Ch. 1.9-1.14 Vocab Quiz (90)

How does Darwin's work illustrate the process of science you just learned about?

1) <Mde key observations that greatly influenced his thinking. 2) Collected and documented data of plants, animals, and fossils in widely varying locations 3) Found interest in the adaptations of these varied organisms that made them well suited to their diverse habitats 4) Spent more than two decades continuing his observations, performing experiments, corresponding with other scientists, and refining his thinking before he finally published his work.

What signals tell those cells to produce and release insulin?

1) After a meal, the level of the sugar glucose in your blood rises.

What two main points that Darwin presented in The Origin of Species was that species living?

1) That species living today arose from a succession of ancestors that were different from them. 2) Propose a mechanism for evolution, which he called natural selection.

Scientists estimate that the current rate of extinction is what times the typical rate seen in the fossil record?

100 to 1,000

The history of life, as documented by fossils and other evidence, is the saga of what?

A changing Earth billions of years old, inhabited by an evolvling cast of living forms.

All mammals have hair and milk-producing mammary glands, and such similarities are what we would expect if all mammals descended from what?

A common ancestor

Thus, each new cell inherits what?

A complete set of DNA that is identical to that of the parent cell.

First step of the process

A gene's information is first transcribed from DNA to an intermediate molecule, RNA.

Natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

In most genes, the sequence provides the blueprint for making what?

A protein

Making a protein from the instructions contained in a gene involves what?

A sequential flow of information

Four nucleotides that make up DNA

A- Adenine G- Guanine T- Thymine C- Cytosine

Through the selective breeding of plants and animals, humans also act as what?

Agents of evolution

Second step of the process

An RNA molecule carries the information to the protein-manufacturing machinery in the cell.

What does Genetic information encoded in DNA determine?

An organism's structures and functions

Our widespread use of antibiotics and pesticides has led to the evolution of what?

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria and pesticide resistance.

INFERENCE #2 (Accumulation of favorable traits over time)

As a result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations, a higher and higher proportion of individuals in the population will have the advantageous traits.

What do you begin as?

As a single cell stocked with DNA inherited from your two parents.

Plant biologists can now identify genes for what?

Beneficial traits in relatives of our crop plants or even in totally unrelated species and then use genetic engineering to produce enhanced crops.

Receiving and relaying information is evident at all levels of what?

Biological organization.

Life is distinguished by what?

Both its unity and its diversity.

Proteins are the major players in what?

Building and maintaining the cell and carrying out its activities.

Evolution is the what?

Central theme that makes sense of everything we know and learn about biology.

All body cells have the same genetic information, but the gene for insulin is only expressed in what?

Certain cells in your pancreas.

The unity of life

Descent from a common ancestor

This evolutionary view of life came into sharp focus when and why?

In November 1859, when Charles Darwin published one of the most influential books ever written.

Humans have been modifying species for millennia by choosing which organisms reproduce, and recent advances in biotechnology have done what?

Increased our capabilities

OBSERVATION #1 (Individual variation)

Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which seem to be heritable (passed on from parent to offspring).

INFERENCE #1 (Unequal reproductive success)

Individuals with inherited traits best suited to the local environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than are less well-suited individuals.

This flow of information ultimately reaches individual cells and does what?

Influences their behavior

Genes for such traits as drought tolerance, improved growth, and increased nutrition have been introduced into what?

Into rice plants, those genes weren't there before

What happens to a cell before it divides?

Its DNA is first replicated, or copied

An example would be the information your body receives includes external stimuli such as what?

Light, sound, or chemicals, and internal stimuli such as food in your stomach or an excess of sugar in your blood.

Darwin realized that numerous small changes in populations as a result of natural selection could eventually lead to what?

Major alterations of species

Diversity of life

Modifications that evolved as species diverged from their ancestors

The stimulus is usually received by some type of receptor and its information is relayed within your body in the form of what?

Nervous signals, hormones, or other types of signals.

The two strands "unzip," and what happens?

New complementary strands assemble along the separated strands

Identifying shared genes and studying their actions in closely related organisms may produce what?

New knowledge about cancer or other diseases and lead to new medical treatments.

Why do the strands do this?

So that the information in the two resulting sets of DNA remains the same

3) Insulin binds to receptors on body cells, causing them to do what?

Take up glucose.

Each round of cell division transmitted copies of what?

That DNA from your two parents to what eventually became the trillions of cells in your body.

" Descent with modification"

That species living today arose from a succession of ancestors that were different from them.

We can think of the four nucleotides as what?

The alphabet of inheritance.

Genes

The discrete unit of hereditary information which consists of a specific nucleotides sequence in DNA (or RNA in some cases

Multiple lines of evidence point to life's unity, from what?

The similarities seen among and between fossil and living organisms, to common metabolic processes, to the universal molecule of inheritance, DNA.

But such properties also depend on what?

The stimuli, signals, and pathways that regulate where, when, and how an organism's genetic information is expressed.

The processes of life (reproduction, growth and development, internal regulation, and response to the environment) all depend on what?

The transmission and use of information

This insightful phrase captures both what?

The unity of life and the diversity of life

The way DNA encodes a cell's information is analogous to what?

The way we arrange letters of the alphabet into precise sequences with specific meanings (Ex: The word rat, conjures up an image of a rodent; tar and art, which contain the same letters, mean very different things.)

Third Step of the process

There, the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA is translated into a chain of protein building blocks.

If one population fragmented into subpopulations isolated in different environments, what could happen?

They could evolve can form completely new species.

Genetic code

This universal language is a strong piece of evidence that all living organisms are related.

Explain the cause and effect of unequal reproductive success.

Those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment produce the greatest number of offspring. Over many generations, the proportion of these adaptive traits increases in the population.

All forms of life use essentially the same chemical language to do what?

Translate the information stored in DNA into proteins.

Darwin started with two observations, from which he drew what?

Two inferences being

How can evolutionary theory help address such worldwide problems?

Understanding evolution can help us develop strategies for conservation efforts and prompt us to be more judicious in our use of antibiotics and pestictides.

Explain how humans are agents of both artificial selection and natural selection.

We use artificial selection when choosing specific traits or genes in organisms that we breed. Our intentional and unintentional manipulations change the environment and thus affect natural selection.

2) This internal signal stimulates cells in your pancreas to do what?

Secrete the hormone insulin, which travels throughout your body in your blood.

OBSERVATION #2 (Overproduction of offspring)

- All species can produce far more offspring than the environment can support. - Competition for resources is thus inevitable, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

How does the molecular structure of DNA account for its ability to encode and transmit information?

Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains, called strands, coiled together into a double helix.

The integrated flow of genetic and other types of information is what?

Essential for life.

The scientific explanation for this unity and diversity in our modern world is what?

Evolution

Natural selection is the primary mechanism of what?

Evolution, in which the environment "selects" for adaptive traits when organisms with such traits that are better able to survive and reproduce.

He proposed that new species could do what?

Evolve as a result of the gradual accumulation of changes over long periods of time.

Organisms depend on information to maintain what?

Favorable internal conditions in response to environmental changes.

It can also help us create what?

Flu vaccines and HIV drugs by tracking the rapid evolution of these viruses.

The strands are made up of what?

Four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides.

What is this process called?

Gene expression

Specific sequences of these four chemical letters encode precise information in units of inheritance are what?

Genes, which are typically hundreds or thousands of "letters" long ("Letters stand" for the four chemical letters in sequences)

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

How do they influence their behavior?

Often by changing the activity of existing proteins or by regulating gene expression and the production of specific protein.

Sequential flow

Often required for both people and objects where a specific series of events or processes is required.

What was the name of his book?

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

Fourth step of the process

Once completed, the chain forms a specific protein with a unique shape and function.

A species represents what?

One twig on a branching tree of life that extends back in time through ancestral species more and more remote.

Information flow through such regulatory systems enables what?

Organisms to maintain relatively stable and beneficial internal conditions.

Due to artificial selection what?

Our crops, livestock, and pets bear little resemblance to their wild ancestors.

Phenotype

Physical characteristics of an organism

The universal genetic code also makes it possible to engineer cells to do what?

Produce proteins normally found only in some other organism. (Ex: bacteria can be used to produce insulin for the treatment of diabetes by inserting a gene for human insulin into bacterial cells.)

4) The now-lowered blood glucose level does what?

Removes the signal, and insulin secretion decreases.

The theory of evolution by natural selection is supported by multiple lines of evidence like what?

The fossil record, experiments, observations, of natural selection in action, and ever-increasing numbers of DNA comparisons.

DNA

The heritable information that is passed from one generation to the next.

But humans also affect evolution unintentionally, and an example of this is what?

The impact of habitat loss and climate change can be seen in the loss of species.

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein is usually linked with what?

The information from the external and internal environment.

DNA provides what?

The master instructions for all of a cell's functions.

Information flow

The movement of information along the supply chain (DNA -> RNA -> Protein)

Evolution

The process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast array of organisms living today.

Gene expression

The process whereby genetic information flows from genes to proteins; the flow of genetic information from the genotype to the phenotype.

Artificial Selection

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits.