources?

Functionalist

Which of the following theoretical perspectives are utilized to examine social change in society?

Functionalist Evolutionary Conflict

Which of the following is a reason that women rarely assume positions of leadership in social movement organizations?

Gender bias

In which of the following ways have biotechnological advances had an impact on society?

Highlighting how slowly nonmaterial culture absorbs change Demonstrating how quickly material culture can change Raising ethical questions

How has computer-mediated communication affected social movements around the world?

It enables small movements to gain more attention. Geographically diverse groups can connect more easily.

Which of the following are traits of the public?

It is the least organized form of collective behavior. It is a group of people concerned about a shared issue

Who argued that societies evolve into a "community of free individuals" through socialist revolution?

Karl Marx

Which two continents possess most of the world's Internet hosts?

North America and Europe

What argument is offered by critics of the relative deprivation approach?

People do not need to be deprived to take action.

Whereas traditional social movements focused mostly on economic issues, new social movements have addressed which of the following issues?

Quality-of-life issues Values Social identities

What sociological term describes the feeling of discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities (between what we have and what we think we should have)?

Relative deprivation

Which term describes the process through which a social movement utilizes things such as money, political influence, or access to media?

Resource mobilization

A leading proponent of the functionalist perspective, ______ viewed society as being in a natural state of equilibrium.

Talcott Parsons

In addition to feelings of relative deprivation, which of the following help transform social discontent into a social movement?

The feeling that individuals have the right to seek their goals The feeling that the discontented group's goals cannot be attained through conventional means

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between new social movements and the government?

The movements do not accept established authority.

Conflict theorists are concerned that which of the following will use technology to violate the privacy of others?

The powerful elite The government

Which of the following are noted examples of the negative effects of technology-driven social change?

Third parties' retrieval and storage of personal information Surveillance devices that track key personal information

How does the relative deprivation approach define those who feel most dissatisfied by their social or economic conditions?

Those who believe they should be better off

Why was the 1962 computer system that evolved into the Internet built by the U.S. Defense Department?

To ensure government work could continue even if national communication systems were destroyed

True or false: Biotechnological advances have had a global impact on social change and in some cases have been controversial.

True

True or false: The Internet, the world's largest computer network, has led to significant changes in social interaction.

True

What term describes Individuals or groups who possess the most wealth, prestige, and power in a society, and therefore are typically predisposed to maintain the current system?

Vested interests

During the 1970s and early 1980s the sociologist Randall Collins observed a significant sequence of events concerning the future of the Soviet Union, which included

a coincidence of social crises on several of the Soviet Union's frontiers. disproportionate military spending. an overextension of resources.

In Dubai, societal change is supported through

acceptance of relatively progressive values. the creation of a free-trade economy.

Which of the following are examples of collective behavior as defined by sociologists?

an audience at a movie sing along with someone who starts to sing a group of people chase after a purse snatcher

Change is created by the ______ efforts of people organized in social movements.

collective

The "relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reacting to a common influence in an ambiguous situation" is the definition of

collective behavior.

What term has been coined to describe social movements' use of technology for organizing?

computer-mediated communication

According to Immanuel Wallerstein, the ______ nations have a virtual monopoly on information technology.

core

With the progression of the Industrial Revolution, societies came to rely on technological innovations that

created power-driven machinery. provided new sources of energy. facilitated agricultural and industrial production.

The temporary gathering of people in close proximity who share a common focus or interest is known as a(n)

crowd

A sudden or disruptive event that overwhelms a community's resources in such a way that outside help becomes critical is a(n)

disaster.

When a group redefines what it considers to be proper behavior in the moment, particularly if the group finds itself in an ambiguous situation, this is known as the ______ perspective.

emergent-norm

Despite its importance as a consensus-building force in any social movement, researchers have more closely associated passion with the women's movement because

emotion is widely viewed as a feminine attribute.

According to Parsons's ______ model, when change occurs in one part of society, adjustments must be made in other parts.

equilibrium

Match the definition (on the right) to the correct term (on the left).

fads > short-lived patterns of behavior that arise independently of preceding trends and affect large numbers of people fashions > patterns of behavior that involve large numbers of people, enjoy fairly widespread acceptance, and are connected to history

The hairstyle known as the shag would be classified as a(n)

fashion

One approach to understanding contemporary social change is through the examination of

historical events.

What field studies the interaction between society and the environment?

human ecology

In Parson's view, what process allows societies to remain stable while adapting to change?

integration

What did Maureen Hallinan suggest social analysts need to learn to predict?

major societal upheavals

William Ogburn distinguished between ______ and ______ aspects of culture.

material; nonmaterial

A nightclub is filled with a large number of people. A band performs on the stage, and during one song the band emits a sound that is reminiscent of a gunshot. The audience members believe someone is shooting a gun inside the club and attempt to escape the club. This situation is defined as a(n)

panic

Match the definition (on the right) with the appropriate term (on the left).

panic > a mass flight away from something craze > a long-lasting and exciting mass involvement

The term used to describe a dispersed group of people who share an interest in a particular issue but may not be in contact with one another is

public.

To qualify as social change, an alteration in behavior patterns and cultures must be

significant.

Much as Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory stresses a continuing progression of life forms, the evolutionary theory proposed by sociologists stresses the movement of ______ in a definite direction.

society

Evolutionary theory continues to influence contemporary sociologists, especially ______, who study the behavioral links between humans and animals.

sociobiologists

Parsons's model of social change supports the evolutionary notion of continuing progress, but the dominant theme of his model is

stability.

Social economist Thorstein Veblen coined the term vested interest to refer to those individuals or groups who would ______ as a result of a given social change.

suffer

Marxist theorists view social change as the process by which people

take an active role to change society. gain freedom from injustice.

Cultural information about how to employ material resources in the environment to satisfy human needs and wants is called

technology

According to the conflict perspective, powerful groups are able to use social institutions and practices to maintain

the status quo.

How are the new norms that arise in the emergent-norm perspective enforced?

through sanctions

an audience at a movie sing along with someone who starts to sing a group of people chase after a purse snatcher

through sanctions

What is a significant hidden problem in modern Dubaian society?

treatment of migrant domestic workers